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The article presents the most important formal and thematic characteristics of V. S. Pritchett’s short stories, and attempts to provide an analytical paradigm for what seems to be an original form of social realist short fiction. By analysing themes (crime, above all others), characterisation, eventfulness, and rhetorical closures of selected stories, the author of this article draws attention to the importance of stasis and recalcitrance in the texts, and aims to address the problem of the relative neglect V. S. Pritchett’s short fiction has suffered from in the critical debates of the last few decades.
EN
Economic struggles between employees and employers, especially the strike movement represents one of the very important factors in the economic history of the 19th and 20th century. The search for the causes of strikes on a regional level depends on understanding the structures between employers and employees. Every such analysis involves many difficulties. It is necessary to keep an unbiased view, set into the contemporary context. Sources don’t have to provide answers to all of our questions. The more we know about the social background of the workers and their linkage to businessmen and local conditions, the better we can understand their actions.
PL
Monastery bazyliańskie położone w południowo-wschodniej Rzeczypospolitej w połowie XVIII w. zostały objęte redukcją zarządzoną na mocy brewe Inter plures wydanego 2 V 1744 r. przez papieża Benedykta XIV. Według tego rozporządzenia należało połączyć klasztory, w których było mniej niż ośmiu zakonników. Władze zakonne w 1745 r. opracowały plan łączenia mniejszych placówek z większymi. Postanowiły również zlikwidować ośrodki o zbyt skromnym uposażeniu. Prowadzone przez niektóre monastery parochie miały być przejęte przez duchowieństwo diecezjalne. Zakonnicy z likwidowanych monasterów zabierali z sobą ruchomości cerkiewne i klasztorne do tych placówek, do których się przenosili, lub oddawali je do najbliżej położonych większych monasterów. Władze prowincji starały się pozyskać środki finansowe na funkcjonowanie zagrożonych klasztorów i opóźnić akcję ich likwidacji lub przekazywania w ręce duchowieństwa diecezjalnego. Wykonanie postanowień dekretu papieskiego trwało do 1780 r. W okresie tym zlikwidowano 52 monastery, a 20 domy podporządkowano większym monasterom. W ten sposób w prowincji pw. Opieki NMP do 1780 r. zlikwidowane lub pozbawione samodzielności zostało prawie 54% monasterów funkcjonujących w 1745 r.
EN
The Basilian monasteries in the south-eastern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were covered by the reduction ordered in the Inter plures brief issued on 2 May 1744 by Pope Benedict XIV. Under the brief, the monasteries with fewer than eight monastics were to be merged. In 1745 the authorities of the order formulated a plan to merge smaller houses with larger ones. They also decided to close down houses with too modest endowments. The parishes run by some of the monasteries were to be taken over by the diocesan clergy. Monastics from the closed monasteries took with them the movables to the houses they were transferred or gave them to the nearest larger monasteries. The authorities of the province sought to obtain funds to support the endangered monasteries and delay their closure or to give them over to the diocesan clergy. The enforcement of the provisions of the papal decree lasted until 1780. In that period 52 monasteries were dissolved and 20 houses were subordinated to larger monasteries. Thus by 1780 nearly 54% of the monasteries existing in 1745 in the Care of the Blessed Virgin Mary province were either dissolved or deprived of their independence.
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