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Sociálne a individuálne koncepty dôchodku a ich zmeny

100%
Bačová V.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
|
2023
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vol. 67
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issue 6
392-405
EN
The article aims to review the research into the conceptualization of retirement in the social sciences and to point out the importance of this research, especially for people transitioning to retirement. Retirement concepts express the possibilities of identities, activities, and lifestyles of retirees. They represent the expectations and standards of retired life. Due to the changes in the institutional arrangement of retirement, the sociocultural discourses and retirement concepts of individuals are changing too. Creating a new identity and lifestyle in retirement is more complicated than ever. Previously, the sharp separation of work and retirement brought only the question of conceptualizing the retirement lifestyle. The contemporary blurring of the boundaries between work and retirement brings a new conceptualization of the transition to retirement. Newly emerging retirement concepts reflect the current ambiguity and even questioning of the traditional retirement arrangement. The author mentions changes in cultural codes that mark this stage of life in a concentrated manner. While the residual retirement code was the clinic, the current dominant code is the cruise, and the emerging retirement code is „the road trip” as an open journey over which the traveler has control. The article further presents research on media portrayals of retirement in different cultures. These reflect how society views retirees, influence society’s approaches to them, and simultaneously co-shape the identity of future and current retirees. The focus of the review is on individual conceptualizations of retirement. These gradually developed from the first „classical” concepts of retirement through their verification and quantitative investigations to qualitative studies on the complexity of retirement conceptualization and the sense-making of retirement by individuals. The author concludes that there is not a large number of studies on the conceptualization of retirement, but those conducted point to the importance of researching retirement concepts. At the same time, the results of more recent research studies observe the expansion of the meanings of retirement for individuals, which results in suggestions for the further direction of the psychology of retirement.
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Súčasné výzvy pre psychologické skúmanie dôchodku

88%
Bačová V.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
|
2019
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vol. 63
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issue 5
526-542
EN
The aim of this theoretical review is to outline how the levels of retirement (retirement as an institution, life stage and personal experience) go together and what it means for psychological retirement research. The first section summarizes the brief history of the retirement institution. The second part describes the situation when the baby boomers generation comes into retirement age. In this generation, changes in life cycle patterns, such as work or parental delays, may be observed, but in particular, it is the introduction of a third phase of life that changes the meaning of a traditionally understood retirement. The third part of the paper presents theories on which psychological retirement research is based (role theory, continuity theory, the life course perspective and the resource-based dynamic model). Characterized are the topics that are examined most (retirement as decision making, late career development and adjustment). The author argues that the psychological theory of retirement can not be constructed, as the retirement is not a psychological phenomenon. This, however, does not diminish the potential of the psychological knowledge of this life stage in the present historical period. Therefore, the fourth and fifth parts of the paper address two themes where “old” notions and “new” external retirement options are encountered: retirement transition and retirement adjustment. It points to the fragmentation and diversity of current retirement transition and its implications for research. The problem of the persistence of the (low) retirement age is analyzed. When examining retirement adjustment, the sequence of this process and the need to separate adjustment and retirement life satisfaction indicators are highlighted. In conclusion, the author states that psychological retirement research faces the challenge of reflecting societal changes and examining their consequences for the psychological functioning and well-being of individuals.
SK
Cieľom tohto teoretického prehľadu bolo načrtnúť, ako sa úrovne dôchodku (dôchodok ako inštitút, fáza života a prežívanie) prelínajú a čo to znamená pre psychologický výskum dôchodku. Prvá časť uvádza stručnú históriu inštitútu dôchodku. Druhá časť charakterizuje situácie, keď do dôchodkového veku nastupuje generácia „baby boomers“. V tejto generácii možno pozorovať zmeny vo vzorcoch životného cyklu, napríklad oneskorenie nástupu do zamestnania alebo rodičovstva, ale najmä je to uvedenie tretej fázy života, ktorá mení význam tradične chápaného dôchodku. Tretia časť príspevku uvádza teórie, z ktorých doterajšie psychologické skúmanie dôchodku vychádza (teória rolí, teória kontinuity, koncepcia celoživotného vývinu a dynamický model dostupnosti zdrojov). Uvedené sú témy, ktoré sú skúmané najviac (dôchodok ako rozhodovanie, rozvoja neskorej kariéry a adaptácia). Autorka sa prikláňa k názoru, že psychologickú teóriu dôchodku nemožno konštruovať, keďže dôchodok nie je psychologický jav. To však neznižuje možnosti prínosu psychologického poznania tejto životnej fázy v súčasnej historickej dobe. Štvrtá a piata časť príspevku sa preto venujú dvom oblastiam, v ktorých sa stretávajú „staré“ predstavy a „nové“ vonkajšie možnosti dôchodku: prechod do dôchodku a adaptácia na dôchodok. Poukazuje na fragmentárnosť a rozmanitosť súčasných prechodov do dôchodku a ich implikácie pre výskum. Analyzovaný je problém pretrvávania (nízkej) vekovej hranice dôchodku. V skúmaní adaptácie na dôchodok je zdôraznená postupnosť tohto procesu a potreba oddeliť indikátory adaptácie a životnej spokojnosti na dôchodku. Na záver autorka uvádza, že psychologické skúmanie dôchodku stojí pred výzvou reflektovať spoločenské zmeny a skúmať ich dôsledky na psychologické fungovanie a pohodu jednotlivcov.
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