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EN
Statutory institutionalization of civil partnerships stirs up large controversies and considerable disputes in the public debate. Legal arguments appearing in the discussion regard Article 18 and Article 32 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The author expressed a negative position concerning the possibility to institutionalize civil partnerships in compliance with the Constitution. In his opinion an appropriate and consistent with the Constitution legal solution is to strengthen or to extend the scope of rights of persons remaining in such partnerships (hetero-or homosexual ones) ensured by various legal acts, without statutory institutionalization of these partnerships.
XX
The study deals with the normative content of Article 18 of the Constitution. This provision is a norm requiring heterosexual marriage surround be placed under the protection and care, but does not prohibit the institutionalization of sexual relations of two persons of the same sex by the ordinary legislation. The consequence of the recognition of an autonomous character of the term “marriage” at constitutional and statutory levels and rejection of the view that the institution of marriage is formed by the constitutional lawgiver in Article 18 would be the possibility of same-sex marriages being allowed by ordinary legislation. In interpreting Article 18 of the Constitution, one should also take into account other constitutional provisions, in particular Articles 32 and 47 of the Constitution. The right to conclude a legally effective civil partnership with the person on whom he/she bestowed his/ her affections and shared his/her lot with, is an element of the right to decide about one’s personal life, which is conferred also on homosexuals.
EN
Civil partnerships legalization requires an opinion based on ethics as well as based on analysis which makes possible to describe the results and measure costs of the introduction of civil union to Polish law-system. Economic analysis seems to be a proper way to achieve that. Civil partners possess attributes typical for homo œconomicus - rational man/consumer. They owe individual preferences which enable them to impute specific usabilities to benefits (material, fiscal) and costs of living in civil union or being a single. They make a decision based on this analysis if they should contract a civil union or not. They can do it because of real need and emotional relationship or because of premeditated fiscal abuse. Some groups of potential civil partners are specially receptive to "moral hazard". Collective taxation of domestic partners can mean for the National Treasury a principal loss of some part of tax revenues. On the other hand, the amount of tax which has been saved can be reserved for consumption and stimulate the national economy. The scale of this phenomenon will depend on the number of people who want to be partners in civil union, on their incomes and on the national economic condition. Domestic union formed by civil partners will be characterized by some attributes which were described by Gary Becker - an economist and Nobel Prize winner in 1992. Homosexual partnerships will be distinguished in economic specialization from heterosexual couples. Prepared analysis has got a basic goal to signal and describe some mechanisms and results of civil unions legalization. For sure it will be urgent to complete it in the future.
EN
In the article the author refers to legislative trends dictated by gender equality and non-discrimination, appearing clearly in most European Union countries and in the bodies of the EU. An explanation of the new trends in lawmaking requires a reference to the theory of equality, especially equality before the law and, closely related, the issues of discrimination. The author presents the problem of equality in conjunction with the theory of justice. In the light of the theoretical considerations it is possible to assess existing or proposed legislation in various fi elds. The author takes into consideration in his research, above all, legislation introducing civil partnerships and same-sex marriages, and the quotas or parities intended to increase the participation of women in representative governing bodies and in the management of companies, as well as proposals for changes in this respect. Moreover, he provides his refl ections on other legal instruments, e.g. the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence. According to the author, these examples of legislation refl ect the departure from classical and accurate understanding of legal concepts, as well as undue elevation of equality construed without reference to the values and legal principles enshrined in the constitutions of many countries. It would, therefore, be advisable to initiate a wider debate on the relationship between pro-equality initiatives and the entire constitutional axiology.
EN
The study involved people who were brought up in families with an alcohol problem. The aim of the study was to identify key themes of the narrations about their relationships with parents during adolescence and to explore the links between these narrations and the narrations about their motives for being in a relationship. Seven people (four women and three men) living in a civil partnership participated in this qualitative study. The respondents were asked to deliver a monologue about their relationship with parents during adolescence and their motives for being in a relationship with their partners. The transcripts of their utterances were analyzed and interpreted using the procedure for isolating hidden stories from monologues (Kuncewicz et al. 2016). The repeatable results indicate skipping or superficial treatment of adolescence, family traumas, poor or broken ties with parents, deep involvement in family affairs and neglecting or attaching minor importance to the problem of addiction. Six statements about the participants’ motives for being with their partners revealed attempts to change the patterns of their relationship with the parent or parents. Two monologues clearly demonstrated that these patterns were followed in a reflective or unreflective manner.
PL
Celem badania z udziałem osób wychowujących się w rodzinie z problemem alkoholowym było wyłonienie kluczowych tematów narracji o ich relacjach z rodzicami w okresie dorastania oraz eksploracja powiązań między tymi narracjami a narracjami o motywach bycia w związku. W badaniu o charakterze jakościowym wzięło udział 7 osób (4 kobiety i 3 mężczyzn) przebywających w związku partnerskim. Osoby badane poproszono, aby wypowiedziały się w formie monologu na temat ich relacji z rodzicami w okresie dorastania oraz motywów bycia w związku ze swoim partnerem. Transkrypcje wypowiedzi zostały poddane analizie i interpretacji z użyciem procedury wyodrębniania opowieści ukrytych z monologów (Kuncewicz i in. 2016). Powtarzalne wyniki wskazują na: pomijanie lub powierzchowne traktowanie okresu dorastania, traumy rodzinne, słabe/przerwane więzi z rodzicami, duże zaangażowanie w sprawy rodziny oraz pomijanie/niewielkie znaczenie tematu uzależnienia. W sześciu wypowiedziach o motywach bycia z partnerem ujawniły się próby zmiany wzorców relacji z rodzicem lub rodzicami; w dwóch wzorce te wyraźnie, w sposób refleksyjny bądź bezrefleksyjny, były odtwarzane.
EN
A new law on registered civil unions of persons of the sme sex has been in force in Austria since 1 January 2010. It is the third statute which introduces a new legal order in this sphere of social life in a German-speaking country. The main aim of this paper is to compare the above mentioned legal acts from a legal and linguistic perspective. The analysed terminology will also be investigated in the aspect of translation. The results of the research will show similities and differences between institutions introduced in the dicussed legal systems and reveal national (regional) terminological usage.
DE
Am 1. Januar 2010 trat das Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz (EPG) in Österreich in Kraft. Es ist das dritte deutschsprachige Land, in dem der Bereich des öffentlichen Lebens gesetzlich geregelt wird. Die in dem vorliegenden Artikel dargestellte rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung setzt sich zum Ziel die drei deutschsprachigen Gesetzestexte miteinander aus zwei Perspektiven zu vergleichen. Den Ausgangspunkt bilden zum einen die Bestimmungen hinsichtlich des Rechtsinstituts der eingetragenen Lebenspartnerschaft und die von den Gesetzgebern vorgeschlagenen rechtlichen Lösungen. Zum anderen umfasst die Vergleichsbasis die sprachliche Ebene der Texte. Sie werden nämlich hinsichtlich der Fachterminologie untersucht, und somit wird es der Frage nachgelaufen, ob die vorgefundenen Fachtermini ein homogenes Repertoire darstellen oder eher als nationale (regionale) Varianten im deutschsprachigen Raum anzusehen sind. Weniger Augenmerk wird der äußeren Struktur der Gesetzestexte gewidmet. Die Untersuchung schließen einige Überlegungen und Bemerkungen aus dem übersetzungswissenschaftlichen Standpunkt ab.
PL
Od 1 stycznia 2010 roku obowiązuje w Austrii nowe prawo o rejestrowanych związkach partnerskich osób tej samej płci. Jest to trzecia ustawa niemieckojęzyczna, która wprowadza nowy porządek prawny w tej dziedzinie życia społecznego w kolejnym kraju niemieckiego obszaru językowego. Celem artykułu, który z założenia jest badaniem prawnoporównawczym i wpisuje się w nurt badań komparatystyki prawniczej, będzie analiza wspomnianych aktów legislacyjnych przeprowadzana z dwóch perspektyw. Przedmiotem porównania jest nie tylko instytucja związku partnerskiego, ale również struktura przedmiotowych ustaw oraz od strony językowej: terminologia specjalistyczna odnosząca się do przedmiotu ustaw rozpatrywana również w aspekcie przekładoznawczym. Wyniki badania dostarczą odpowiedzi, na ile rozwiązania legislacyjne zaproponowane przez ustawodawców trzech krajów w podobny sposób regulują ten sam fragment rzeczywistości społecznej i mogą uchodzić za standardowe. Analiza językowa wskaże na obecność lub brak specjalnej terminologii oraz jej homogeniczność bądź narodową (regionalną) wariantywność na obszarze państw niemieckojęzycznych.
EN
The article discusses concepts related to the legal definition of the key term in the Polish labour law system ‒ the concept of employer. The author presents the evolution of models and concepts for both individuals and organisational units acting as employers. The article addresses the issue of corporate links and the influence of such links on the definition of an employer, as well as the problems related to the qualification of a civil partnership.
PL
W artykule omówiono koncepcje związane z definicją legalną kluczowego pojęcia w polskim systemie prawa pracy – pojęcia pracodawcy. Autorka przedstawia ewolucję modeli i koncepcji dotyczących zarówno osób fizycznych, jak i jednostek organizacyjnych występujących w roli pracodawcy. W artykule poruszona została kwestia powiązań korporacyjnych oraz wpływu tych powiązań na definicję pracodawcy, a także problemy związane z kwalifikacją spółki cywilnej.
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