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Translators and Interpreters Certification in Australia, Canada, the Usа and Ukraine: Comparative Analysis

100%
Skyba K.
Comparative Professional Pedagogy
|
2014
|
vol. 4
|
issue 3
58-64
EN
The article presents an overview of the certification process by which potential translators and interpreters demonstrate minimum standards of performance to warrant official or professional recognition of their ability to translate or interpret and to practice professionally in Australia, Canada, the USA and Ukraine. The aim of the study is to research and to compare the certification procedures of translators and interpreters in Australia, Canada, the USA and Ukraine; to outline possible avenues of creating a certification system network in Ukraine. It has been revealed that there is great variation in minimum requirements for practice, availability of training facilities and formal bodies that certify practitioners and that monitor and advance specialists’ practices in the countries. Certification can be awarded by governmental or non-governmental organizations or associations of professionals in the field of translation/interpretation. Testing has been acknowledged as the usual avenue for candidates to gain certification. There are less popular grounds to get certification such as: completed training, presentation of previous relevant experience, and/or recommendations from practicing professionals or service-user. The comparative analysis has revealed such elements of the certification procedures and national conventions in the researched countries that may form a basis for Ukrainian translators/interpreters certifying system and make it a part of a cross-national one.
2
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Rozdział własnościowy przedsiębiorstw energetycznych zintegrowanych pionowo a problematyka inwestorów finansowych w świetle przepisów dyrektywy 2009/72/WE

100%
Radziński M.
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
|
2015
|
vol. 4
|
issue 3
8-23
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie najbardziej restrykcyjnej formy unbundlingu, tj. rozdziału własnościowego przedsiębiorstw energetycznych zintegrowanych pionowo oraz wpływu niniejszego instrumentu regulacyjnego na działalność inwestorów finansowych, w kontekście nowych regulacji prawnych wprowadzonych w ramach tzw. trzeciego pakietu energetycznego.
EN
The aim of this article is to shed some light on ownership unbundling provisions, as well as their impact on financial investors, in the context of new rules introduced under the so-called Third Energy Package.
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