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TheLinguistic WorldviewRevisited. A Cognitive Analysis of Plant Terms

100%
Mierzwińska-Hajnos A.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
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2010
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vol. 46
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issue 4
457-479
EN
The analysis of plant names offers enormous interpretive possibilities in the field of lexical semantics. (On the name-related interpretation of an expression's meaning, see, for example, Carroll 1985.) One such possibility, for example, is to define a plant term through the prism of the linguistic worldview as proposed by Bartmiński (1999, 2007, 2009), another - by the theory of cognitive domains as delineated by Langacker (1987, 1988a, 1988b, 2005, 2008). The problem is not a trivial one: what is required of a modern lexical analysis nowadays is that it should offer an account of how, for example, the meaning of the word pansy ‘any of various plants of the genera Achimenes or Viola, especially V. tricolor or its hybrids, having flowers with velvety petals of various colors’ is related to such disparate meanings as ‘a man or boy who is considered effeminate’ or even to ‘a homosexual male’.Although both Bartmiński's and Langacker's theories can provide viable lexicographic definitions of an expression such as pansy, the two theories differ in the ways such definitions are held to be structured. Thus, using the notion of facet, Bartmiński's theory makes a clear-cut division between the so-called lexicographical definition of a word and its cognitive counterpart, "which reflects the socially preserved categorization of phenomena specific for a given language and its users" (Bartmiński 2007: 42). Langacker, in turn, by making crucial use of the so-called complex matrix of domains (Langacker 1988: 56), claims - contra Bartmiński - that "the existence of a clear-cut boundary [between linguistic and extra-linguistic knowledge] has been assumed on methodological (not factual) grounds [only]ę (Langacker 1988:57; also Taylor 1989).The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the two approaches to an expression's meaning. It is argued that of the two, it is Langacker's approach that is to be preferred, given its precise description of the processes involved in the "dynamic, on-line" account of plant meaning.
2
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Konzeptualisierungen und Bedeutungen als ‘mentale Erkenntnisprozesse‘ in der Verarbeitung von deutschen und polnischen Phraseologismen

86%
Mazurkiewicz-Sokołowska J.
Glottodidactica
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2017
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vol. 44
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issue 1
97-117
EN
The aim of the paper is an analysis of German and Polish phraseologisms with thefocus on processual aspects of their meaning. The central issue of interest is the individual subjective and emotional shaping of conceptualizations and meanings. The conclusions are concerning the mental phenomenon of processual meaning variability, mental spaces and cognitive domains.
3
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A Logic-Based Approach to Problems in Pragmatics

72%
Seuren P.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
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2010
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vol. 46
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issue 4
519-532
EN
After an exposé of the programme involved, it is shown that the Gricean maxims fail to do their job in so far as they are meant to account for the well-known problem of natural intuitions of logical entailment that deviate from standard modern logic. It is argued that there is no reason why natural logical and ontological intuitions should conform to standard logic, because standard logic is based on mathematics while natural logical and ontological intuitions derive from a cognitive system in people's minds (supported by their brain structures). A proposal is then put forward to try a totally different strategy, via (a) a grammatical reduction of surface sentences to their logico-semantic form and (b) via logic itself, in particular the notion of natural logic, based on a natural ontology and a natural set theory. Since any logical system is fully defined by (a) its ontology and its overarching notions and axioms regarding truth, (b) the meanings of its operators, and (c) the ranges of its variables, logical systems can be devised that deviate from modern logic in any or all of the above respects, as long as they remain consistent. This allows one, as an empirical enterprise, to devise a natural logic, which is as sound as standard logic but corresponds better with natural intuitions. It is hypothesised that at least two varieties of natural logic must be assumed in order to account for natural logical and ontological intuitions, since culture and scholastic education have elevated modern societies to a higher level of functionality and refinement. These two systems correspond, with corrections and additions, to Hamilton's 19th-century logic and to the classic Square of Opposition, respectively. Finally, an evaluation is presented, comparing the empirical success rates of the systems envisaged.
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