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EN
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country with a special geo-civilization position. There are significant antagonisms between the three civilizations present here, completely separate ideologically, culturally and socially. According to Samuel Huntington’s theorem in Bosnia and Herzegovina take place a clash of civilizations that causes a general disagreement in the state, pursuing for completely different purposes by three nationalities, and as a consequence leads to instability in the country. The country, relatively young, has been a battlefield for influence for many centuries, which has shaped contemporary difficult situation. Nowadays, the agreement between Western, Islamic and Orthodox civilization which osculate in this area is impossible to achieve due to the diametric differences and purposes of these circles. Undoubtedly, Bosnia and Herzegovina is struggling with the consequences of such a clash of civilizations, as can be seen in the political, social and economic life of the country. The purpose of this article is to identify the problems arising from the presence of three civilizational circles in one state.
EN
The area of the Central Europe that includes so called new countries of the European Union is incorrectly classified as Eastern Europe. In the categories of geopolitics and civilization paradigm the Eastern Europe includes Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. There are three civilization circles in the Central and Easter Europe. The first one includes countries of the Catholic and Protestant culture, the second one countries of the Orthodox culture of the metropolis of Constantinople, while the third one countries of the Muscovite-Orthodox culture. Civilization affiliation promotes the development of contacts and geopolitical proximity
EN
The point of this article is to show Belarus selections between the eastern neighbor (Russia) and the West. This refers aspects functioning of the country such as economy, politics, military (security) or national identity. Being under the influence of Western civilization and largely Russian-Orthodox civilization, Belarus has difficulty to make clear choices. According to the „multi-sector” policy, for Belarus Russia is an important strategic partner but also individual western countries are too (Belarus depends mainly on cooperation in the economic sphere). The analysis of Belarusian politics shows that it turns to the Eastern direction, that is Russia: the most refers to the military (security), political-economic and cultural spheres. It can be observed large Russian influences (Belarusians still prefer the Russian language). Cooperation with the West is seen most often in the economic sphere, financial help, awarding grants whether project realization. On the other hand, cultural and political influences are perceived as interference in the internal affairs of the country and negatively evaluated by the current authorities. It is unlikely that the direction of cooperation will change during the current president’s government.
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EN
Introduction to the Thematic SectionThe images of the borders of civilizations is the main topic of the thematic section of this issue of Colloquia Humanistica. In the call for papers it was emphasised, that this issue is particularly important, because the notion of civilization is strictly related to the issue of borders since it would became meaningless without the opposition to another civilization, or the lack of it. The juxtaposition between the notion of civilization and its different antinomies seems easier to display when seen from its centre, however the shape of its border is not always clear, even if it has a foundation in clear geographical or political divisions. Thus, this border can be represented as a linear frontier between a civilized state and barbaric lands, or as a borderland which encompasses some kind of fluent transition. The civilization border can be also represented in a macro scale, shaping geographic divisions of the continents (as it was in the case of the Balkans), but its depiction can also concern the micro scale, for example the difference between an urban and a natural landscape. The notion is even broader, because it is not only treated in the context of space but also social behaviours and their evolution (which is bound with notion of the progress since the Enlightenment). The question establishing the difference between the civilized and the uncivilized is still shaping the identity of modern societies, and thus it is worth attention. Wprowadzenie do sekcji tematycznejTematem przewodnim szóstego numeru rocznika Colloquia Humanistica są obrazy granic cywilizacji. Temat ten wydaje się niezwykle istotny, ponieważ pojęcie cywilizacji ściśle wiąże się z kategorią granicy, skoro traci ono znaczenie, gdy nie zachodzi opozycja wobec innej cywilizacji. Zestawienie pojęcia cywilizacji i jego różnych antynomii najłatwiej przejawia się, jak się wydaje, z perspektywy centrum, jednakże kształt jej granic nie zawsze rysuje się wyraźnie, nawet gdy wywodzi się ona z jasnych podziałów geograficznych czy politycznych. Granicę może zatem reprezentować linia między cywilizowanym państwem a krajami barbarzyńskimi lub też pogranicze, stanowiące coś w rodzaju płynnego przejścia. Granicę cywilizacji można też przedstawić w makroskali poprzez podziały geograficzne na kontynencie (jak ma to miejsce w przypadku Bałkanów), lecz jej obraz dotyka również mikroskali, na przykład różnicy między krajobrazem miejskim a naturalnym. Pojęcie to ma wręcz szerszy charakter, ponieważ porusza kontekst nie tylko przestrzenny, lecz również kwestię zachowań społecznych i ich ewolucję (od czasu oświecenia związaną z pojęciem postępu). Kwestia ustanowienia granicy między cywilizowanym a niecywilizowanym wciąż wpływa na kształt tożsamości współczesnych społeczeństw i dlatego warto podjąć się jej zbadania.
EN
In this article the authors look at the topic of the crisis of Western civilisation in the context of the ecological crisis. In the opinion of a Polish ecophilosopher, the latter is a symptom of the failure of a scientific-technological civilization, which Skolimowski often contemptuously calls plastic. In the first part, the authors present Skolimowski's diagnosis of Western civilisation, in the second part they describe the postulate of a new ecological civilization. The Polish ecophilosopher is aware of the fact that this requires a new look at philosophy itself, a new science, new ethics, a new education and even a new ecological spirituality. The recurring adjective 'new' points on the one hand to the necessity of breaking with current philosophical tradition and on the other – to opening up to and looking for inspiration in present existential dimensions; this referring mainly to broadly understood spirituality. In the last part of the article the authors take a critical look at H. Skolimowski's civilizational project, at the same time holding in great regard his work and his engagement in relation to environmental protection.
EN
This paper is a response to Kwame A. Appiah’s article “There is no such thing as western civilisation” published in The Guardian of 9 November 2016. Appiah’s proposal to dismiss the term ‘western civilisation’ seems premature since it is strongly established in the humanities and social sciences. Discussing selected models representing systems of civilisations (Spengler, Koneczny, Toynbee, Huntington) as well as Fernand Braudel’s concept of longue durée history, this paper demonstrates the importance of the term ‘western civilisation’ in academic and political discourses. Moreover, referring to post-colonial studies, it is impossible to avoid the term because without it, any discussion on the colonial and post-colonial reality would be devoid of substance.
PL
Portuguese art history experienced remarkable development after World War II, especially with the work of José-Augusto França, who was responsible for establishing a historiographic canon for nineteenth- and twentieth-century Portuguese art that still endures. José-Augusto França developed a narrative that held Paris up as an artistic and cultural role model in relation to which he diagnosed a permanent delay in Portuguese art. This essay analyses França’s idea of belatedness in the context of Portuguese art historiography and political history and how it is part of a genealogy of intellectual thought produced in an imperial context, revisiting previous art historians and important authors, such as Antero de Quental and António Sérgio. Moreover, it aims to address how the concept of belatedness was associated with the idea of “civilisation” and the idea of “art as civilisation.” Belatedness also has implications in the constraints and specificities of writing a master narrative in a peripheral country – a need particularly felt in the second half of the twentieth century, to mark a political standpoint against the dictatorship that ruled from 1926 to 1974. Part of the reaction to fascism expressed the desire to follow other nations’ democratic example, but the self-deprecating judgements on Portuguese art were frequently associated with the identification of essentialist motifs – the “nature” of the Portuguese people, their way of thinking, of living, their lack of capacities or skills – and of a self-image of being “primitive” in comparison with other European countries that has antecedents going back to the eighteenth century. I will address the nostalgia for the empire and the prevailing notion of belatedness throughout the twentieth century regarding unsolved issues with that nostalgia.
EN
The author reflects on the anthropological role of the “self-cultivation” category in the philosophical system of Immanuel Kant, for whom self-cultivation stood as the central idea of the Enlightenment. Kant believed that it was man alone who created himself to a rational being, that his rationality was not a granted good but something he had to mature to by way of multiple disciplinary (the reduction of animality in the humanum sphere), civilizing and moralizing (the latter patroned by the Kantian categorical imperative) measures. An interesting avenue in Gernot Böhme’s approach is his assumption that this conceptual perspective applied to all three Kantian Critiques, e.g., that Critique of Pure Reason propounds the disciplining of human cognition under the banner of subordinating the sphere of intuition (Anschauung) to the categories of intellect (Verstand). These categories are not inborn in the human mind, but are built by the willful disciplining of the perceptual elements of cognition anchored in the animal fundaments of the humanum. Towards the close of his essay Böhme attempts a critique of Kant’s philosophy, accusing it of reductionism and depreciating many anthropological powers.
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PL
W bardzo ogólnym ujęciu socjologia jest nauką, która zajmuje się opisem społeczeństw i ich rozwojem. W tym kontekście zainteresowania cywilizacjami mogą stanowić jeden z ważniejszych problemów badawczych oraz stymulować syntezę różnych kierunków i koncepcji myślowych w celu tworzenia nowoczesnych ujęć teoretycznych. Artykuł przedstawia wybrane teorie cywilizacji, które funkcjonują głównie w przestrzeni nauk społecznych. Szczegółowe analizy dotyczą teorii sformułowanych, m.in. przez O. Spenglera, F. Konecznego, S. Huntingtona, S. Eisenstadta czy F. Fukuyamę.
EN
In a very general sense, sociology is a science that deals with the description of societies and their development. In this context, an interest in civilisations may be one of the major research problems, as it may stimulate the research synthesising different directions and concepts in order to create modern theoretical approaches. The article presents selected theories of civilisation, which predominantly function in the field of social sciences. Detailed analyses concern theories formulated, among others, by O. Spengler, F. Koneczny, S. Huntington, S. Eisenstadt or F. Fukuyama.
EN
Despite the brief euphoria caused by the demise of the Communist Bloc in the Cold War, the West was finally able to comprehend new threats and challenges to the world order after the end of the Cold War. However, the West was not able to offer effective responses to the specific manifestations of these threats. The main reason for this is the situation, which can be defined ‘the West’s confusion’. First of all, that is misunderstanding of the importance of West’s leadership as a prerequisite for a stable post-cold war world order. The West’s leadership has historically been the result of a long process and the interaction of many factors, it is based on a successful model of social development, the core of which is a triad of individualism, the market economy and liberal democracy. Two visions of the West – both as the cultural community and the community of highly developed countries – are interconnected, but in the context of the problems of the contemporary world politics the West is foremost a community of developed democratic countries that has acquired a multifaceted institutionalisation, including in the form of security complexes. Overcoming of the West’s confusion implies the harmonisation of values and interests as factors of West’s behaviour on the international arena. Regular confusion demonstrated by the West and its unwillingness to take over the leadership and responsibility encourages two major destructive players: China and Russia. The world without the West (as the organising system power) is a world of chaos and disarray, even more dangerous than the world of balance of powers, which led to the two world wars.
EN
Social innovations are activities aiming at implementation of social objectives, including mainly the improvement of life of individuals and social groups, together with public policy and management objectives. The essay indicates and discusses the most important contemporary problems, solving of which requires social innovations.
PL
Innowacje społeczne są działaniami ukierunkowanymi na realizację celów społecznych, w tym głównie poprawę życia jednostek i grup społecznych oraz celów polityki publicznej i zarządzania. W eseju zostały wskazane i omówione najważniejsze współczesne problemy, których rozwiązanie wymaga innowacji społecznych.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zdefiniowanie pojęcia szaleństwa i przedstawienie jego obrazu literackiego. Aby zrealizować ten cel, przytoczono przy-kłady literatury światowej od starożytności do współczesności i przeanalizowano spo-sób wykorzystania tego motywu w każdym z utworów. Przedstawia także podejście do szaleństwa i szaleńców w poszczególnych epokach, cytując między innymi twórczość Michela Foucaulta. Pod koniec artykułu podkreślono ponadczasowy motyw szaleń-stwa, który będzie istniał tak długo, jak długo będzie istniała ludzkość.
EN
The aim of this paper is to define the concept of madness and to present its literary image. To realize this aim, examples of world literature from the period from antiquity to the present have been cited, and the method of using this motif in each of the works was analyzed. It also presents an approach to madness and madmen in particular epochs, citing inter alia the work of Michel Foucault. In the end of the paper, the timeless motif of madness is underlined, which will exist as long as humanity exists.
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PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie tendencji do traktowania problemu kryzysu człowieczeństwa w kategoriach funkcji kryzysu cywilizacyjnego. Kryzys rozpoznawany w sferze cywilizacyjnej oraz ten, który zagraża użytkującemu ją człowiekowi, to zjawiska niehomogeniczne. Diagnozy obu kryzysów, dotyczące ich przyczyn i konsekwencji, stawiano z różnych filozoficznych i socjologicznych stanowisk.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the tendency to treat the problem of the crisis of humanity in terms of the function of the civilization crisis. . The crisis diagnosed in the civilisational sphere and the crisis threatening the human being using this sphere are non-homogeneous phenomena. The diagnoses of both crises, concerning their causes and consequences, were made from various philosophical and sociological positions
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2017
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vol. 6
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issue 3
381-404
EN
European countries share certain features, roots and, to a large extent, history. In the present article attention is paid to the Greek and Roman influence on European civilisation, or “Western Civilisation.” To this day Europeans refer to broadly understood models of ancient culture contained in the concept of polis as a community of equal citizens, in promoting representative bodies, appreciation of elements of merchant culture, rationality and emancipation, the concept of Roman Law that together represent the signa specifica of the Western civilisation. If one adds to this the contribution of Christianity and barbarian tribes, one may reconstruct an adequate representation of the “roots of Europe.”
EN
Background. In reflections on Western Latin civilisation the concepts of supporters of conflict in the theory of civilisation should be taken into account, starting with Feliks Koneczny. On the other hand, however, there are the indications of radical humanism from Erich Fromm and the personalism of John Paul II the civilisations of life and death). Normative ethics should protect the dignity of the individual who is treated as a personal being. Aim. The problem of the influence of normative ethics on the development of civilisation or its maintenance and survival was addressed. The goal in particular was to emphasise the virtues of courage and fidelity to the truth, and to reflect on the state of discourse in this area. Method. The method of analysing the content of the literature on the subject was used, as well as deductive and comparative methods. This is a broader discourse analysis, including sources (journalistic content) and studies. Results. The article contains – an outline of historiosophical findings and the essence of humanity; criticism of several “progressive” ideologies; praise for the courage to proclaim the truth; and remarks about the relationship between science and higher values. Conclusion. The weakening of Christian identification in the countries of Western Europe affects their spiritual progression. Therefore, today’s leaders of the Western world e.g. Donald Trump see great potential in the revival of the Western spirit in Poland and the heroism of the Poles.
PL
Perspektywa. W rozważaniach nad zachodnią, łacińską cywilizacją należy uwzględnić koncepcje zwolenników konfliktu w teorii cywilizacji, od F. Konecznego zaczynając; z drugiej jednak strony – wskazania radykalnego humanizmu E. Fromma i personalizmu Jana Pawła II (cywilizacje życia i śmierci). Etyka normatywna powinna chronić godność pojedynczego człowieka, traktowanego właśnie osobowego. Cel. Podjęto problem wpływu etyki normatywnej na rozwój cywilizacji lub jej utrzymanie i przetrwanie. Celem jest zwłaszcza zaakcentowanie cnót odwagi i wierności prawdzie, oraz refleksję o stanie dyskursu na tym obszarze. Metoda. Zastosowano metodę analizy treści literatury przedmiotu, oraz metodę dedukcyjną i porównawczą. Jest to poszerzona analiza dyskursu, z uwzględnieniem źródeł (treści publicystyczne) i opracowań. Wyniki. Artykuł zawiera szkic ustaleń historiozoficznych i dotyczących istoty człowieczeństwa; krytykę kilku „postępowych” ideologii; pochwałę odwagi głoszenia prawdy; oraz uwagi o relacji nauki do wartości wyższych. Wnioski. Osłabienie chrześcijańskiej identyfikacji w krajach Europy zachodniej wpłynęło na jej duchowy regres. Toteż dzisiejszy lider zachodniego świata – Donald Trump – dostrzegł wielki potencjał odrodzenia zachodniego ducha właśnie w Polsce i bohaterstwie Polaków.
RU
В статье речь идёт о краковском историке и публицисте Феликсе Конечном. Представлен его взгляд на понятие цивилизации. Этот автор считал, что все исторические факты следует объяснять в контексте его цивилизационной подоплеки. Он подчеркивал, однако, что человек создан для жизни в группе, но только в одной, потому что нельзя «цивилизоваться” для этих двух конкретных сообществ, называть их цивилизацией, и определить почему некоторые цивилизации воевали друг с другом? Вышеупомянутый Феликс Конечный много лет искал ответы на эти вопросы, и попытки объяснить их можно найти в статье.
EN
This article presents the view on the concept of civilization of the Krakow historian and publicist, Feliks Koneczny. The author believed that all historical facts should be explained in the context of its civilisational background. However, he emphasised that man was created to live in a group, but only in one, because one cannot be “civilised” for these two particular communities; to call them a civilisation, and why did some civilisations fight each other. Feliks Koneczny has been looking for answers to these questions for years. The paper demonstrates and explains his scientific scrutiny.
Nurt SVD
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2017
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issue 1
96-113
FR
Les tensions actuelles et les épisodes des Croisades ne doivent pas faire oublier le patrimoine de spiritualité et de civilisation commun aux musulmans et aux chrétiens. Chacun à sa façon, ils ont également dû affronter les défis de la modernité, repenser les rapports entre science et foi, politique et religion. Aux tentatives de moderniser l’islam par la colonisation ont succédé les essais d’islamiser la modernité proposés par divers penseurs musulmans. L’islamisme, qui se présente comme le clonage de la communauté primitive de Médine, est en réalité un métissage de la modernité occidentale et de l’islam contemporain. Ce n’est toutefois pas la seule façon d’islamiser la modernité. Il y a également, entre autres, la vie des millions de musulmans qui vivent en Occident, partagent les valeurs citoyennes et les institutions des États laïcs où ils ont choisi de vivre. C’est là une voie de dialogue inédite qui permet aux musulmans et aux chrétiens de regarder ensemble dans la même direction, d’être motivés par leurs convictions religieuses pour construire une société plus juste, plus respectueuse de la liberté et de l’égalité de toutes les personnes humaines.
EN
Present tensions and incidents from the times of the crusades cannot obscure the common spiritual and civilizational heritage of Muslims and Christians. Every religion has had to face modernism and examine the relationships between science and faith, politics and religion. Some Muslim thinkers have tried to combat the attempts to modernise Islam through colonisation by resorting to the islamization of modernism. Islamism, appealing to the original community in Medina, is in fact a synthesis of western modernism and contemporary Islam. It is not the only form of the islamization of modernism. Millions of Muslims have settled in the West, in countries which promote civil values and secular institutions. In this way history shows the path to the Muslim-Christian dialogue. Coexistence of communities with different religious beliefs may contribute towards building just, free and equal societies.
XX
Aktualne napięcia oraz epizody Wypraw Krzyżowych nie mogą przysłonić wspólnego dziedzictwa duchowego i cywilizacyjnego muzułmanów i chrześcijan. Każda religia, na swój sposób, musiała zmierzyć się z wyzwaniami modernizmu i poddać analizie relacje pomiędzy nauką i wiarą, polityką i religią. Na próby zmodernizowania islamu przez kolonizację niektórzy myśliciele muzułmańscy odpowiedzieli projektem zislamizowana modernizmu. Islamizm, który powołuje się na pierwotną wspólnotę w Medynie, w rzeczywistości jest syntezą zachodniego modernizmu i współczesnego islamu. Nie jest to jedyna forma islamizowania modernizmu. Miliony muzułmanów osiedliły się na Zachodzie, w krajach promujących wartości obywatelskie i instytucje państwa laickiego. W ten sposób historia kreuje drogę dialogu islamsko-chrześcijańskiego. Koegzystencja wspólnot o różnych przekonaniach religijnych może budować społeczeństwo oparte na zasadach sprawiedliwości, wolności i równości wszystkich obywateli.
EN
The work entitled “Reflections of an Unpolitical Man”, written during World War I, includes an essay against the Western states. Thomas Mann compares democratic countries and the societies created after the French Revolution with the German concept of society and a country based on conservative values. Equality is set against hierarchy, the individual against the community, and a secular perspective against a religious one. Defiance of the West is based on Protestantism. The references to Nietzsche and Schopenhauer, in agreement with Darwin's theory of evolution, are advanced by the West as an argument for the conflict between rationalism and irrationalism. At the end of Thomas Mann’s work, this conflict is solved by the “principle of irony”, which gives the author the opportunity to reconcile himself with the concept of democracy. This also dominated his future work.
EN
This paper is to outline selected segments of the environment of public administration in the light of the ongoing changes in the educational sphere and their impact on the local government education within dynamic transformations and complexity of educational objectives. Education is aconstitutional right and social duty of citizens, public objective and aprerequisite for social, state, cultural and economic development. Since the nineties of the 20th century the Polish school and schooling system has been striving to accommodate to educational transformations and changes in unstable environment. The transformation process in the contemporary school and educational system is visible on the background of global changes, i.e. global access of students to knowledge, global access of gradu­ates to labour markets, global context of school management, global trends in educational markets, commercial value of knowledge, or competition in educational services. School as an institution has been undergoing constant evolutionary change. An example of this is the educational reform that has became apriority among transformations of various spheres of social, economic, cultural life, and local and global challenges, such as the Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2004. School transformations in the age of globalisation are essential, as they are triggered by scientific and tech­nological progress and changeable educational challenges and social expectations. Unstable environ­ment affects changing educational objectives, tasks, goals of educational policy, forms and methods of activities, organisational structures of schools, scope of law regulations, school personnel, and education participants. Changes in the Polish education and schooling system are the result of the pace of political transformation, globalisation processes and the European integration processes.
EN
The idea of truth is an important factor for building existential security – the belief that our values and goals are worth pursuing in the lives of individuals and communities. The sources of the certainty of our position in the world tends to change together with civilisation. In Antiquity the leading position belonged to the philosophical narrative, in Latin civilisation it was religion and in contemporary civilisation it is rational and pragmatic calculation. We have agreed to the reductionist idea of truth, which is only valid as a social contract. In return we receive the benefits of historically unprecedented freedom and comfort of living. The author describes the historical tensions between three consecutive European civilisations and the epistemological disputes they have created.
PL
Koncepcja prawdy stanowi ważny czynnik budowania bezpieczeństwa egzystencjalnego, czyli przekonania, że wartości i cele realizowane w życiu jednostek i wspólnot są właściwe warte ochrony. Źródła pewności naszej pozycji w świecie zmieniają się wraz z cywilizacjami. W Antyku dominowała narracja filozoficzna, w cywilizacji łacińskiej religijna, a współcześnie racjonalna, pragmatyczna kalkulacja funkcjonalistyczna. Zgadzamy się na redukcjonistyczną koncepcję prawdy, która obowiązuje tylko na mocy społecznej konwencji otrzymując w zamian korzyści bezprecedensowej wolności i wygody życia. Autor opisuje historyczne napięcia przechodzenia pomiędzy trzema cywilizacjami oraz spory epistemologiczne, jakie rodziły.
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