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1

Leon Petrażycki jako twórca nowej teorii prawa naturalnego

100%

Szyszkowska M.

Studia Iuridica

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2018

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vol. 74

185-188

PL

Petrażycki’s philosophy of law remains significant in the 21st century and adheres to the concept of democracy as a system characterized by ideological pluralism. Leon Petrażycki is often mistakenly included in legal positivism. Alike Rudolf Stammler, he is the creator of the theory of natural law of with variable content. The essential necessity of ideals in the life of individuals and society demonstrated by Petrażycki is very important because the ideals perfect the human psyche. Petrażycki’s view indicating the importance of consciousness is significant beyond other scientific disciplines. All legal regulations depend on its level of development, and determine the way of management.

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Právní kultura - na příkladu právní kultury Spolkové republiky Německo:

70%

Mankowski P.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2020

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vol. 159

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issue 7

567-581

EN

Legal culture is an open phenomenon lacking a clear definition. Some fundamental qualities can be ascribed to it, though it is dynamic, not static. It pervades all branches and sub-branches of the law. It embraces private law, criminal law and public law alike. It is deeply influenced by the prevailing understanding of law and a society in a given State, in particular by that State’s constitutional law. Legal culture is formed not by the jurists and their discourses alone, but also by the general public. Besides the respective national legal cultures of its Member States, by now there exists a genuine European legal culture, at least within the EU. By contrast, a global legal culture cannot be identified. Taking the legal culture of the Federal Republic of Germany as but one example for a certain national legal culture, some dominating features emerge: Germany is a constitutional state and strictly subject to the rule of law. The Grundgesetz is a true ‘Basic Law’ and fundament. Since the 19th century, Germany has a great tradition of codified law. A tetralogue between the judiciary, the legal profession, the legislating instances and academia informs German law. The germane and most influential mode of legal publications is the commentary, for instance the Palandt. Academic writing in Germany still is predominantly dogmatic. It is characterized by a more and more raising specialization.

CS

Právní kultura je otevřeným fenoménem postrádajícím jasnou definici. Charakteristické vlastnosti spočívají v její dynamice; proniká všemi oblastmi práva. Zahrnuje soukromé, trestní a veřejné právo. Je ovlivněna chápáním práva a společnosti v daném státním mechanismu, zejména v důsledku působení ústavního práva. Právní kultura není předmětem diskuse mezi samotnými právníky, ale týká se celé společnosti. Vedle národních právních kultur existuje evropská právní kultura, zatímco globální kulturu sotva můžeme identifikovat. Bereme-li právní kulturu Spolkové republiky Německo jako příklad národní právní kultury, můžeme definovat její znaky. Německo je konstituční stát ovládaný především principem vlády práva. Ústava je jejím základem. Od 19. století má Německo rozvinutou tradici kodifikovaného práva. Dialog mezi soudci, advokáty, legislátory a zástupci akademie formuje německý právní řád. Typickými produkty německé právní kultury je komentář. Akademický výzkum je převážně dogmatický. V současné době stále se rozvíjí specializace.

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Współczesne pytania Antygony. O wolności wyborów, o źródłach prawa i uzasadnieniu moralnej słuszności czynów

51%

Lewandowicz J.

Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne

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2015

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vol. 24

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issue 1

23-42

EN

The author presents considerations concerning morality criteria based on cultural and philosophical prepositions. Contemporary issues, in particular bioethical ones, make us pose the questions about the hierarchy of norms and, thus, the hierarchy of activities. This automatically leads to the question about the source (or sources) of law. The basis for these considerations is Antigone by Sophocles as a masterpiece with universal message. From the text analysis one can discover the issue of tradition and its role in social life principles determination. This leads to the question about the sources of law – are they transcendental or immanent? The author points out that Antigone uses the word „law” – „νόμος”, „νόμιμα” – only in relation to the divine laws. Creon’s regulations which oppose them are described as „φρόνημα”– inventions. In this way she acknowledges the supreme character of the transcendental norm. Rejection of the reference to the transcendental leads to „absolute contradiction” in the area of prepositions and attainments of legal objectives. This notion („absolute contradiction”) was used by Joseph Ratzinger in Benedict’s Europe in the cultures crisis. It can be said that this contradiction in the modern age comes from different ways of understanding the relationship between the transcendence and science, and, consequently, law by Galileo. Therefore, the premise of absolute autonomy creates „absolute contradiction”. The attempt to overcome this obstacle is respect for the so called „immanent transcendence”, which is expressed in the natural law. However, one must first acknowledge the existence of the objective truth and the possibility of knowing it and the norm which assesses the consistency of one’s action with those reference points. This norm is one’s conscience which has its autonomy in relation to legal norms that are not based on the natural law. Without that acknowledgement the only justification of law would be mere force. In our cultural situation Antigone’s question about the sources of law and its validity as well as how to save human dignity and love remains still pending.

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Leon Petrażycki jako twórca nowej teorii prawa naturalnego

Právní kultura - na příkladu právní kultury Spolkové republiky Německo:

Współczesne pytania Antygony. O wolności wyborów, o źródłach prawa i uzasadnieniu moralnej słuszności czynów