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EN
This study is devoted to the analysis of the legal basis, the premises and the content of mutual claims of co-owners for reimbursement of expenses associated with common property, as it is regulated in Polish law. The author presents the view according to which in Polish law the above mentioned obligation of co-owner is a special case of the general duty to reverse unjust enrichment, based on Article 405 of the Polish Civil Code. This view makes it possible to justify widely shared assumption according to which only these expenses associated with common property should be compensated for which are beneficial to all co-owners. The author also argues that on the basis of the statutory regulations concerning unjust enrichment it is reasonable to differentiate between the claim for reimbursement of necessary expenses associated with common property and the claim for compensation of improvements made by co-owner.
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PL
The article deals with the character of the right to reduce price due to physical or legal defects of the thing sold. An analysis of the provisions of the Civil Code, case law and literature leads to the conclusion that the right to reduce the price should be considered as a unilateral‑modification clause. The author critically assesses the recognition of this right as a claim. The argument for this opinion of the author is that in adjusting the literal interpretation of Article 560 § 1 of the Civil Code, he takes into account both the systemic interpretation and functional interpretation (including teleological one). The author notes, however, that a consistent and unified position of the Supreme Court in which it recognizes that right as a claim, in practice, definitely confers such a character thereon.
EN
The article is devoted to the problem of enforced taking over by the owner of a building the administration of the property which so far has been managed by the commune. Firstly, the author discusses the legal regulations binding in the period of the People’s Republic of Poland, which caused numerous properties, particularly public buildings, to remain in the possession of communes. To assess the legal relation between the commune and property’s owners, which are currently of civil legal nature, the author suggests that the provisions of Articles 752–757 of the Polish Civil Code, which concern the management of another person’s affairs without mandate (negotiorum gestio), should be applied. To put an end to conflicts over the administration between the owners of buildings and communes, the author indicates substantive legal claim of taking over the management by the building owner, granted to the commune by the legislator. The author considers under what procedure it should be recognized and presents the local and material jurisdiction, as well as the passive mandate in civil proceedings.
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EN
The main objective of this work is to suggest a suitable way for efficient implementation of a Contractor’s Claim Management system in construction companies in CEE countries. The Claim is a specific requirement of one contracting party for time extension for completion and/or additional payment that could be notified to the other contracting party on the basis of an event or circumstance that is foreseen in a contract clause or otherwise in connection with the contract. Claim Management (CM) is a system for monitoring and assessment of risks realization variations and their economic impact for the purpose of claim preparation and enforcement. It is a system for the early solution of problems, obstructions and complications. Claim Management starts to be crucial with the recent economic situation in construction. In case of a public procurement project, applicable law often affects change and claim procedures and causes many difficulties to all the participants of construction projects. The fact that the contractor is able to claim in conformity with the contract is a question of survival. Nowadays, it is very important to be able to implement CM in a construction company quickly and efficiently. In this work, the author seeks to discover an efficient way to implement Claim Management analyzing the relevant literature, theory and recommended types of Claim Management systems. In terms of research methods, the author chooses a qualitative method using a given set of questions to gain answers from experts within interviews, finally proposing a manual for implementation including implementation plan as the appropriate method.
EN
The article is devoted to the issue of the victim’s handing over a claim for compensation for damage caused by a crime to a third party by way of conclusion of a civil law contract. Reference has been made to a status of a buyer of a claim for damages, the possibility of its occurrence as a party to a criminal process, status of an aggrieved party, as well as the characteristic context of the criminal law obligation to repair a damage, with its main concepts: damage and the aggrieved party.
EN
The article analyzes the legal provisions and case-law of the Supreme Court regarding one of the components of the property of the joint spouses, i.e. receivables from expenditures made by the spouses for a property belonging to a third party. To carry out the above analysis, the legal-dogmatic method of scientific research was used, which presupposes the study of valid normative acts and is appropriate for the analysis of legal provisions and case-law. The study attempts to assess the position of the Supreme Court in the scope regarding the method of dividing this claim (monetary claim on expenditures) by the court examining the case, if none of the spouses – in the course of division of the common property – not agrees to be granted this claim in its entirety.
PL
W artykule analizie poddano przepisy prawne oraz orzecznictwo Sądu Najwyższego dotyczące jednego ze składników majątku wspólnego małżonków, tj. wierzytelności z tytułu nakładów dokonanych przez małżonków na nieruchomość należącą do osoby trzeciej. Do przeprowadzenia powyższej analizy zastosowano prawno-dogmatyczną metodę badań naukowych, która zakłada badanie obowiązujących aktów normatywnych i jest właściwa do przeprowadzenia analizy przepisów prawnych oraz orzecznictwa. W badaniach podjęto próbę oceny stanowiska Sądu Najwyższego w zakresie dotyczącym sposobu podziału tej wierzytelności (roszczenia pieniężnego z tytułu nakładów) przez sąd rozpoznający sprawę, jeśli żaden z małżonków – w toku postępowania o podział majątku wspólnego – nie wyraża zgody na przyznanie mu tej wierzytelności w całości.
PL
The article “Reinstatement – do regulations need to change?” contains profound analysis of claim for reinstatement of employment relationship. The Author deal with the axiological background of the reinstatement of employment relationship, its constitutional context, the place of reinstatement in the system of claims related to defective termination of employment contract and its legal nature. The Author also discuses the proposals of flexibilisation or even withdrawal of reinstatement from Polish legal system. Finally, the Author try to find if the change of regulations of reinstatement is necessary.
EN
The purpose of the paper is to discuss the problems arising from the application of sub-clause 20.1 of the FIDIC contract templates in the civil and common law countries. For these considerations, the author chose the red and yellow book editions of 1999 in unmodified versions. The paper tries to determine whether it is possible to implement the sub-clause in their original wording in the above-mentioned legal systems. Another aspect under the scrutiny of the author is the legal nature of provisions of 20.1 sub-clause which concern, in particular, the issues related to the 28-day deadline for filing a claim and releasing the contracting authority from the obligation to provide compensation as a result of the Contractor's failure to meet the indicated deadline. The research was conducted using the legal-comparative method. With regard to the civil law system, the analysis concerned the compliance of the sub-clause provisions with mandatory standards, in particular Article 119 of the Civil Code, and Article 353¹ in conjunction with Article 58 of the Civil Code. When it comes to the common law jurisdiction, the study concerned the consequences of failure to comply with the obligation imposed by the sub-clause on the Contractor in the light of the prevention principle and on the basis of praemia that law does not arise from injustice. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that sub-clause 20.1 of the FIDIC contract terms requires prior modifications both in civil and common law countries and adaptation to the requirements of the law in force in the country in which it is to be implemented.
EN
The aim of this article is to determine whether we deal with natural obligations only where these are specified in statutes (numerus clausus), or whether the parties can assume such obligations in accordance with the principle of freedom of contract. This issue is closely linked with the question of whether it is possible to conclude a so-called pactum de non petendo with a stronger effect, which in fact results in a contractual exclusion of suability (enforceability) of claims covered by such agreement. The article discusses diverging views presented in Polish legal literature and case law on this issue, drawing at the same time from both German and Swiss jurisprudence. According to the thesis of the paper, the solution as regards Polish legal system will vary depending on when suability has been excluded. One should consider the original creation of natural obligations (being non-suable ab initio), which is admissible under the principle of freedom of contract. The freedom of the parties in this respect is, however, limited in a number of ways, as a result of binding imperative provisions of law designed to grant certain claims, the prohibitions against waivers of certain claims and provisions included in Article 58 § 2 and Article 3851 § 1 of the Polish Civil Code. On the other hand, any subsequent transformation of an existing claim into a natural claim runs, de lege lata, counter to Article 117 and Article 119 of the Polish Civil Code, as it results in a breach or circumvention of the prohibition against shortening the periods of prescription (or, in the case of claims not covered by the statutes of limitation, as it runs counter to their non-limitation), and is thus ineffective. The asserted liberalisation of the prohibition against shortening the periods of prescription may result in watering down of this conclusion. Ultimately, the considerations presented in the paper lead to the rejection of the assumption that the principle of numerus clausus of natural obligations applies in the Polish legal system; therefore it should be possible to distinguish between contractual and statutory natural obligations.
EN
It is obvious that the doctor will be responsible for the damage resulting from the baby’s fault. It is to be seen a situation where a doctor’s negligence was the only admission to the birth of the child, and not contribute to the injury to his health. And in this case, there is the emergence of claims for wrongful birth or so-called bad birth. More and more often in courts around the world, including Poland, there are actions for damages for the conception and birth of a child, which “caused the injury.” Initially, the courts denied the possibility of recognizing the child as a loss. However, later in the Constitutional Court considered the admissibility of the claims of parents of unplanned or handicapped child is without prejudice to the Constitution. The claim for compensation in a wrongful birth in the Polish case law is rare. One of the reasons is the reluctance to bring such actions which probably translates into a moral issue.
PL
Jest oczywiste, że lekarz będzie odpowiedzialny za uszczerbek zdrowia dziecka powstały z jego winy. Należy jednak rozpatrzyć też sytuację, w której niedbalstwem lekarza było jedynie dopuszczenie do narodzenia dziecka, a nie przyczynienie się do szkody na jego zdrowiu. I właśnie w takiej sytuacji dochodzi do pojawiania się roszczeń z tytułu wrongful birth, czyli tzw. złego urodzenia. Coraz częściej na wokandach sądowych całego świata, także w Polsce, pojawiają się powództwa odszkodowawcze dotyczące poczęcia i urodzenia dziecka, które „wywołało szkodę”. Początkowo sądy negowały możliwość uznania dziecka jako szkodę. Jednak w późniejszym okresie Trybunał Konstytucyjny wyraził pogląd, że dopuszczalność roszczeń odszkodowawczych rodziców nieplanowanego lub upośledzonego dziecka nie narusza przepisów Konstytucji. Przedstawione roszczenie odszkodowawcze typu wrongful birth w polskim orzecznictwie występuje rzadko. Jedną z przyczyn jest niechęć do wytaczania tego typu pozwów, co zapewne przekłada się na aspekt moralny.
EN
The article discusses a prosecutor’s position in the Polish civil proceedings in relation to the form of its participation in civil cases. Prosecutor’s possibilities to participate in the civil procedure depend on whether or not he brought a court action or he joined proceedings already pending. The article focuses on the problem wheather prosecutor’s right to bring the action before the civil court should be considered as proper solution during the amendment processs of the Polish civil procedure code.
PL
The article “Reinstatement – do regulations need to change?” contains profound analysis of claim for reinstatement of employment relationship. The Author deal with the axiological background of the reinstatement of employment relationship, its constitutional context, the place of reinstatement in the system of claims related to defective termination of employment contract and its legal nature. The Author also discuses the proposals of flexibilisation or even withdrawal of reinstatement from Polish legal system. Finally, the Author try to find if the change of regulations of reinstatement is necessary.
EN
The article concerns problems related to Art. 224 § 2 and 225 of the Civil Code applied in relations between co-owners. So far, studies have focused primarily on the very essence of the claim - its admissibility as well as possible its legal basis. In this respect, the views were summed up in the Supreme Court resolution dated 19 March 2013, which strongly argued for the application of Art. 224 § 2 and Art. 225 of the Civil Code. This article is dedicated to the analysis of co-owner claim for remuneration due to unauthorized use of shared movable and immovable property committed by another co-owner. The main part of the paper aims to describe the premises of the aforementioned claim. The second important issue concerns the value of the remuneration. The third taken matter is the relation between the claim for remuneration and the vindication claim. Finally, I hope that this article shall cause substantial discussion of this topic.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
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2018
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vol. 27
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issue 4
969-1004
EN
This paper shall consider two questions: 1) can natural claims be pursued de lege lata in arbitration (the issue of arbitrability), 2) can awarding a natural claim in arbitration be a basis for setting aside of an award or for refusing recognition or enforcement of an award. On one hand, a definitional property of natural obligations (claims) is their unsuability, i.e. the incapability of being effectively pursued before a common court. On the other hand, a court proceeding is not the only way to resolve a legal dispute. Parties are able to subject their dispute to arbitration, whose award will obtain legal validity of a State court judgement after its recognition or enforcement. In this context there arises a question whether admissibility of pursuing natural claims in arbitration does not open a way to circumvent their unsuability. The paper focuses on two cases of natural obligations undisputable in Polish law: obligations where a creditor’s claim was barred by limitation and the so-called unclassified gaming and bets obligations. The analysis of current regulations presented in the paper leads to the conclusion that in both cases disputes concerning such claims are arbitrable. However – if an arbitral tribunal awards a natural claim – the possibilities of setting aside of such award or refusing recognition or enforcement thereof are very limited. In consequence, the regulations in force to a certain extent make it possible to circumvent the construction of a natural obligation by subjecting of a dispute concerning such obligation to arbitration, which is criticisable.
PL
Uchwałę zgromadzenia wspólników spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością można zaskarżyć do sądu w drodze powództwa o jej uchylenie. Przesłanki warunkujące dopuszczalność takiego powództwa zawiera art. 249 § 1 Kodeksu spółek handlowych (k.s.h.). Przepis ten stanowi, że zaskarżyć można uchwałę sprzeczną z umową spółki bądź dobrymi obyczajami i godzącą w interesy spółki lub mającą na celu pokrzywdzenie wspólnika. W doktrynie oraz orzecznictwie pojawiła się rozbieżność poglądów na temat charakteru przesłanek sformułowanych przez ustawodawcę we wskazanym przepisie. Wątpliwość dotyczy szczególnie faktu, czy sprzeczność uchwały z umową spółki stanowi samodzielną przesłankę zaskarżenia uchwały, czy też musi ona współwystępować z inną, określoną w przywołanym przepisie. Pogłębionej analizy przedstawionego zagadnienia dokonał Sąd Apelacyjny w Szczecinie w wyroku z dnia 14 sierpnia 2013 r. (I ACa 358/13). W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono stanowisko zaprezentowane przez sąd oraz podjęto próbę jego oceny.
EN
A resolution of the limited liability company’s shareholders may be appealed against by bringing an action before a court for repealing such resolution. Statutory conditions of such claim are specified in art. 249 § 1 code of commercial companies. This article stipulates that a resolution of shareholders may be appeled against when it is: in conflict with the provisions of the articles of association or good practice and detrimental to the company’s interest or aimed at harming a shareholder. In the legal doctrine and judicial decisions are expressed the discrepant opinions on the character of statutory conditions formulated in mentioned article. In particular it raise concerns whether conflict a resolution of shareholders with the provisions of the articles of association may be independent condition authorising appealing against such resolution. Otherwise such condition must coexist with another one expressed in that article. Thorough analysis of that issue presents Szczecin’s Court of Appeal in the sentence passed on the 14th of August 2013 (I ACa 358/13). This paper includes the results of the analysis of the judgement.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zdefiniowanie niedozwolonego postanowienia umownego na przykładzie umowy o kredyt indeksowany lub denominowanego do waluty innej niż waluta polska. Klauzula niedozwolona to możliwość uniknięcia skrajnie niekorzystnych warunków w zawartych umowach. W opracowaniu przedstawiono sytuację kredytobiorców, którzy zaciągnęli kredyt indeksowany do waluty obcej lub denominowany w walucie obcej. Analizę przeprowadzono w oparciu o rzeczywiste niedozwolone postanowienia umowne. Artykuł kończą wnioski dotyczące zasadności roszczeń kredytobiorców.
EN
The purpose of the article is to define an unlawful contractual clause on the example of an indexed credit agreement or denominated in a currency other than the Polish currency. The forbidden clause is the possibility to avoid extremely unfavorable conditions in concluded contracts. The elaboration presents the situation of borrowers who have taken a loan indexed to a foreign currency or denominated in a foreign currency. The analysis was based on the actual unlawful contractual provisions. The article ends with conclusions regarding the legitimacy of borrowers’ claims.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie czytelnikowi problematyki dotyczącej ochrony dóbr osobistych zawartej w przepisach Kodeksu cywilnego. Praca prezentuje kształtowanie się instytucji ochrony dóbr osobistych na tle historycznym. Głównym przedmiotem badań jest analiza aktualnych przepisów prawa cywilnego odnoszących się do istoty pojęcia dobra osobistego oraz do roszczeń, jakie przysługują poszkodowanemu w przypadku ich naruszenia. W polskim ustawodawstwie nie występuje jedna definicja dobra osobistego, skutkiem czego pojęcie dobra osobistego wypracowane zostało przez przedstawicieli doktryny oraz orzecznictwo sądów. Dobra osobiste człowieka są jego prawami podmiotowymi, skutecznymi erga omnes. Ochrona dóbr występująca w Kodeksie cywilnym przysługuje w momencie zaistnienia bezprawnego zagrożenia ich naruszenia. W wyniku całościowej analizy powyższych zagadnień, postulatem autora jest wprowadzenie ogólnej definicji pojęcia dobra osobistego.
EN
The purpose of this article is to familiarize the reader with the issues concerning the protection of personal interests contained in the provisions of the Civil Code. The work presents the development of institutions for the protection of personal rights in a historical context. The main subject of the research is the analysis of current civil law provisions pertaining to the essence of the concept of personal good and to claims that are entitled to the aggrieved party in case of their violation. There is no single definition of personal good in the Polish legislation, which resulted in the concept of personal good being developed by the representatives of the doctrine and the judicial decisions of the courts. The personal rights of a man are his subjective rights, effective erga omnes. The protection of goods appearing in the Civil Code is vested in the moment of unlawful threat of their violation. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of the above issues, the postulate of the author is the introduction of a general definition of the concept of personal good.
EN
The paper presents new rules of enforcing claims in class proceedings through the context of changes made in the following range: 1) list of cases in which the Polish act on class proceedings is applied, 2) requirements of standardizing the amount of each members money claim, 3) an action that limits the claim for establishing defendant liability, 4) deposit for securing trial fees, 5) proceedings concerning the admissibility of class proceedings, 6) notice of initiation of class proceedings, 7) actions taken after the issue and validation of the court order on the composition of a group, 8) adopting rules of the code of civil procedure in class proceedings.
PL
W artykule zostały omówione nowe zasady dochodzenia roszczeń w postępowaniu grupowym przez pryzmat zmian dokonanych w tym postępowaniu w następującym zakresie: 1) katalogu spraw, w których zastosowanie ma ustawa o dochodzeniu roszczeń w postępowaniu grupowym, 2) wymagań związanych z ujednoliceniem wysokości roszczenia każdego członka grupy, 3) powództwa, które ogranicza się do żądania ustalenia odpowiedzialności pozwanego, 4) kaucji na zabezpieczenie kosztów procesu, 5) postępowania w przedmiocie dopuszczalności postępowania grupowego, 6) ogłoszenia o wszczęciu postępowania grupowego, 7) czynności dokonywanych po wydaniu i  uprawomocnieniu się postanowienia w przedmiocie składu grupy, 8) zastosowania przepisów k.p.c. w postępowaniu grupowym.
EN
Real estate owners, whose right to use the property was infringed or heavily restricted, are entitled to request: compensation, buyout of the real estate or access to a replaceable real estate. These claims shall be subject to a limitation period. In a situation where a development plan of a given plot of land predicts a public road, the owner of that real estate is also entitled to compensation for a plot separated for the construction of the road which ex lege becomes a property of local self-government units. The claim is not subject to a limitation period.
EN
Article 358 paragraph 5 of the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act introduced by the Act of 11 September 2015, amending the Copyright and Related Rights Act and the Gambling Act, implementing the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council 2012/28/UE to the Polish legal order uses of orphan works, created a claim unknown to Polish civil law for the “payment of fair compensation for the use of the work”. The entity that may raise this claim is the copyright holder, whose work was exploited as orphan works (articles 35–359 of the Copyright and Related Rights Act). In this article, the claim for payment of fair compensation for the use of the work was analyzed. Seeking an answer to the question of how to estimate the value of this claim was presented in the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 21 October 2010 in the SGAE v Padawan case. The conclusion of the article proposes a method of determining the value of the claim, and the payment of fair compensation for the use of the work  
PL
Art. 358 ust. 5 ustawy o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych, wprowadzony ustawą z dnia 11 września 2015 r. o zmianie ustawy o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych oraz ustawy o grach hazardowych, implementującą do polskiego porządku prawnego dyrektywę Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2012/28/UE z dnia 25 października 2012 r. w sprawie niektórych dozwolonych sposobów korzystania z utworów osieroconych, wykreował nieznane polskiemu prawu cywilnemu roszczenie o „zapłatę godziwej rekompensaty za korzystanie z utworu”. Podmiotem, który może podnieść to roszczenie, jest uprawniony z tytułu praw autorskich, którego utwór był eksploatowany w ramach konstrukcji dozwolonego użytku utworów osieroconych (art. 355–359 ustawy o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych). W artykule poddano analizie treść roszczenia z art. 358 ust. 5 ustawy o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych. W poszukiwaniu odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób powinna być określona wartość tego roszczenia, zaprezentowane zostało orzecznictwo Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, które dokonało jego interpretacji na gruncie dyrektywy 2001/29/ WE Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 22 maja 2001 r. w sprawie harmonizacji niektórych aspektów praw autorskich i pokrewnych w społeczeństwie informacyjnym. W konkluzji zaproponowany został sposób ustalania wielkości roszczenia o zapłatę godziwej rekompensaty za korzystanie z utworu.  
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