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EN
The aim of this paper is to ponder on how the codeswitching phenomenon can impact the shaping of a sociolect. For this purpose, the psycho-, sociolinguistic and grammar-based definitions of the Codeswitching phenomenon as well as its typology were presented. In the next part the attention was paid to the kinds and probable reasons of codeswitching that stem from the analysis of the example expressions brought out by the examined group of bank employees. The latter part was an attempt to answer a question to what extent the codeswitching phenomenon shapes the development of a sociolect.
EN
Research on the representation of emotion in human memory has focused on the ways in which words that label an emotion (e.g., love, joy) or represent emotional components (e.g., death, butterfly) are learned, stored, and retrieved from memory. The current work reviews the ways in which these types of words have been distinguished from concrete and abstract words, the types of methodologies used to distinguish among word groups, and the ways in which these words are automatically processed in the bilingual speaker. While emotion words may be more readily processed and retrieved when they appear in the first language, other word types that are neutral with regards to arousal and valence may be processed similarly across languages. The current work also illustrates the ways in which this knowledge is important in advancing theories of language and cognition, attention, perception, and mental health. Future directions are discussed that elucidate the further applications of these interesting lines of research.
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Linguistic Replacement in the Movies

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EN
In this paper, I discuss the use of the English language in movie dialogues where, logically, other languages would have been used by the fictional characters. A shared characteristic of many Hollywood movies (as well as countless other fictional narratives, written or performed) is the notion of linguistic replacement. Even when the depicted story would realistically have taken place in a different linguistic setting, the language(s) are replaced by the base language of narration; in my case, English. Using a taxonomy of semiotic strategies proposed by Petr Mareš as a point of departure, I discuss examples of linguistic replacement from a corpus of twelve recent, commercially successful Hollywood movies with European and American settings. I argue that even though the different strategies (e.g. the use of L2 accents or the presence of the replaced language in filmed writing) fulfill more complex symbolic functions than that of compensatory realism, there has been a recent shift away from linguistic replacement altogether.
EN
Israeli Hebrew (IH) and Palestinian Arabic (PA)1 have existed side by side for well over a century in extremely close contact, accompanied by social and ideological tension, often conflict, between two communities: PA speakers, who turned from a majority to a minority following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and IH speakers, the contemporary majority, representing the dominant culture. The Hebrew-speaking Jewish group is heterogeneous in terms of lands of origin and includes a large community of Judeo-Arabic speakers. In this paper I discuss the ‘when,’ ‘where,’ how,' and especially ‘why’ of mutual borrowing2 between Hebrew and Arabic in Israel since the 1880s.I stress that the contact is asymmetric. The majority of Hebrew speakers today do not speak Arabic. They do, however, have access to borrowed lexicon in the domain of slang and vernacular speech that both enriches these registers and provides the speakers with a feeling of being ‘indigenous’ and ‘belonging’ to the social and cultural milieu of the larger environment. In contrast, most young adult PA-speakers are bilingual. For this minority, borrowing fulfills fundamental sociolinguistic and pragmatic needs. IH lexical items have permeated all areas of professional, educational, administrative, and social activities in everyday life discourse in all styles and registers of the spoken language and, to a lesser extent, written language. They fill lexical gaps and lacunae representing modern and western concepts that did not exist in PA. They also symbolize modernism, education, and social mobility. In other words, borrowing serves as a means of ‘stepping in’ for the Jewish majority and conversely as a means for ‘stepping out and up’ for the Arab minority.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę analizy obcojęzycznych morfemów w języku niemieckim, wiążących się z nazewnictwem wirusa SARS-CoV-2 oraz wywołaną przez niego epidemią. Korpus badawczy stanowią leksemy pojawiające się we współczesnej niemczyźnie na fali doniesień o szerzeniu się ogólnoświatowej epidemii. Poszczególne jednostki leksykalne poddano analizie ze względu na ich budowę oraz stopień asymilacji w systemie leksykalnym i morfologicznym języka docelowego.
EN
The paper hereunder is an attempt at an analysis of the foreign language morphemes on the example of the COVID-19 virus’ and its pandemic’s nomenclature in German language. The research area has been presented on the basis of the lexemes, which come into the German in the context of the reports about the spread of the global epidemic. The individual lexical units are sorted on account of the life areas of the language users and analysed in view of their structure and assimilation’s grade in the lexical and morphological system of the target language.
DE
Der Beitrag ist ein Versuch der Analyse der fremdsprachlichen Einflüsse, die im Kontext der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie feststellbar sind. Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die Präsenz fremder Morpheme, die mit der Nomenklatur der COVID-19-Epidemie im Zusammenhang stehen. Die einzelnen lexikalischen Einheiten werden hinsichtlich der Lebensbereiche der Sprachbenutzer gruppiert, in die die fremden Elemente gelangen. Analysiert wurden ihre Struktur sowie der Grad ihrer Assimilation im lexikalischen und morphologischen System.
DE
Social Media, wie Facebook, sind wichtige Kommunikationswege sowohl für einsprachige Anwender als auch für Nutzer mit verschiedenen Fremdsprachenkenntnissen (die letzteren übernehmen die Strukturen der Mutter- und Fremdsprache in die Konversation). Im Resultat kann man annehmen, dass die Kommunikation via Facebook eine gewisse Rolle bei der Verwendung von Fremdsprachen spielt. Einen der Aspekte, der in dieser Hinsicht analysiert werden kann, bilden verschiedene Formen von Codeswitching. In Bezug auf das Codeswitching zwischen Polnisch und Englisch, das in diesem sozialen Netzwerk vorkommt, besteht eine wesentliche Forschungslücke. Für einen kompletten Überblick über das dargestellte Problem werden im vorliegenden Artikel an angeführten polnisch-englischen Beispielen bestimmte Typen, Strategien und Funktionen von Codeswitching in Posts und Kommentaren, die von polnischen Facebook-Nutzern in den Jahren 2014–2019 erstellt wurden, identifiziert und erläutert. Darüber hinaus wird im Text auf die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Facebook-Tools und Materialien zum Codeswitching bei dem Fremdsprachenlehren und -lernen hingewiesen und der Aspekt des „sozialen Lernens“ (Mallia, 2013) mittels Facebook angesprochen.Die Untersuchung basiert auf einem Korpus, das von der Autorin des vorliegenden Artikels entwickelt wurde. In der Untersuchung wurde eine integrative – d.h. qualitative und quantitative Methode eingesetzt. Im analysierten Material lassen sich drei Haupttypen (satzinterner, satzübergreifender, parenthetischer) und -strategien (Alliteration, Parenthese, entsprechende Umstellung von Lexemen) des Sprachcodeswitching unterscheiden. Das Codeswitching deutet hauptsächlich auf die Zugehörigkeit zur bestimmten Gruppe hin, kann aber auch Humor bzw. ein Zitat in die Aussage einleiten oder das Fehlen von Äquivalenten in der Muttersprache signalisieren. Aus dem Artikel ergibt sich, dass es gewisse Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Typen, Strategien und Funktionen des Codeswitching gibt. Die Resultate der betreffenden Analyse werden mit Ergebnissen der neuesten Untersuchungen über das polnisch- und indonesischenglische Codeswitching auf Facebook zusammengestellt.
EN
Social networking services, such as Facebook, are important channels of communication both for monolingual users and for those having various degrees of proficiency in L2, with the latter deploying expression both from L1 and L2. It can, therefore, be presumed that communication on FB plays a role in practicing the use of L2. One of the phenomena that can be examined in relation to that are various forms of code-switching. There is animmense research gap related to Polish-English code-switching appearing on this SNS. To obtain a full picture of the issue, the paper identifies and discusses types, strategies, and functions of Polish-English code-switches found in posts and comments published by Poles on Facebook in 2014–2019. It also indicates possible applications of FB tools and materials including CS in foreign language teaching and learning and shows how Facebook enables “social learning” (Mallia, 2013). The research is based on a corpus constructed by the author of this article. An integrated approach with both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis is used in the paper. Three main CS types (intrasentential, intersentential, and tag-switching) and strategies (alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalisation) have been attested in the material. The code-switches mostly indicate in-group membership but also, for example, introduce humor, quotes, and signal a lack of L1 equivalents. The study points out that there are certain relations between the types, strategies and functions. The resultsof the research are collated with the recent studies on Polish-English and Indonesian-English CS on Facebook.
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