Search results

1

O chronologii mongolskiej

100%

Kotwicz W.

Rocznik Orientalistyczny

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vol. Rocznik Orientalistyczny, T. 04, (1926), wyd. 1928

2

O chronologii mongolskiej

80%

Kotwicz W.

Rocznik Orientalistyczny

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vol. Rocznik Orientalistyczny, T. 02, (1919/1924), wyd. 1925

3

Ostatnie dziesięciolecia Królestwa Judzkiego

80%

Brzegowy T.

The Biblical Annals

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2000

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vol. 47

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issue 1

39-61

PL

La chute du Royaume de Juda constitue évidemment une date fondamentale dans toute l’historie de la Nation Elue. Elle coïncide avec l’écroulement de la dynastie Davidique, la destruction du Temple et de Jérusalem et la déportation de la meilleure partie de la nation en Babylonie. Ce désastre énorme a été causé dans certaine mesure par les derniers rois judaïques du Sion qui, malgré les conseils du prophéte Jérémie, n’avaient pas réussi à trouver un mode de coexistence avec les puissances de l’époque, et surtout avec la Babylonie qui vers la fin du VIIme siècle succéda à l’Assyrie dans la domination sur le Proche Orient ancien. Bien que la chronologie biblique présente des difficultés sérieuses il est raisonnable de constater que la destruction du Premier Temple et le début de l’Exil s’effectua en 19me année de Nabuchodonosor et 11me année du roi Sédécjas, c’est-à-dire pendant l’été 586 avant J. -Chr.

4

Czas niszczy wszystko. Fenomen odwróconej chronologii w opowiadaniu filmowym

80%

Szczekała B.

Kwartalnik Filmowy

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2014

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issue 86

47-66

PL

Celem artykułu jest opisanie i sproblematyzowanie fenomenu wstecznej narracji filmowej. Filmy takie jak „Happy End“, „Zdrada“, „Dwie przyjaciółki“, „Miętowy cukierek“, „Memento“, „5x2“ czy „Nieodwracalne“ w różny sposób funkcjonalizują chwyt odwróconej chronologii sekwencji. Jego rolą jest nie tylko stymulowanie aktywności odbiorczej, lecz także redefinicja, czy też dekonstrukcja konwencji gatunkowych oraz form identyfikacji widza z bohaterem. Nowatorstwo strukturalne i samozwrotność tych filmów sprawiają, że ich interpretacja musi uwzględniać także „fikcyjne doświadczenie czasowe“ (Paul Ricoeur). Autorka bada wsteczną narrację z perspektywy poetyki historycznej i form recepcji. Artykuł zawiera analizę sposobów, w jakie odwrócona chronologia sekwencji przedstawia kwestie epistemologiczne oraz opozycję przyszłości i przeszłości. Kontekstem analitycznym artykułu są narzędzia wypracowane przez narratologię (Mieke Bal) i teorię neoformalno-kognitywną.

EN

The aim of the article is to describe and problematize the phenomenon of reverse film narration. Films such as „Happy End“, „Betrayal“, „Two Friends“, „Peppermint candy“, „Memento“, „5x2“ or „Irreversible“ use the technique of the reverse sequence of events in different ways. Its role is not only the stimulation of the reception by the audience, but also a redefinition, or perhaps deconstruction of genre conventions and forms of viewer’s identifications with the protagonist. The structural innovation and self reflexivity of these films mean that their interpretation must also consider fictitious experience of time (Paul Ricoeur). The author reflects on reverse narrative from the perspective of historical poetics and forms of reception. The article contains an analysis of ways in which reverse sequence chronology presents epistemological matters and the opposition between the future and the past. The analytical context for the article is provided by the tools developed in narratology (Mieke Bal) and neoformal-cognitive theory.

5

Chronology in the Flood Narrative (Gen 6-9)

70%

Napora K.

Sympozjum

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2016

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issue 1(30)

63-82

PL

Zagadnienie czasu stanowi jedną z największych zagadek opowiadania o Potopie (Rdz 6-9). Nie tylko zadziwiająca precyzja danych chronologicznych, ale również ich nagromadzenie – zupełnie wyjątkowe w kontekście Prehistorii biblijnej (Rdz 1-11) – wreszcie wyraźne rozbieżności pomiędzy poszczególnymi elementami systemu chronologicznego opowiadania od wieków stanowiła wyzwanie dla czytelników i badaczy pochylających się nad tą perykopą biblijną. Wypracowane rozwiązania nawiązywały do skomplikowanej historii redakcji tego tekstu lub odwoływały się do rozmaitych systemów liczenia czasu jakie występowały w starożytności. Wydaje się jednak, że rola danych chronologicznych wykracza poza ich podstawową funkcję w systemie miary czasu. Właściwie pojęte i zinterpretowane jawią się jako element strukturalnej organizacji kosmosu. Obok doskonale zorganizowanej, podzielonej i zhierarchizowana przestrzeni jaką jest arka Noego – mikrokosmos na falach chaosu i kapsuła ocalenia, w której zamknięte zostało ziarno życia – to właśnie czas jest bodaj jedynym element kosmosu, którego nie naruszyły wody potopu.

6

W sprawie chronologii Kazań świętokrzyskich

61%

Mycawka M.

Język Polski

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2015

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vol. 95

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issue 1-2

171-179

PL

Na temat chronologii jednego z najważniejszych zabytków języka polskiego – Kazań świętokrzyskich — wypowiadało się wielu badaczy. Rozbieżności pomiędzy ich stanowiskami były bardzo duże: od XII do połowy XIV wieku. W swoim artykule autorka wykorzystała dane językowe pochodzące ze ściśle datowanych dokumentów z XIII i XIV wieku. Najważniejszym zjawiskiem jest w tym wypadku pisownia i wymowa samogłosek nosowych. Na podstawie analizy tego zjawiska, częściowo także innych, autorka stwierdziła, że tekst Kazań świętokrzyskich, będący kopią starszego oryginału, pochodzi prawdopodobnie z początku XIV wieku, oryginał zaś jest niewiele starszy (może z przełomu XIII i XIV wieku).

EN

Numerous scholars have done research in the area of the chronology of one of the most important relics of the Polish language, i.e. Kazania świętokrzyskie (The Holy Cross Sermons). They took divergent standpoints as to the age of the sermons which have been dated between the 12th and mid-14th centuries. The present article makes use of language data obtained from documents dated precisely for the 13th and 14th centuries. The most important features are the spelling and pronunciation of nasal vowels. Having analyzed these and some other features, the author concludes that the text of The Holy Cross Sermons, which is a copy of an older original, probably dates back to the early 14th century. The original version is not much older, going back perhaps to the turn of the 14th century.

7

Roczny cykl świąt liturgicznych jako jeden ze sposobów wyznaczania dat w „Kronice Supraskiej”

61%

Smoktunowicz K.

Prace Językoznawcze

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2011

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issue 13

215-225

RU

„Супрасльская летопись” принадлежит к I своду белоруско-литовских летописей Великого княжества Литовского. Предметом статьи является анализ её текста с точки зрения употребления названий праздников литургического календаря Церкви при описании событий. В статье учитываются не только Пасха и двунадесятые праздники, но и менее важные, а также праздники в память святых и апостолов. Приведеннные примеры свидетельствуют о том, что употребление этих названий вместо традиционной календарной даты было явлением довольно распространенным в „Супрасльской летописи” и составляло один из способов расположения во времени описываемых событий. Несомненно, огромную роль сыграл здесь факт, что творцами летописей были православные монахи, для которых такой способ изложения материала был очень близким. Памятник является богатым источником церковных и народных названий православных праздников.

8

Przyczynek do chronologii królów Izraela i Judy

57%

Mucha P. M.

Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny

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2019

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vol. 72

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issue 2

EN

The letters of kings are the result of the Biblical author’s intended composition. Beginning with Saul to Hosea for Israel as well as David to Zedekiah for the Davidic dynasty, each genealogy consists of twenty-two rulers. This number is not accidental, as there are 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet as well as 22 patriarchs from Adam to Jacob. In order to attain this number of rulers in each kingdom, some kings could have been omitted or added. The letters of the kings of Israel and Judah thus do not reflect chronological reality.

PL

Listy królów są wynikiem zamierzonej kompozycji autora biblijnego. Licząc od Saula do Ozeasza dla Izraela oraz od Dawida do Sedecjasza dla dynastii Dawidowej, każda genealogia zawiera 22 władców. Liczba ta nie jest przypadkowa, gdyż są 22 litery w alfabecie hebrajskim, a także 22 patriarchów od Adama do Jakuba. Żeby uzyskać tę liczbę władców w każdym królestwie, niektórzy królowie mogli zostać pominięci lub dodani. Listy królów Izraela i Judy mogą zatem nie odzwierciedlać rzeczywistej chronologii.

9

Deanthroponymic Potamonyms in the Vistula River Basin (Methodological Problems and Typology of Names)

57%

Bijak U.

Onomastica

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2019

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vol. 63

145-156

EN

Deanthroponymic Potamonyms in the Vistula River Basin (Methodological Problems and Typology of Names) Water names, using the genetic-motivational criteria, can be divided into two superior groups: deappellative and deproprial hydronyms. Among the hydronyms derived from proper names, one can distinguish between the detoponymic and deanthroponymic. The names of flowing waters from anthroponyms are the subject of this article. Preliminary statistical data regarding deanthroponymic potamonyms in the Vistula river basin, their chronology, naming models, word formation bases and geographical distribution are presented. The results of the analysis show that the deanthroponymic potamonyms account for approximately 6.8% of the names of flowing waters of the Vistula river basin, estimated at more than 13,500. They appear sporadically in documents as early as in the 13th century, with only 12% visible until the 16th century, with most of them not being noticed until the 19th and 20th centuries. Such a statistical distribution is typical for the names of the flowing waters of that basin. Deanthroponymic names of rivers represent a variety of naming models, but most often appear as a part of compound names created with the suffix -ów, one-word formations with the same suffix and derivatives from the suf. -ka. They mainly identify objects located between the Soła River and the Dunajec River, especially in the Dunajec River basin, so in mountainous and submontainous areas, as K. Rymut claimed. The basis of such potamonyms are mainly personal names with different motivations, rarely being ethnonyms and first names.

10

Druga wojna światowa, wojna trzydziestoletnia, wojna trzech ćwierćwieczy

51%

Holzer J.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

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2015

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issue 1(25)

71-78

EN

World War II – a Thirty Years War or a War of Three Generations The chronology of historical events may appear to be simple. There is a specific event and there is a date on which it occurred. However, an essential problem remains: what is the event and what terms shall we use to describe it? Will these terms be unambiguous? We ask: when did the Second World War begin and end? However, perhaps one should ask: why is it recognized as a world war? In Poland, it is assumed that the war began on 1 September 1939. However, for the first two days it was a conflict between two states only – Germany and Poland. Other participants of the events in Europe would join in later. Why do we call it a ‘world war’ then? Because there was another area of great struggle: the Far East, extended around the Pacific, Oceania, as far as the coasts of Australia. There is a problem here, however. The war in Asia began with Japan’ s attack on China on 7 July 1937. If we are of the opinion that the beginning of the world war is the German-Polish conflict, there are, in fact, no arguments for not moving the initial date more than two years earlier. The world war, which began with the Asian events of 1937, moved to Europe in 1939. And when did World War II end? However, the direct chronology of the conflict is only one part of the problem. To what extent was the war a separate chapter in history? Perhaps it was one of the processes which began much earlier and ended much later? There are supporters of the view of a certain thirty years war, from 1914 to 1945. Others are convinced of a war of a period of three generations, from 1914 to 1989 or 1990. Aspects under discussion involve the development of science and technology serving conflicts, a questioning of euro-centrism and the determination of the United States’ leadership in the Western block, as well as decolonization. History may be approached in various ways. The outcomes will depend on the assumptions made. This makes finding unambiguous answers difficult, but it also makes historical inquiries attractive.

11

Imię teoforyczne Józef w strukturach antroponimicznych i toponimicznych Polski

51%

Górny H.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Linguistica

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2019

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issue 14

46-57

EN

The article presents the productivity of the name Józef and its variants in the creation of Polish personal and place names in the historical perspective, taking into account the frequency and geographical location of such names. In the surnames derived from the name Józef, known from the Middle Ages and later sources, various adaptations of the name have been recorded, including graphic and phonetic variants, dialectal and East Slavonic realisations. Most of the toponyms derived from the afore-mentioned name were more recently created in the 19th century. Among the names, toponyms with the suffixes: -ów, -owo, and -in dominate. Some place names have a commemorative genesis. The surnames and place names discussed in the article occur in various regions of the country, but the largest turnout is in the Mazowieckie, Łódzkie, Wielkopolskie and Lubelskie provinces.

12

Uwagi o chronologii i rozwoju przestrzennym cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Opatowie, stan. 1, woj. śląskie

51%

Madyda-Legutko R., Rodzińska-Nowak J., Zagórska-Telega J.

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vol. LXII

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issue 62

3-48

EN

On the turn of the Early and Younger Roman Period, i.e. during the latter half of the 2nd c. AD, a settlement micro-region took form in the basin of the Liswarta R. The area was investigated by Professor Kazimierz Godłowski from the Chair of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University (now, Institute of Archaeology) in 1956–1983 in a project of wide-scale excavation focusing mainly on the extensive cemetery at Opatów, site 1, comm. loco, distr. Kłobuck, Silesian voiv. (former Częstochowa voiv.). The site had been excavated for the first time in 1938 by two archaeologists from Cracow: Tadeusz Reyman and Stefan Nosek. For the time being the cemetery at Opatów is the largest fully investigated burial site of the Przeworsk Culture people. It owes its exceptional character to its intelligible horizontal stratigraphy, evidence on several different forms of cremation burial and also its grave inventories many of which contain Roman imports and a series of artefacts of great value in refining the chronology of the Roman Period. The cemetery continued in use over the entire period of development of the people of Przeworsk Culture in the basin of the Liswarta, i.e., some 300 years, approximately from mid-2nd century until the first decades of the 5th c. AD. To this period, corresponding to 10 generations, we can attribute some 1000 features. Horizontal stratigraphy observed at Opatów provided K. Godłowski with basic input for the study of the chronology of the Przeworsk Culture during the Younger and the Late Roman Period and the early stages of the Migration Period; the results of this research have a interregional significance. After analysing grave inventories containing relatively numerous chronologically sensitive metal objects Godłowski distinguished five phases of the cemetery. A more recent analysis of all the materials from Opatów has revealed that the majority of burials belong in the category of poorly furnished graves. More than once this has made it difficult to determine the their chronological position. Nevertheless, using input from detailed examination of selected categories e.g., Samian ware, supported with the most recent insights from analysis of the greatly increased source base, it has been possible to refine the dating of some of the burials. A new analysis made of the planigraphy of the cemetery at Opatów which took into account all the categories of finds, including pottery, as well as all the different grave forms, helped modify to some extent our understanding of the spatial development of the site and identify zones corresponding to the cemetery’s four phases. Phase I corresponds to phase C1a, including the horizon B2/C1, phase II – to phase C1b, phase III – to phase C2, and phase IV – to phases C3–D, in the system of relative chronology in Central European Barbaricum. It was observed that there is some overlapping of zone defined by the occurrence of artefact types distinctive for individual chronological phases and that, on occasion, these zones could not be separated precisely. This makes the attribution of some forms to a specific phase quite difficult. Ultimately it was established that the area of the cemetery was close in its shape to a crescent. Its oldest part is at the centre, from which area the cemetery subsequently spread out east- and southward. Archaeological material from this central area is understood to belong in phase I of the cemetery, datable to the early stage of the Younger Roman Period, i.e., phase C1a, including its distinctive horizon B2/C1. In the new system, phase I corresponds to phases I and II of K. Godłowski. Forms associated with this phase include numerous fibulae represented by a wide selection of types, both forms documenting continuity of earlier stylistic traditions of the Early Roman Period (fibulae Almgren group II, IV and V) and forms typical for the Younger Roman Period (fibulae AVI and AVII). Weapons are relatively numerous and include metal elements of shields and metal points from pole weapons. Other notable forms include a shield boss – late variant of shield bosses with a blunt spike and a relatively low collar, a shield boss with what is known as a pseudo-spike, a late conical shield boss with a high collar, and also, a U-shaped shield grip with an not clearly defined fan-shaped rivet plate. Roman imports are represented by fragments of bronze and glass vessels and fragments of Samian ware. Phase B2/C1 is apparent at Opatów in inventories of female graves. On just two occasions the lingering of forms characteristic for the Early Roman Period was observed, in graves with ‘male’ furnishings, which chronologically belong to the beginning of the Younger Roman Period. The presence of these early forms may be explained by the advanced age at death of the buried individuals. To the east and west of the central area of the cemetery it is possible to identify a zone with grave inventories containing forms characteristic for the later segment of the Younger Roman Period, attributed to phase II of the cemetery, which corresponds to most of the phase III of K. Godłowski, and to phase C1b. Small finds include numerous fibulae, Almgren group VI, weapons, e.g., swords type Folkeslunda-Zaspy of M. Biborski, and Samian ware, mainly from Westerndorf and from Pfaffenhofen, forming a visible concentration to the east of the central area of the cemetery. It is especially noteworthy that immediately to the north of the graves with Samian ware there is an observable concentration of finds with an evidently later chronological position, presumably, attributable to the final phase of the Roman Period. Moving even more to the east and south-west we come to an area which may be defined as zone III of the cemetery, synchronized with the late phase of the Late Roman Period, i.e., phase C2. This corresponds partly to phases III and IV of K. Godłowski. This part of the cemetery yielded items of weaponry such as a sword type Nydam-Kragehul, shield bosses with a hemispherical-domed top and a low waisted collar (graves 289 and 1187), shield grips with short rivet plates, points from pole weapons type XV, and in particular, type XX and XXII of P. Kaczanowski. There were no finds of spurs but a few finds of shears. There were good many finds of melted glass vessels and some glass counters. The area on the south-western and eastern margin of the cemetery represents its final phase IV – synchronized with phases C3–D in relative chronology. It corresponds to phase V of K. Godłowski. Distinctive forms include buckles with a thickened oval frame, group H of R. Madyda-Legutko, turning knives and elements of a lathe (grave 945), a bipartite ring horse-bit (above grave 459), a drinking horn terminal, group F type 2 of J. Andrzejowski, and also, an awl, type Dresden-Dobritz/Żerniki Wielkie. Weapons are represented by a handful of spear/lance points, type XVI, XXII of P. Kaczanowski, arrowheads (graves 957 and 987) and a shield grip with short and narrow rivet plates and a spur with rivets at heel band terminals (grave 322), type H of J. Ginalski, i.e., type Leuna variant D of U. Geisler. Also found in this zone are numerous fragments of partly melted glass vessels. Although the cemetery at Opatów continued in use into the early phase of the Migration Period this chronological segment is represented by only a small number of forms associated with stadium D. Some of them are not represented at all, e.g. metalwork decorated with stamp-impressed concentric rings and rosettes, characteristic for Untersiebenbrunn style, or fibulae type Prag. Nevertheless, settlement in the micro-region on the Liswarta R. apparently continued for some time, as documented by material from the nearby cemetery at Mokra. Significant results came from an analysis of the sizable pottery series secured at Opatów, both hand-built and wheel-made. It was found, e.g., that hand-built vessels with a black smoothed surface continued in use without interruption until the early phase of the Migration Period; this agrees with the results from the study of the pottery series from the Przeworsk Culture settlement at Jakuszowice. Moreover, many forms of hand-built vessels have to be recognised as long-lived: vessels with a biconical profile (group II), S-profiled jars (group V) and small basins with a rounded or a recessed base (group VI). Moreover, analysis of pottery styles revealed that the community using the cemetery could have arrived to the basin of the Liswarta from Silesia or Greater Poland, as the hand-built vessels and some features of their decoration, documented in the necropolis at Opatów find the greatest number of analogies in grave-fields discovered in the two regions. The first wheel-made vessels are recorded at Opatów during its oldest phase, in grave assemblages dated by fibulae A.II and A.V to phase B2/C1 (graves 745 and 808). This confirms the validity of the view on the relatively early appearance of wheel-made vessels in inventories of Przeworsk Culture. Vessels made using this method are present in all zones of the cemetery at Opatów, but their number visibly increases with each chronological stadium. In the cemetery at Opatów it is possible to grasp the changes taking place in the funerary rite over the entire period of its use. During phase I, i.e., on the turn of the Early and the Late Roman Period, urned burial was the dominant form. During phase II, which corresponds broadly to phase C1b, the number of urned graves becomes smaller and, with time, they are noted only sporadically. Analogical changes in the frequency of occurrence of urned graves are observed at this time on most of the territory of Przeworsk Culture. In the cemetery at Opatów the dominant form throughout is urned burial described as ‘pure’, as opposed to urned burial with the remains of the cremation pyre. In one notable case an urned burial dated to phase C1b was found under a presumed barrow mound (grave 1229). This grave was discovered at a considerable distance of c. 15 m from other features dated to the early segment of the Younger Roman Period, forming a concentration in this part of the cemetery. Another form of burial documented for the whole duration of the cemetery at Opatów was deposition of cremations in an organic container. Similar burials continued to be deposited without interruption until the time the cemetery went out of use. In this group, similarly as in case of urned graves, the dominant form is ‘pure’ burial. A new form noted during phase C1a are burials established on the site of cremation. One of its variants is burial known in literature as bustum – where the pyre is constructed over the grave pit – widespread in the Roman provinces. The cremation is deposited in an urn placed inside a relatively large pit (e.g. feature 601, 603-606-608, 631). The fill of such pits includes layers of burning and abundant charcoal fragments. Another distinctive form of feature associated with cremation in situ recorded at Opatów are ditch features, known mostly from other sites in the Liswarta basin, e.g., Żabieniec, Rybno and Mokra, and described in literature as ditch features, type Żabieniec. The cemetery at Opatów yielded both ‘classic’ rectangular ditch features as well as features with a more irregular outline and linear ditches. All the ditch features discovered at Opatów belong in phase C2 and phase C3–D. Still another characteristic feature at Opatów, noted for the first time in phase C1a, are cremation patches (‘layered features’), with an irregular outline, of a substantial depth, which usually cover an area of several sqq. metres and represent the remains of a single cremation in situ (e.g. feature 1216). The presence of cremation patches is confirmed in all the phases of the cemetery. Also found at Opatów are cremation patches, 10–20 cm in thickness, which contain a great amount of charcoal, burnt earth, burnt ceramics and fragments of metal, bone and glass objects, as well as burnt human bones, spread out over an area of several to a dozen-odd square metres. The lower levels in the cremation patches included earth which had been burnt in situ. The layered features have yielded bones belonging to several individuals. Large cremation patches are assigned to its phase IV, synchronized with phases C3–D. They were recorded at the opposite, south-western and eastern ends of the cemetery (e.g. feature 439-441, 449-454). The cremation patches are interpreted as the site of repeated cremation, made on the surface of the ground, from which – presumably – only a portion of the bone remains and grave goods was removed to be buried at some distance from the site of the cremation. This is confirmed by the presence in the graves attributed to the final stages of the cemetery at Opatów of a very small quantity of cremated bones. One more form identified at Opatów are large sunken features which presumably represent the fire-spots (Germ. Ustrine) and traces of hearths, of small size, presumably associated with poorly understood ritual practices undertaken within the cemetery. The distribution of these features suggests that each one was associated with its individual group of graves. The results of observations made in the cemetery at Opatów indicate that changes in the funerary cremation rite observed in Przeworsk Culture during the Early and Late Roman Period did not have the nature of an evolution, i.e., there was no simple temporal sequence: urned burial – pit burial – cremation patch. Changes started still at the onset of the Younger Roman Period, possibly even during late phase B2. At Opatów even during phase I there is evidence, next to urned and pit graves, of graves of type bustum and small-sized cremation patches associated with single cremations in situ. With time these processes intensify and, apparently, features associated with repeated cremation in situ, come into use. The grave inventories investigated at Opatów vary widely as to the wealth of their furnishings. In the light of the criteria accepted in literature most of these burials have modest or poor furnishings. All the same, graves which may be considered as richly furnished are present in all the phases that the cemetery at Opatów was in use. Their largest number is noted during phase I and this is consistent with the general tendency as regards the tradition of grave furnishing observed in Przeworsk Culture on the turn of the Early and Younger Roman Period. The recent extensive study of the archaeological material from the Przeworsk Culture cemetery at Opatów furnished new data on various aspects of culture of the community using this site. The dating of many categories of finds could be refined our understanding of the spatial development of the cemetery was improved. New insight was gained on the character of changes in the funerary tradition taking place within the Przeworsk Culture environment during the Younger and Late Roman Period and early phase of the Migration. Moreover, we obtained evidence on the biological condition of the community using the cemetery at Opatów and identified the main areas with which these people were in some form of contact. This data represents valuable source for continued research, both on a micro-regional scale as well as focused on issues pertinent for Central European Barbaricum at large.

13

Jak sprawdzane jest myślenie chronologiczne?

41%

Lorenc K., Mrozowski K., Oniszczuk A., Staniszewski J., Starczynowska K.

Edukacja

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2012

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issue 3(119)

46-62

PL

Myślenie chronologiczne jest nieodzownym narzędziem porządkującym narrację historyczną i nadającym sens sekwencji wydarzeń. Nie jest ono naturalną umiejętnością, dlatego tak ważne jest świadome włączanie w proces dydaktyczny zadań stymulujących tę umiejętność. Równie istotne jest odpowiednie sprawdzanie umiejętności chronologicznych uczniów za pomocą dobrze skonstruowanych zadań na egzaminach podsumowujących kolejne etapy edukacyjne. Autorzy omawiają zadania sprawdzające myślenie chronologiczne we współczesnych arkuszach egzaminacyjnych Finlandii, Francji, Holandii, Rosji, USA, Wielkiej Brytanii, a następnie poddają analizie zadania zamieszczane w polskich arkuszach egzaminacyjnych z przedmiotów humanistycznych na poziomie gimnazjum w latach 2002–2011 oraz w pierwszym arkuszu z historii (2012 rok). W ostatniej części przedstawione są wyniki przeprowadzonego przez Instytut Badań Edukacyjnych badania sprawdzającego myślenie chronologiczne gimnazjalistów.

EN

Chronological thinking is an indispensable tool to structure a historical narrative and to give meaning to a sequence of events. It is not a natural skill, so the conscious inclusion of tasks stimulating that skill in teaching is crucial. It is important to appropriately test students’ chronological skills by means of well-constructed examination tasks administered at the conclusion of subsequent stages of education. The authors discuss tasks that assess chronological thinking included in contemporary exam papers in Finland, France, the Netherlands, Russia, the USA and the United Kingdom. The tasks included in Polish arts and humanities exam papers at the lower secondary school level in the years 2002–2011 and the first history paper (2012) are then analysed. The final section presents the results of a survey to test the chronological thinking of lower secondary school students carried out by the Educational Research Institute.

14

Kłopotliwe kwalifikatory chronologiczne w słownikach języka polskiego

41%

Piela A.

Język Polski

|

2020

|

vol. 100

|

issue 3

58-72

PL

Tematem artykułu jest przegląd technik kwalifikowania zasobów leksykalnych nacechowanych chronologicznie w dawnych i współczesnych słownikach ogólnych i frazeologicznych języka polskiego. Mimo kilkusetletniej tradycji (od XVII w.) system chronologicznej kwalifikacji jednostek języka jest dość niejednolity. W leksykonach można spotkać różne sposoby informowania o archaicznym/anachronicznym charakterze wyrazów i związków frazeologicznych, por. m.in: kwalifikatory nieliterowe (*), literowe (w postaci skrótu, np.: arch., daw., przestarz., rec. lub w formie, np.: dawny, wychodzący z użycia), informacje o dawności zawarte w definicjach wyrazów hasłowych (np.: w dawnej Polsce, w starożytności). O nacechowaniu chronologicznym wyrazów informują również inne kwalifikatory, tj. frekwencyjny (rzad.) oraz stylistyczne (książk., podn.). Artykuł unaocznia podstawowe problemy związane z oceną stopnia aktualności jednostek słownikowych.

EN

The subject of the article constitutes a survey of the techniques of labelling the lexical resources which are chronologically marked in early and contemporary general-purpose and phraseological dictionaries (dictionaries of collocations) of the Polish language. Despite a tradition which spans some centuries (starting from the 17th century), the system of the chronological labelling of language units is quite inconsistent. Lexica feature various types of indication of archaic/anachronic nature of words and lexical combinations, cf. inter alia non-literal status labels (*), literal status labels (which appear in an abbreviated form, e.g.: arch., daw., przestarz., histor., rec. or in a non-abbreviated form, e.g.: dawny, wychodzący z użycia), information about the antiquity of words contained in the definitions of headwords (e.g.: w dawnej Polsce [in early Poland], w starożytności [in antiquity]). The chronological marking of words is also indicated by other status labels, i.e. the frequency-related label (rzad.) and the style and usage labels (książk., podn.). The article demonstrates the fundamental problems associated with the evaluation of the extent of the currency of dictionary units.

15

Pour une périodisation efficace des temps patristiques

41%

Bertrand D.

Vox Patrum

|

2006

|

vol. 49

59-82

EN

BRAK

16

Kiedy żył św. Patryk? Rozważania nad chronologią życia Apostoła Irlandii

41%

Kaźmierczak M.

Vox Patrum

|

2004

|

vol. 46

537-545

EN

The author of the article analyzes all theories on the chronology of St. Patrick's life - his birth date, the date of his coming to Ireland as a bishop, and his death. As there are two dates of his death mentioned in the Irish Annals: 461 and 493, the issue has been controversial, although traditional historiography assumes the second date is false. The author presents all the theories that arouse since the early forties when Thomas Francis O’Rahilly came up with the theory about the existence of two Patricks: Patrick Palladius (who came to Ireland in 431) and Patrick Briton. The traditional version, which is the only accepted by Polish historians, does not take into consideration the accounts of Prosper of Aquitaine and the time when these texts were written, and ignores the fact that the death of one of St. Patrick's disciples was mentioned in 535 or 537. The author presents her own version of events based on the above mentioned facts and the sentence found in the Irish Annals of Ulster under the year 553, that the relics of St. Patrick were translated after 60 years from his death by Colum Cille, indicating that the later date of his death is actually true. Finaly, the author suggests, that the date of St. Patrick's coming to Ireland in 432 was the date of his first coming to Ireland, as a slave rather than a bishop.

17

The Chronology of Augustine’s "Tractatus in Iohannis Evangelium" 1–16 and "Enarrationes in Psalmos" 119–133 Revisited

41%

Andokova M., Horka R.

Vox Patrum

|

2019

|

vol. 72

149-170

EN

In the year 2002 Milewski published an article devoted to the current state of research concerning Augustine’s Commentary on the Gospel of John where, among other topics, he reports on the state of research in the chronology of this work by Augustine, and after a brief summary of the latest solutions proposed by prominent Augustinian scholars he concludes that the history of the Tractates’ composition calls for a careful appreciation of their development and appearance over the course of Augustine’s busy episcopate and in relation to his other pastoral endeavours. This study therefore serves as the point of departure for our present article in which we would like to contribute to the recently proposed solution to certain questions related to the chronology of the two series of Augustine’s homilies, i.e. Tractatus in Iohannis Evangelium 1-16 and Enarrationes in Psalmos 119-133, especially in those points where the present solutions appear to be rather vague. Hence, our analysis concerns primarily the division of Tractates 1-12 and 13-16 made by Le Landais, and consequently accepted by all later scholars. Moreover, it focuses on some key points of the chronology: the dating of Tractate 7 at a pagan festival, the so-called dies sanguinis, proposed by La Bonnardière, then the synchronization of Tractates 1-16 with the parallel series of Enarrationes in Psalmos 119-133, and, finally, the re-evaluation of the year of the delivery of both series of homilies, dated between the years 406/407 or 407/408. Our argumentation is based, first and foremost, on the principle similar topic means similar liturgical time thanks to which we can place Tractates 10-12 of the Commentary on John’s Gospel right before the beginning of the Lenten season. Consequently, it enables us to include Tractates 13-16 in Augustine’s preaching activity during the Lenten season until as late as the beginning of the Easter Octave. In addition, if we admit that Tractate 7 was not delivered on the so-called dies sanguinis feast related to the rites of Cybele and Attis but on the occassion of another unknown local festival of an aitiological myth in Hippo Regius, we do not need to place it on the 24th of March as La Bonnardière did. Finally, these findings help us outline the new synchronized chronology of the two series of Augustine’s exegetical homilies for both the years 406/407 and 407/408.

18

Skarb z Jodłowna, gm. Przywidz, pow. gdański, woj. pomorskie. Kontekst osadniczy oraz zagadnienia typologiczno-chronologiczne

41%

Nowak K., Gan P., Fudziński P., Palej A., Kwiatkowska M.

Pomorania Antiqua

|

2023

|

vol. Tom XXXII

91–114

EN

The discovery of the hoard using a metal detector was made at the end of August 2021 in Jodłowno, Przywidz commune, Gdańsk district (Fig. 1). This area is located in the south-western part of the village. The hoard was found at a forest path, about 10 metres from the meander of the former riverbed. Excavations were carried out on September 3, 2021. In the central part of the trench there was a place indicated and dug up by Mr Piotr Spisak. The diagonals of the trench were located along the lines N-S, W-E (Fig. 2a). The exploration of the site began with the mechinery removal of the topsoil layer. Surface prospecting was carried out on an ongoing basis using a metal detector. After removing the topsoil layer, a round outline of the dig made by the finder was found. At a depth of about 70 cm, a flat stone was found, left there by the discoverer of the objects (Figs. 2a; 3b). The finder claims that the stone was above metal artefacts. Below the stone, intact metal objects with an intense green patina began to appear (Figs. 2b; 3c, d). The artefacts were in the ground in an organized order (Fig. 3d-f). Rods/bars along with several tied items were put together in two groups. In the central part there were necklaces stacked on top of each other and an ankle ring which was partially surrounded by necklaces (Fig. 3f). The individual elements of the deposit were tied with a string made of organic material, the remains of which have been preserved on some items. Some ingots or groups of objects were bound with it (Fig. 4). Four cast hollow ankle rings were found in the deposit (Inv. Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 17; Fig. 5), six bow-shaped necklaces (Inv. Nos. 23-28; Fig. 6.7), a cast bracelet, hollow with thickened ends (Fig. 8), two fragments of hoop ornaments with a small rod diameter (Fig. 9a, b). Production waste included two separated casting jets of inlet reservoirs with two supply channels (Fig. 10). The deposit also includes blades and their fragments (Fig. 11a-d). The largest group of metal artefacts in the deposit are rods/bars (fifty specimens). This large collection is highly diversified both metrically and formally (Fig. 12). Based on the presence of dating artefacts, such as ankle rings and bow-shaped necklaces, the chronology of the deposit should be determined to the early Iron Age. Based on the findings of M. Hoffman (2000, p. 125), the presence of bow-shaped necklaces seems to date the deposit to the late early Bronze Age (HaD). The discovery from Jodłowno is part of the whole network of discoveries of hoards from the early Iron Age. The micro region of Jodłowno, a small village located in the eastern part of the Kashubian Lake District, is an area with many discoveries from the early Iron Age. There are as many as fourteen archaeological sites in the village itself. The discovery of the hoard in Jodłowno is one of the few examples of assemblage of artefacts that have been fully recovered. It is also one of the few so-called compact assemblages, whose homogeneity is certain. For the first time in the case of the early Iron Age in Pomerania, we are dealing with a well-documented context of the deposition of metal objects constituting a single assemblage. Depositing the ingots should not determine only the ‘raw material’ interpretation of the nature of the hoard and the question of belonging only to a person engaged in metallurgy, so eagerly undertaken by researchers. Further research of individual components of the hoard will bring us closer to an attempt to reconstruct their ‘biography’ and interpret the deposition act.

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