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EN
Because of geographical distribution, origin, political involvement and religious specificity, Lutherans of Western Pomerania are treated as a border community. The largest populations of Polish-speaking Protestants occurred in the counties of Lębork, Bytów and Słupsk. This commu-nity disappeared at the end of the nineteenth century, although still in the 20s and 30s, researchers recorded a lot of people who knew the Kashubian dialect. Lutherans in the Kashubian region were generally unknown to religious communities of Masuria, Silesia and the Polish Kingdom. More knowledge about them brought only through a study conducted by Alexander Hilferding — a Russian Slavicist traveling in these areas in 1856. The greatest popularity in the definition of this com-munity has won ethnonym Slovincians propagated by Alexander Hilferding. Available sources and studies mainly publish information on the language, especially its use in church services and teach-ing religion. Thera are, however, extremely rare eyewitness accounts relating used hymn books and cantionals, popularity of a particular repertoire and the context of its practice. From the relation-ship and visitation of church printed from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, we know that they were used in religious services “Polish songbooks”. The oldest of them is cantional prepared by a priest Simon Krofey from Bytów with a handwritten appendix compiled from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. Pastor Lorek from Cecenowo immortalized in the consciousness of later generations stereotypes of a tacit and gloomy Kashubian. However, according to later observers, Kashubians sang willingly and often but only a religious repertoire, while the folk song and dance sounded very rare. Considering the available sources it seems that the inhabitants of these lands — like the Protestants from Silesia and Masuria had used their own repertoire, which could be performed in an original and unique way.
Res Rhetorica
|
2017
|
vol. 4
|
issue 4
60-74
PL
Na wstępie omówiono trzy podstawowe formy organizacji materii muzycznej, zastosowane w Orgelbüchlein Johanna Sebastiana Bacha: chorał melodyczny (najbardziej reprezentatywny i w związku z tym nazwany chorałem typu Orgelbüchlein), kolorowany oraz w kanonie (rozważono rolę Andreas Armsdorffa jako potencjalnego prekursora tego typu). Poświęcono również uwagę odstępstwom od tego schematu (przede wszystkim In dir ist Freude BWV 615) i podkreślono szczególną rolę partii pedałowej. W głównej części artykułu przedstawiono zagadnienie związków słowno-muzycznych w kontekście „Książeczki organowej”, rekapitulując pokrótce dawniejsze obserwacje z tego obszaru badawczego (Spitta, Schweitzer) oraz wpisując tę problematykę w szerokie pole badań nad relacjami retoryki oraz muzyki. I tak zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie teorii afektów oraz teorii muzycznych figur retorycznych. Ponadto przywołano koncepcję porównania sposobu układania oracji do procesu kompozycji – ten element retoryki muzycznej okazał się najmniej oczywisty w kontekście Orgelbüchlein, niemniej myślenie o omawianych chorałach przez pryzmat inventio, dispositio oraz elocutio wydaje się możliwe. Wreszcie przypomniano kontekst tradycji luterańskiej, która nadała sztuce muzycznej bardzo wysoką rangę, zaś na koniec przeprowadzono krótką analizę chorału Jesu, meine Freude BWV 610 pod kątem retoryki muzycznej.
EN
The paper discusses three basic musical forms used in Johann Sebastian Bach’s Orgelbüchlein (Little Organ Book): the melodic chorale (the most representative and hence known as ‘the Orgelbüchlein chorale’), ornamental chorale and canon chorale (due consideration is given to the role of Andreas Armsdorff as the likely forerunner of this type of chorale). Also discussed are the divergences from this pattern (particularly In dir ist Freude, BWV 615) and the special role of the pedal part in Bach's cycle is emphasised. The body of the article concentrates on the relationship of the music and lyrics of the Orgelbüchlein and places Bach’s work within a larger framework of ties between rhetorics and music, with a brief recapitulation of older studies in this area (Spitta, Schweitzer). Consequently, the affect theory and the theory of rhetorical figures in music are given due attention; the parallels between composing a speech and a musical piece are also drawn upon. The latter concept is perhaps the least apparent in Orgelbüchlein but an analysis of the discussed chorales in terms of inventio, dispositio and elocutio does not seem too far-fetched. Finally, the context of Lutheran religious tradition that assigned a particularly elevated role to the musical arts is called upon. The paper closes with a cursory analysis of the chorale Jesu, meine Freude, BWV 610 within the framework of musical rhetorics.
EN
The clash of Lutheranism with traditional culture is the subject of research by contemporary Scandinavian hymnologists, who propose a creation of a separate research discipline: ethnohymnology. The use of traditional historical methods and those borrowed from anthropology and ethnomusicology allows for observation of normative and unchanging ideas (i.e. contained within sources of ideas and patterns) on one hand, and dynamic elements transmitted by oral tradition on the other. According to Martin Luther’s presumptions, an excellent and widespread model of music should be a monophonic religious hymn inspired by Gregorian chant, pre-Reformation church hymns, and German folk songs. A huge role in the dissemination of such a repertoire among the common people was played by songbooks used during individual and family prayers. For local communities, they were almost relics that were not parted with both in everyday life and during holidays. Most often, the songbooks contained no musical notation, so people were learning the melodies of the songs by ear during church services, or at home from their parents and grandparents. In 19th-century sources, the predominant level in the liturgy of the Lutheran rural churches was evaluated as appalling, and congregation singing was described as chaotic and devoid of any artistic rules. According to contemporary scholars, calls to unify and improve the artistic merit appeared in Scandinavian churches with the wave of a widespread movement of renewal, which emerged in the German Lutheran Church in the early 19th century. These relations also confi rm the presence of a characteristic style of Lutheran singing called “the old way of singing” in Scandinavia and the Baltic countries. Originally, the term used to describe a singing style that existed during several centuries in the parish churches of England (from the 15th to the 18th century), and it was later adopted, by analogy, from English musicology. As the main determinants of the old practice, the following factors are mentioned: isolated communities, diffi cult access to churches, replacing church services with family prayer, lack of organs in churches, and lack of codifi ed collections of hymn tunes. Characteristic features of the style are: slow tempo, very loud singing, a melismatic richness and heterophony resulting from superimposing variants of the melodies. After the reform, this style was eliminated from the liturgy and survived only fragmentarily within situations outside the church (during individual prayer, work, folk customs), or was cultivated by pietistic religious communities. This is confi rmed by fi eld recordings conducted in the 20th century in the Scandinavian countries, the Baltic countries, as well as Masuria.
EN
This paper is an attempt to find the specific word‑and‑music interrelations in Bach’s organ chorale Lobt Gott, ihr Christen, allzugleich BWV 732. The starting point is the quotation by the composer originated from his Bible in which he described the music as “pious.” Since the examined piece is an arrangement of the Lutheran song based on the melody of the introit Puer natus est nobis, the verses of the first stanza have been confronted with a Gregorian antiphon. In effect, a chiasm has been found, noticeable in the combination with Bach’s arrangement of the third and fourth verses. The applied method of analyzing the mutual interrelations between words and music allows to observe in further parts of the paper the astounding compatibility of compositional techniques with particular words and syllables to demonstrate at the same time a high degree of difficulty in translating lyrics into other languages.
PL
Praca jest próbą odnalezienia szczegółowych zależności słowno-muzycznych w Bachowskim chorale organowym Lobt Gott, ihr Christen, allzugleich BWV 732. Punkt wyjścia stanowi cytat Bacha pochodzący z jego egzemplarza Biblii, traktujący o muzyce określonej jako „nabożna”. Ponieważ analizowany utwór jest opracowaniem luterańskiej pieśni opartej na melodii introitu Puer natus est nobis, wersy pierwszej strofy skonfrontowano z gregoriańską antyfoną. Efektem jest znalezienie chiazmu, widocznego w połączeniu Bachowskiego opracowania trzeciego i czwartego wersu. Przyjęta metoda analizy wzajemnych powiązań słowno‑muzycznych pozwala w dalszej części pracy zaobserwować zdumiewającą kompatybilność użytych środków kompozytorskich z poszczególnymi słowami i sylabami, wskazując jednocześnie na wysoki stopień trudności przekładu na inne języki.
EN
Christoph Bossert has succeeded in proving  symmetries in a serie of cycles inside of Bach’s composing, who are not known already, for example the Chorals of the Neumeister-Collection, the Welltempered Clavier, part 1 and part two and the third part of ClavierÜbung. Inside of ClavierÜbung III are 27 pieces, but 29 different parts belonging to the mesuring. In consequence Nr. 15 Vater unser im Himmelreich is the center, structered in 40 + 1 + 50 bars. The propotion 4 to 5 can be seen in Nr. 17 to 13 as well as Nr. 11 to 19. Another kind of argument for symmetrie are the two trios Nr. 9 and 21. In five pieces Nr. 4 to 26 as well as Nr. 11 to 19 and Nr. 15 as the central piece is the end structered in 13 bars or half bars. the often discussed question of tonality can be answered by the order of the basic ton of every piece – Nr. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 has two of them. The melodical line of the eleison inside the Kyrie can be seen as structure therefore, variated in shorter version, in revers and as inversion. One of the very special questions concern to Nr. 20 to 23 in fis, d, f and e. Because of the so structured order of basic tones it’s obvious, that all pieces without pedal and especially the Duettos belong to the whole work as a cycle as well as the pieces with pedal.
PL
Christophowi Bossertowi udało się udowodnić symetrię w serii zbiorów cyklicznych jako części procesu kompozycyjnego Bacha, które do tej pory nie były znane, na przykład w chorałach ze zbioru Neumeistra, w DWK cz. 1 oraz 2, jak również w trzeciej części zbioru ClavierUbung. Wewnątrz ClavierUebung znajduje się 27 utworów, tworzących za to 29 różnych części według przynależności poszczególnych metrum. Utwór nr 15, chorał Vater unser im Himmelreich, jest centrum o strukturze 40 + 1 + 50 taktów. Proporcja 4 do 5 może być zauważona w nr. 17 do 13, jak również w nr. 11 do 19. Innym rodzajem argumentu przemawiającego za symetriami są obydwie formy trio, nr 9 i 21. W pięciu utworach, nr 4–26, jak również 11–19 oraz 15 jako centrum, zauważalna jest podobna struktura ostatnich 13 taktów lub ich połowy. Często poruszana kwestia tonacji jest wyjaśniona ze względu na układ dźwięków tonicznych, które tworzą linię melodyczną wezwania eleison z części Kyrie, w formie skróconej, w raku i w odwróceniu. Na szczególną uwagę zasługuje pochód utworów od 20 do 23, w tonacjach fis, d, f i e. Z układu dźwięków tonicznych wynika, że utwory manuałowe włącznie z czterema duetami muszą być potraktowane jako strukturalnie należące do całości dzieła.
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