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EN
The law on stamp duties of 1 July 1926 is an important law of the interwar period in Poland. It was passed in the period of Piłsudski and his adherents’ rule. This law constituted the act of unification of stamp duties after regaining independence by Poland. It replaced more than several dozen other legal instruments, on the basis of which different public duties, recognized as stamp duties, were charged. The law was systematic in character, it included many public duties connected with economic turnover and activity of the state authorities, as well as material and procedural regulation. This law played an important role in the development of Polish finance when it was in effect and it also influenced the historical evolution of current public duties, stamp duty and tax of civil law activities among others.
EN
The article is about public charges problems. The author tries to describe the meaning of public charges in business. They are not only one of the costs of running a business but they also influence the decisions connected with starting the business, its subject and range. The general thesis according to the public charges in business are discussed on the example of the road transport trade. The entrepreneurs running such business are burdened with a lot of different categories of the public charges. The most important public charges have undergone a problem analysis in the article.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony problematyce opłat publicznych. Autorka podejmuje w nim próbę omówienia ich znaczenia w działalności gospodarczej. Opłaty publiczne nie tylko stanowią jeden z kosztów prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej, ale także wpływają na decyzje o podjęciu działalności, jej przedmiocie i zakresie. Ogólne tezy dotyczące znaczenia opłat publicznych w działalności gospodarczej zostały omówione na przykładzie branży transportu drogowego. Przedsiębiorcy, którzy prowadzą taką działalność, są obciążeni wieloma różnymi kategoriami opłat publicznych. W opracowaniu analizie problemowej poddano najważniejsze z tych opłat. 
EN
The paper aims to show that the Polish Environmental Law is an act that imposes public imposts to protect Poland’s natural environment. This act features certain specific qualities and legal solutions. The author has formulated a claim that some of the provisions concerning the fees for the use of the natural environment and the emissions surcharge breach the constitutional standards of exclusivity of an impost act, of the right to predictable taxation, decent legislation, and a democratic state of law.
PL
Opracowanie ma na celu wykazanie, że Prawo ochrony środowiska jest ustawą, która nakłada daniny publiczne w celu ochrony środowiska naturalnego w Polsce. Ten akt prawny charakteryzuje się szczególnymi cechami i rozwiązaniami prawnymi. Autor sformułował tezę, że niektóre przepisy dotyczące opłat za korzystanie ze środowiska i opłaty emisyjnej naruszają konstytucyjne standardy wyłączności ustawy daninowej, prawa do przewidywalnego opodatkowania, przyzwoitej legislacji i demokratycznego państwa prawnego
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2012
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vol. 7
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issue 2
273-287
EN
This paper presents the issues related to the fees paid by entities for exclusion of a forest from production. Forests and forest lands are covered by statutory protection against change in use for purposes other than forest. The government has introduced fees and yearly charges for which the method of computation is included in the Act on Protection of Agricultural and Forest Lands (Act of 3 February 1995 on protection of agricultural and forest lands, Dz.U. of 2004 No. 121, item 1266). The total fees include a one-time fee, yearly charges and compensation for the early felling of standing timber if it has not reached felling age. The problem of valuation of the statutory fee, once-only fee, the year fees, compensation for early felling of standing timber and the problem of possible ecosystem restitution costs are all analysed in this work. The study also aimed at determining the amounts of fees and charges paid by a private entity for exclusion of 1 ha of forest land from production.A case study covering 1 ha of riparian forest excluded from production permanently was used as the method of study. The amounts of fees and charges due for exclusion of the forest from production and the costs of ecosystem restitution were computed. The study showed that the fees and charges imposed by the government do not satisfy the criterion of equivalency according to the principle that "the user pays" because of the omission of the costs of restoring the ecosystem.
EN
In the course of the last few years of the evolution of the Polish tax system, a number of new provisions as well as constructions have appeared. One of such constructions are the so-called para-tax fees. They constitute an interesting category from the point of view of the doctrine of law, as their enshrinement in statutes and their structural elements determine their ambiguous legal classification. For this reason, they are often referred to as para-taxes. For the purpose of the paper, parastatal constructions are presented, which are similar to excise duties in terms of their subject matter. The paper presents a proposal for a change of position in the system by transforming parastatals into taxes.
PL
W trakcie ostatnich kilku lat ewolucji polskiego systemu podatkowego pojawiło się wiele nowych przepisów i konstrukcji, wśród nich tzw. opłaty parapodatkowe. Stanowią one interesującą kategorię z punktu widzenia doktryny prawa, ponieważ ich zapisanie w ustawach oraz elementy konstrukcyjne decydują o ich niejednoznacznej klasyfikacji prawnej. Z tego powodu często są nazywane parapodatkami. Na potrzeby referatu zostały omówione konstrukcje parapodatkowe, które ze względu na przedmiot obciążenia są zbliżone do podatku akcyzowego. Przedstawiono propozycję ich zmiany w zakresie umiejscowienia w systemie, tj. przekształcenia parapodatków w podatki.
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