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Cognitive effort of voters under three different voting methods - an experimental study

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MALAWSKI M., PRZYBYSZEWSKI K., SOSNOWSKA H.
Operations Research and Decisions
|
2010
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vol. 20
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issue 3-4
69-79
EN
This paper deals with the comparison of the processes of decision making by voters under the approval voting rule (in two variants: classical and categorization) and majority rule. Under the majority rule, each voter chooses a single alternative. Under approval voting, they can vote for as many alternatives as they wish. Under the categorization method, they divide alternatives into three groups: approvable, not approvable and neutral. We conducted a process tracing experiment with respondents choosing an office manager from 13 candidates characterized by 14 attributes. The process of collecting information on candidates from the data presented on the screen was observed by a coordinator. For this experiment, the concept of cognitive effort was defined as the quantity of information gathered. The cognitive effort made under the three methods was compared. The highest cognitive effort was observed in the case of the categorization method and the lowest in the case of approval voting.
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Poziom katecholamin w ślinie podczas stresu egzaminacyjnego i wysiłku poznawczego

63%
Rudnicki K., Rutkowska A., Wieczorek M., University of Antwerp F. o. S. S., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. N. o. W., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. B. i. O. Ś., kjrudnicki@gmail.com, sandra@uni.lodz.pl, marek@biol.uni.lodz.pl
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica
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2015
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vol. 19
PL
By ustalić przydatność katecholamin w ślinie do badania stresu, pobrano próbki od 30 studentów przed egzaminem oraz w dniu pozbawionym stresorów. Następnie aby zbadać wpływ wysiłku poznawczego na poziomy katecholamin, przebadano 31 ochotników, którzy uczestniczyli w dwóch spotkaniach poświęconych realizacji różnych testów poznawczych. Za pomocą HPLC-ED zmierzono poziomy noradrenaliny, dopaminy i adrenaliny w ślinie. W grupie przed egzaminem zaobserwowano wyłącznie obniżony poziom dopaminy w porównaniu do dnia nieobciążonego stresorami. W drugiej grupie wysiłek poznawczy wywołał podwyższenie poziomów wszystkich trzech katecholamin. Zważywszy na niejednoznaczne wyniki z dotychczasowych badań wydaje się, iż adrenalina i noradrenalina w ślinie mogą być stosowane jako markery aktywności współczulnej w badaniach psychologicznych.
EN
In order to determine utility of salivary catecholamines in stress studies, samples were collected from 30 students before an exam and on an ordinary day. Subsequently, to examine the effect of cognitive effort on catecholamines, 31 volunteers, on two days, performed two sets of different cognitive tasks. Noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine levels were examined with HPLC-ED. Stressed group shown alleviated levels of dopamine, while levels of other substances remained unchanged. In the second group cognitive effort elicited elevated excretion of all three catecholamines. Given conflicting results from previous literature it appears that salivary adrenaline and noradrenaline might be useful as non-invasive markers of sympathetic activity in psychological research.
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