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EN
The article deals with a critical analysis of the social ideal of Marx in the work of the famous Russian theorist and philosopher of law living at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, P. I. Novgorodtsev. The social ideal of Karl Marx is discussed as the idea of «The Paradise on the Earth», the implementation of which will lead to the completion of the social progress, which is contrary to the dialectical view of historical process. Criticizing the «ideal of ultimate perfection» of Marx, Novgorodtsev proposes his «ideal of infinite perfection», based on the continuous moral work of the individual, which determines the direction of the social progress at all stages of history. The article also presents the reaction of Novgorodtsev’s contemporaries to his criticism of the social ideal proposed by Karl Marx.
RU
В статье рассматривается критический анализ общественного идеала К. Маркса в творчестве известного русского теоретика и философа права второй половины 19 - начала 20 вв. П.И. Новгородцева. Общественный идеал Маркса рассматривается как идея «земного рая», реализация которой приведет к завершению общественного прогресса, что противоречит диалектическому взгляду на исторический процесс. Критикуя «идеал конечного совершенства» Маркса, Новгородцев противопоставляет ему «идеал бесконечного совершенствования», в основе которого непрерывный нравственный труд личности, который определяет направление общественного прогресса на всех этапах истории. В статье представлена также реакция современников на критику Новгородцевым недостатков общественного идеала, предложенного Марксом.
EN
The way J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI addresses the issues of communism and Nazism in his works leads to the very essence of the problem, which is shown as a bigger one and – unfortunately – more long-lasting than the 20th century faces of these two ideologies. He emphasises the fundamental, crucial relationship between these concepts (simultaneously constituting political systems) and atheism, negation of God, both in the spheres of faith and ethos. Metaphysical aspirations of men, distorted by absence of God, are diabolically deformed and, finally – in their mutated version, deluding by national-, social- and economic Utopia – assume the forms of cruel, totalitarian systems of power and violence, directed against men. Within the closed circle of history and matter driven by the power of mind independent of the objective (God’s) truth, today it also proves impossible to make the world better with no conversion, i.e. without ensuring the right place for God in individual and public life, unless God is perceived as the Lord of the whole history who can give future and hope to men.
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EN
The Reformation did not help to unify European Christianity, just the opposite;it led to the intensifying of disputes not only amongst Catholics and Protestants, but also between Lutherans and Calvinists. There followed a period of religious and civil feuding. Komenský entered this antagonistic climate with his political philosophy, which focused on eliminating the causes of hate and mutual conflict. This direction culminated in Komenský's Panorthosie (Universal Reform). This best outlines his vision of lasting peaceful conciliation, which lay in educational, religious, and civil reform. Komenský's ethical attempts to put human aairs to rights has its philosophical basis in the understanding of man as an entity, whose mission in this world is: to be a wise, moral, and pious man.
EN
Eschatology of Victorinus of Poetovio as one of the ante-nicene chiliasts is closely related to the eight-day, or eight-thousand concept of the history of the world and the human race. According to this concept, the universe will exist four periods: the first – from the creation of God the world and the first people before the first coming of Christ on the earth (the first five days of creation, or the first five thousand years); the second – from the first coming of Christ to the second coming of Christ (the sixth day of creation, or the sixth thousand years); the third – from the second coming of Christ and to the beginning of the Last Judgment (the seventh day of rest, or the seventh thousand years); the fourth – from the begin­ning of the Last Judgment and to infinity (the eighth day of Judgment and eternal rest, or eight thousand years). An important aspect of the eschatology of Victorinus prelate is its christologi­cal and soteriological aspects, that is, the Lord Jesus Christ takes part in human history in each of these eight millennia. In other words, the Savior not only created the world and the first people, but daily takes care of the crown of his creation – the human race. This can be traced in the disclosure of the theological termino­logy of the end of Victorinus of Poetovio.
PL
Eschatologia Wiktoryna z Petawium, jednego z przednicejskich chiliastów, jest ściśle związana z ideą ósmego dnia oraz z ideą ośmiu tysięcy lat historii świata i ludzkości. Według tej koncepcji czas istnienia wszechświata należy podzielić na cztery okresy: pierwszy – od stworzenia świata i pierwszych ludzi do pierwszego przyjścia Chrystusa na ziemię. To pierwsze pięć dni stworzenia, które odpowia­dają czasokresowi pierwszych pięciu tysięcy lat; drugi – od pierwszego przyjścia Chrystusa do Jego drugiego przyjścia, co odpowiada szóstemu dniu stworzenia, czyli szóstemu tysiącleciu; trzeci – od drugiego przyjścia Chrystusa do początku Sądu Ostatecznego, co koresponduje z siódmym dniem odpoczynku, czyli z siód­mym tysiącleciem; czwarty – od początku Sądu Ostatecznego ad infinitum, co oznacza, że okres ten obejmuje ósmy dzień (odpowiadający ósmemu tysiącleciu), będący dniem Sądu Ostatecznego oraz wiecznego odpoczynku. Ważnym rysem eschatologii Wiktoryna jest jej aspekt historyczno-soteriologiczny, co w jego in­terpretacji dziejów stworzenia oznacza, że Jezus Chrystus był i jest stale obecny w historii ludzkości, i to w każdym ze wspomnianych wyżej ośmiu tysiącleci. Innymi słowy, Zbawiciel nie tylko stworzył świat i pierwszych ludzi, lecz także codziennie dba o koronę swego stworzenia, którą jest rasa ludzka. Powyższe tezy można u Wiktoryna z Petawium prześledzić właśnie na bazie jego terminologii, odnoszącej się do czasów ostatecznych.
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