Introduction: A vision problem is a condition which involves not only visual difficulty but also blindness. Purpose: The purpose of this short review study is the early recognition of vision problems in children, the proper treatment as well as their prevention. Materials and methods: The material of the study has been recent articles on the subject that have been found mainly in the electronic database Medline, (HEAL-Link), with the following keywords: children, vision impairment, blindness, treatment, prevention. Review: A high risk group of individuals that frequently presents ophthalmic severe lesions leading to blindness consists of children with prenatal and perinatal adverse effects. Conclusions: Education gives the opportunity of co-existence between the blind and people who are able to see. This is the path to social inclusion of individuals with vision problems. Moreover, it is estimated these two groups would have more points in common than differences between them through this experience.
The work highlights the different approaches work with at-risk youth with behavioral disorders. Describe the socio-pathological phenomena in contemporary society, the family and family education, which result in socially and educationally deprived environment. We are approaching the process of socialization, behavioral and characterize their classification. We stress the importance and possibilities of prevention, particularly early detection of behavioral disorders. It highlights the importance of teamwork in the process of assessment and intervention provided clients with educational needs. The work is focused on professional activities in special-educational facility that provides help achieve positive change in clients with behavioral problems and when incorporated into the social environment. Part of the work is casuistic study of a particular client is a description of significant factors: family ties and relationships, pathological behaviors, educational approaches, the possibility of re-education, attitudes, values. The information obtained we used the recommendations and proposals for practice.
Autorka analizuje strategię twórczą polegajacą na posłużeniu się figurą dziecka, co oznacza wykorzystanie spojrzenia bohatera/bohaterki w funkcji dyspozytywu. Strategia ta może zarówno sterować całością wypowiedzi, jak też dotyczyć fragmentów dzieła, które otrzymują w ten sposób specyficzne nacechowanie. Autorka dostrzega działanie tej strategii w dwu całkiem od siebie różnych odmianach. Jej zdaniem strategie te idealnie korespondują z propozycjami teoretyków kina. Dyspozytyw wykorzystujący dziecięce spojrzenie w funkcji nieuprzedzonego oka koresponduje z koncepcją André Bazina sformułowana w "Ontologii obrazu fotograficznego", natomiast dyspozytyw w funkcji magicznej z propozycjami i analizami Edgara Morin, ktore znajdujemy w książce "Kino i wyobraźnia". Strategię pierwszą analizuje autorka na przykładzie filmów Carlosa Saury i André Téchiné, wskazując na jej warianty w filmach chińskich. Wizję magiczną ilustruje przede wszystkim "Duch roju" Víctora Erice i "Nakarmić kruki" Carlosa Saury.
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The author examines the creative strategy relying on using a figure of a child, and using its gaze to fill the function of the dispositive. This strategy can both steer the expression as a whole, but it can also be appliedto fragments of the work, which thus obtain a specific characteristic. The author sees the effect of this strategy in two quite different versions. In her view, these strategies correspond perfectly with the ideas proposed by theoreticians of cinema. The dispositive using the child’s gaze as an unprejudiced eye corresponds with André Bazin’s notion presented in The "Ontology of the Photographic Image", whereas the dispositive in its magical function agrees with the suggestions and ideas of Edgar Morin, which we may find in his book "The Cinema or the Imaginary Man". The author analyses the first strategy using the examples of the work of Carlos Saura and André Téchiné, also pointing to its variation in Chinese films. She illustrates the magical vision using Carlos Saura’s "Cría cuervos" ("Raise Ravens") and Víctor Erice’s "The Spirit of the Beehive".
Aggression is defined as the intentional action which causes pain and injury. The actions of an aggressive nature are designed to cause physical or mental harm to another person (Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 1997). In contrast, violence is defined as an intentional action that goes beyond social norms and causes mental or physical pain (Pospiszyl, 1999). The article is concentrated on aggressive and violent language among children and adolescents. The term of ”language of aggression” has not been precisely defined yet. The language of aggression occurs the most when negative emotions and intentions are involved in the communication (Majchrzyk, 2002). The language of aggression is not only about using specific bad words but also about the way we speak. The article presents an overview of Polish and foreign literature concerning the issue of the language of aggression in children and adolescents. It shows why do teenagers and children use aggressive language, how is defined term of ”aggressive language” and what specialists can do to prevent such kind of problem.
Regionalny Ośrodek Polityki Społecznej Województwa Śląskiego Abstract: The article presents the results of the study "Risks and Opportunities of children and youths living in the Silesian Voivodeship in the area of education and development ". The studies were carried out in November 2009 on a representative sample of mothers of school-age children (7–18 years) by a face-to-face interview (PAPI). The purpose of the study was to obtain information on the key aspects of the lives of children and youths, as well as to estimate, based on the index of opportunities and threats, the percentage of children and youths brought up in "opportunity families" “risk families” and in the category named "intermediate".
Today we know that one in four children in Ukraine has an incorrect posture and complex pathological processes are diagnosed in 7–8 children per thousand of the population concerned. The causes of disorders of a posture is a rational driving mode, an unbalanced diet and a low tone of major muscle groups of the trunk and limbs, especially during the periods of active growth of the musculoskeletal system. A proportion of the body of the child and correlation of processes of the development and growth is a complex dynamic system. The manifestation changes of a posture is underdeveloped muscles that hold the correct body position in space, asymmetry of the blades relative to the axis of the straight, shoulders, triangles waist, pelvis and scoliosis curves without torsion vertebrae. The above changes are progressing in two planes – sagittal and frontal. Violations of a posture in the sagittal plane include changes and simplify all physiological curves. Spinal deformity children in the sagittal plane is the most common disorders of the musculoskeletal system, their frequency of more than 15% of the population of children, including irreversible pathological changes occurred between 1,5–2,0% of child contingent. The result of a comprehensive medical examination revealed 45% of children with a posture. Examination of healthy children with brachial index and the index of vertical deviation of the spine, makes it possible to identify «at risk» possible future changes of their posture. To change the initial posture in the sagittal plane inclined 29,41% of children in the frontal plane – 16,34% of children. Calculation method with using brachial index and the index of vertical deflection spine informative as sensitivity brachial index is 83.66%, and brachial index and the index of vertical deflection spine – 70,59% on the reference method. Using indexing techniques can detect and warn in advance and carry out effective rehabilitation of children with physical posture. So index method to detect violations of posture in the sagittal and frontal planes is versatile and informative for all ages of children.
The XIX century Polish evangelical opinion-forming circles emerged in the Kingdom of Poland.Their views were reflected in press, mainly in “Zwi-astun Evangeliczny – Evangelical Herald”.The leading representative of these circles was Leopold Otto, pastor in Warsaw and Cieszyn, editor of “Zwiastun”.Issues affecting women used to be quite frequent topics of sermons and articles.For evangelical circles woman had to be, above all, a wife, mother and good Christian that does not go beyond the frames of the “the 3 K’s” designation. Apart from the family and religious spheres no other role was allocated to women.However, she had to be mother and an active housewife running the household in a modern way as for those times.Any postulates of equality or professionalization of women were decidedly rejected.Any attempts aimed to change women's position and hierarchy of duties were treated as attempts to violate the moral order and, consequently, the social order as well.Woman had to be exclusively a good Christian, mother and wife.Those were her fundamental tasks necessary for the functioning of society.This pattern was, as a rule, observed in Protestant families in the Kingdom of Poland at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries.Similar pattern was followed in Catholic communities.
Purpose: To examine the effects of child abuse and the measures taken to protect children at various levels of prevention and intervention. Material and methods: A literature search was performed in the databases of Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar and in the Greek database Iatrotek based on the years 1992 to 2013. A classic literature search for scientific publications and studies from libraries was also conducted. From a total of 58 studies, only 30 were selected. The criteria for selecting studies were as follows: a) articles written in Greek and English, and b) articles that referred to the subject of this review using the terms child abuse, consequences, prevention, and treatment. Results: Reference is made to the types of child abuse, their impacts, and risk factors that may have a positive or negative role in the occurrence of the phenomenon. Furthermore, the problem of child abuse is approached in terms of the changes and improvements needed at the legislative, social, research, and therapeutic levels in order to provide protection to child victims of abuse. The large number of negative effects on children’s development, which are not limited to childhood but also leave mental and emotional scars into adulthood, underlines the need for stronger measures to reduce the incidence of child abuse. Furthermore, due to the complexity of the phenomenon, it requires a concerted effort and a single plan of action, not only at the regional and national levels but also at the international level. Conclusions: Child abuse has multifactorial causes and requires a concerted effort and a single plan of action, not only at regional and national levels but also at the international level, in order to deal with it. Therefore, at this point, professionals who come into regular contact with children should be alert to possible signs of physical abuse in the children they serve as well as signs of abuse that are less visible, such as behavioral or psychological signs, and these professionals should act in ancillary roles.
Introduction. During P.E. classes primary school students (grade 4) ought to improve their level of physical fitness, including coordinative motor abilities, as well as to acquire motor skills which enable them to take part in various forms of physical activity in an active and safe way. Unfortunately, in physical education of children and young people the main emphasis is still placed on the improvement of fitness abilities. We have to bear in mind, however, that the level of coordinative abilities limits significantly the improvement of necessary fitness abilities and vice versa. Our research was aimed at determining what dependencies exist between the results of selected coordinative motor abilities and ten-year-old children’ results of the tests designed by the International Committee for the Standardization of Physical Fitness Tests. Material and methods. The research group consisted of 93 students of primary schools in the town of Wołów. In order to determine the level of the particular components of physical fitness we employed the trials of the International Committee for the Standardization of Physical Fitness Tests (ICSPFT). For assessing the particular coordinative abilities we used the following tests: ‘run for the balls’, ‘stopping the rolling ball’, ‘long standing jump with 50% of maximum possibilities’, ‘long standing jump forward and backward’. Results. According to research findings there is a relationship between the improvement of the selected coordinative motor abilities and some of the components of physical fitness. Conclusions. Therefore, a physical education teacher are advised caution in choosing physical exercises and games, taking into consideration comprehensive motor development of students, including their coordinative motor abilities.
In 2011 Ukraine for the first time introduced compulsory pre-school education for five year olds that was the next step of modernization of the education sector in the state. Under current law it is established that an important task of educational reform is to create conditions not only to enhance the intellectual potential of the nation, comprehensive development and formation of the creative personality of each child, but also for preserving physical and mental health. The «quality of life» is defined as the ratio of own individual position in society in the context of culture, value systems of the society and the goals of the individual, their plans and possibilities. The quality of life of children is determined by physical, social and emotional factors that are essential and are constantly operating factors. The study of the life quality of preschool and younger school age children reveals not only health, but also evaluates the fulfillment of social functions, appropriate to the age and sex of the child population. The well-being of the family leads to the formation of stereotype values of children. Timely identification of the social difficulties of their families provides an opportunity to determine the influence of the corresponding factor on the quality of life of children. Without solving the problem of preservation of children’s health in physical, psychological and social aspects it is impossible to raise the question of the health of the whole population. An assessment of social well-being of the family is one of the factors in quality of life of preschool and early school age children. It was determined that 11 % of households have poor working conditions that affect children’s daily routine and start attending preschool. In families with a busy schedule of working children spend 1.5 hours per day on television and computer. The problem of modern families is the spread of bad habits – smoking mother have 33.33 % of children and the father have 41.84 % of the children. In addition, 6,78 % of children at the same time have the father who has two bad habits – smoking and drinking.
Introduction: Children type 1 diabetes is accompanied by inflammation and microangiopathy pro-ceeded with increased degradation of tissues. Nacetyl-β-hexosaminidase (HEX) is the most active of exoglycosidases degrading oligo-saccharide chains of glycoconjugates (glycoproteins, glycolipids and proteoglycans). Purpose: To evaluate the hexosaminidase B (HEX B) activity in the saliva of children with type 1 diabetes. Materials and methods: The study was performed in 35 children with type 1 diabetes and 20 healthy children. Salivary HEX B activity was determined by the colorimetric, and protein by bicinchoninic acid methods. The HEX B activity concentration was expressed in pKat/mL and specific activity in pKat/µg of protein. Results: A significant increase in the concentration and the specific activity of HEX B in the saliva of children with type 1 diabetes, as compared to healthy children, was found. Conclusion: Children suffering from type 1 diabetes have increased catabolism of salivary gly-coconjugates by HEX B, which potentially may be useful in the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children.
The objective of this paper is to answer the following question: To what extent may age have an effect on learners’ motivation, attitudes and anxiety? This paper demonstrates that – with respect to all three variables – the learning environment is crucial for language acquisition: in an informal learning context children are usually more highly motivated to acquire the language than adults. In both formal and informal learning contexts adults have generally higher anxiety levels than children; this tendency may be connected with the desire to maintain a particular linguistic and cultural identity.
Purpose: The role of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains disputable. This study was planned to determine clinical-epidemic correlations between reflux esophagitis (RE) and Hp in older children. Materials and methods: 308 children with RE and 418 patients with chronic gastritis (CG) without RE between the ages of 12 and 18 were examined. Hp was diagnosed by histological (Giemsa and hematoxylin-eosin stain, with evaluation of dissemination grade) and rapid urease test. Subjective symptoms (heartburn, abdominal pain, other dyspeptic complaints) were analyzed by questionnaire. Results: Hp infection was found in 44.5% of children with RE (no difference in patients without RE), and it does not increase the erosive esophageal defects risk. Clinical symptoms are not connected to this infection in examined patients. The frequency of Hp infection decreases with the disease duration increase. Conclusion: The development of RE is not connected with Hp, but the disease course has certain peculiarities in the conditions of Hp infection.
Purpose: One of the main research aims of epidemiological studies is to prove the prevalence of diseases and physiological conditions among people. The results of these studies enable to implement efficient prophylaxis and to plan proper health care management. Information about the prevalence of malocclusions in children and adolescents is a very important aspect of the planning of preventive care in health policy. In addition, evaluation of malocclusion allows for determining current treatment effectiveness and orthodontic treatment need after the completion of free orthodontic treatment under the Polish National Health Fund, which the legislator provided for children up to 13 years of age.Materials and methods: The study included 500 children, aged 13 years (249 girls, 251 boys) from the Podlaskie voivodeship. The study was conducted in nine junior high schools, in a school nursing surgery using basic diagnostic tools (periodontal probe, dental mirror, laryngological spatula). The rules of Polish orthodontic diagnosis by Orlik-Grzybowska were applied in diagnosis of malocclusion. Dental abnormalities were also determined.Results: Malocclusions were found in 57.8% of patients. 34% of children had distal occlusion belonged to the most frequent irregularities, while lingual occlusions (1.6%) was observed the most rarely. Dental abnormalities, including teeth rotations (81.8%) as most frequent were reported in 82.8% of the respondents.Conclusions: The prevalence of malocclusion in 13 - year old school children from the Podlaskie voivodeship is high and indicates the inadequacy of orthodontic health care program. Distal occlusion is the most common malocclusion No significant differences were found between the prevalence of malocclusion and the place of residence.
An essential element of the teaching system, which is of vital importance, is the set of educational methods. A prominent place amongst these is occupied by those methods that develop creative activity; this is because the main element that results in the maximizing of the child’s developmental chances is its creative activity. The article presents the following methods that actively develop the nursery school pupil’s creativity: the project method, the construction of board games, Celestyn Freinet’s techniques, Maria Montessori’s method, Carl Orn’s method of physical expression through actions, Alfred and Maria Kniess’ method of rhythmical gymnastics, Weronika Sherborne’s Developmental Movement, Josef Gottfrid Thulin’s method of making stories through physical actions, Emil Jagues-Dalcroze’s method, Edwin E. Gordon’s method of developing the love of music, Bati Strauss’ method of active listening to music, theatre, drama, music therapy, Maxwell Malz’s method of forming a positive image of oneself, and the practise of creative visualization for children. The methods listed above are dinerent ways of working with children that rely on releasing their free creative expression, in contrast to traditional teaching methods that oppose those methods that activate the educational process. They are educational and developmental methods for children who are at nursery school, and they facilitate unconstrained activeness and creation.
Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of a 32-week school physical education programme on low-back pain in elementary and secondary schoolchildren. Material and methods: Forty-one elementary school children (fifth-grade, mean age of 10.27 ± 0.31 years) and 43 secondary school adolescents (twograde, mean age of 13.46 ± 0.68 years) were assigned to the control (n = 40) or intervention group (n = 44). The intervention subjects were involved in an organised physical education programme including hamstrings stretching, endurance strength of the abdominal and lumbar muscles, and pelvic tilt during the two-weekly school physical education classes over 32 weeks. The control group was not subjected to the organized programme. Low back pain was registered and pain intensity was recorded using the Visual Analogue Scale. Results: The experimental group showed a statistically significant decrease of low back pain frequency while the control group evidenced an increase. For pain intensity no significant differences were found. Conclusion: The children and adolescents who were subjected to the school physical education programme showed a reduction of low back pain frequency, while a tendency toward the rising frequency of low back pain was detected for the control subjects.
Purpose: To evaluate perceptions of nurses as health educators held by children and adolescents aged 4 to 17 years based on their artwork. Materials and methods: 514 children's drawings were analyzed. Titled "With a Nurse for Health," drawings were submitted from all over Poland, coming from hospital recreation centers, schools, art studios, sick children, children with special needs, and healthy children. Results: Children created images of nurses engaged in a detailed range of professional duties, including delivering care to children and attending to children’s personal hygiene. The drawings portrayed the nurses delivering first aid care for cases of injury, bleeding, and fractures, as well as applying or changing dressings. Nurses were depicted in hospital rooms, nurse’s offices, and emergency rooms. Conclusion: We believe that the analysis of children's artworks can help in the planning of health programs aimed at children
Prevalence of childhood obesity and health problems resulting from a lack of physical activity are in a position to increase in most developed countries. Scientific evidence of the relationship between physical activity levels and health problems resulting from inactivity not fully studied. Levels of physical activity for young people and teenagers are insufficient. There is little evidence of positive results in relation to interventions with children. In general, interventions achieved significant changes in physical activity levels of approximately 13% in moderate and vigorous physical activity. Most interventions are not significant in children although teenagers. In the case of children is effectively a direct influence over the type of physical activities that are proposed, with a high recreational component and multicomponent interventions course include families and supporting institutional campaigns. For adolescent interventions must also be multicomponent and focus on environmental intervention center to have some assurance of effectiveness.
Objectives: The goal of the study was to assess the relation between quality of life and perceived social relationships and social exclusion in Czech children. Subjects and setting: A total number of 4 782 children aged 11, 13 and 15 years out of 86 randomly selected schools in the Czech Republic formed the study population. The data was acquired in the framework of the WHO study „The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children: A WHO Cross National Study“ (HBSC)in May 2006 by means of standardized questionnaires. Hypotheses: Social relationships have an important effect on subjectively perceived quality of life in children. Statistical analyses: Statistical analyses included descriptive analysis, the test of independence in contingency tables, Fisher’s test, two samples T-test, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, analyses of variance with post-hoc test, and correlational analyses (Pearson) using the NCSS 2007 program. Results: The average value of perceived family relationships was 7,6 (scale 0-10) amongst all of the sample cases. Assessment of relationships was significantly associated with age and gender. Children who perceived themselves as lonely and stated that it is difficult for them to communicate with their mothers about things that trouble them, and that it is also difficult for them to find friends and who felt that they are not popular among their peers gave significantly lower values on the chosen quality of life scales. The feeling of happiness in children with problematic relationships was significantly associated with the amount of time spent with their family, satisfaction with one’s life, self-confidence, trust in the future and perception of life. Study limitation: Quality of life, social relationships, and social exclusion were analysed on the basis of selected question categories and subjective perception of children.
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