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PL
Prognozowanie zagrożenia upadłością jest istotną czynnością w procesie zarządzania, a także kontroli jednostkami gospodarczymi. Jednym z narzędzi prognozowania upadłości są funkcje dyskryminacyjne. By mogły być one użytecznym narzędziem, powinny prowadzić do podobnego ustalenia rankingów przedsiębiorstw pod względem kondycji finansowej, a przynajmniej wskazywać na podobne wnioski w zakresie zagrożenia upadłością. Przeprowadzone badanie wykazało, iż rankingi sporządzone na podstawie różnych funkcji wykazują małe podobieństwo. Natomiast podobne wnioski co do zagrożenia upadłością wyciąga się na podstawie funkcji Altmana, Hołdy i HCP, nieco bardziej różnią się funkcje Koha i Killougha oraz Gajdki i Stosa, najbardziej zaś odstaje funkcja Beermana.
EN
Prediction of the firm’s collapse is one of the important problems in management process. Important forecasting methods are discrimination’s functions. They should lead to fix similar firms’ ranking or at least to draw similar conclusions in collapse danger subject. Perfrmed investigations informs that Altman model, Hołda model and HCP model lead to draw similar conclusions. To more different conclusions lead Koh and Killough model and Gajdka and Stos model. Most different is Beerman model. Rankings are not similar.
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EN
The object of the study are the determinants of the collapse of Yugoslavia considering the historical circumstances that defined the shape of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and were a basis of erosive movements at the beginning of the 1990s that led to a bloody conflict. Relations among the Yugoslav nations under the rule of Josip Broz Tito are described. The situation in the republic on the threshold of war is analyzed with emphasis on the decisions of the political elite of those times who perceived armed conflict as instrumental in implementing the ideas of creating independent political organisms. The course of the 10-day war is outlined that led to the emergence of Slovenia as an independent state. The endeavors of political decision makers to create a nationally homogeneous Croatia to the exclusion of the vital interests of the Serbian minority inhabiting in compact enclaves the region of the Military Frontier and Slavonia are discussed. The character of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina is shown through a description of the besieged Sarajevo, a divided Mostar, the balance of wrongs experienced by inhabitants of Bosnia due to atrocities committed by all the warring parties.
EN
Among the key causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Treaty of Warsaw were socio-economic factors, which were at the forefront and were based on the total incompetence of the communist leadership in production matters. The party nomenclature constantly replaced the activities of the economic structures of the country, ignorantly dictated plans and vectors of development that ultimately led to a permanently low material living standards of the citizens of the USSR and a permanent production shortage. It reached its peak in the late 80s of the 20th century, turned into a total crisis and set the country on the brink of failure. As a result, the socio-economic problems in the synthesis with a quantity of political, ethnic and religious issues significantly intensified the national liberation movement and led to the restoration of the state independence of Ukraine, collapse of the USSR and the alliances imposed by the Soviet Union on satellite countries.
EN
This article aims to present the ways in which the ethics of authority, including government, is collapsing in the contemporary world. The authors demonstrate what consequences numerous abuses and negligence can bring to education and the future. The article is based on reflections supported by actual research, which confirms the theses contained in it. Not only consequences are highlighted, but also ways in which they can be prevented. The most important aspect for the progress of science and the prevention of the depreciation of states is to stand firm against the abuses and appropriations committed by authority figures and to fight against “skimpiness” both in everyday life as well as in science. The current world picture does not promise a happy future. Humanity should strive for greater openness without allowing itself to be subjected to authorities whose actions contradict what they really are.
EN
Western imagination has often portrayed islands as heavenly places, or even utopias. However, contemporary island narratives often put violence, social inequalities, as well as climate issues and topics of exile at the heart of their narrative. The districts of "Gaza" and "West Eden" in Alfred Alexandre’s novel Les Villes assassines (2011) and in Nathacha Appanah’s Tropique de la violence (2015) are indeed depicted as zones of extreme precarity. This article examines the relevance of the conceptual category of “dystopia” for addressing certain tropes of French-speaking island literature. The link between dystopia and the popular notion of “collapse” shall lead us to examine new modes of representation of contemporary islands in these two novels, particularly when discussing the prevalent topics of slums and undocumented immigrants.
FR
L’imaginaire occidental a souvent dépeint les îles comme des endroits paradisiaques, voire des utopies. Or, on constate que les récits contemporains des îles, c’est-à-dire écrits par des auteurs eux-mêmes habitants des îles, placent la violence, les inégalités sociales, les enjeux climatiques et les problématiques de l’exil au cœur de leurs dispositifs narratifs. Les quartiers d’« Eden Ouest » et de « Gaza » dans le roman du Martiniquais Alfred Alexandre (Les Villes assassines, 2011), et dans celui de la Mauricienne Nathacha Appanah (Tropique de la violence, 2015) inscrivent ces thématiques au cœur de représentation spatiale. De l’utopie, serions-nous passés à la dystopie ? Cet article examine la pertinence de ces catégories conceptuelles pour aborder certains tropes de la littérature insulaire francophone, en l’associant notamment à la notion en vogue d’« effondrement » et de contre-exotisme, s’attachant en particulier à la représentation du quartier insalubre et au thème de l’immigration clandestine.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza przesłanek wewnętrznych i międzynarodowych upadku Związku Radzieckiego oraz jego skutków dla Polski i jej miejsca w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej. Ukazuje on zmiany geopolityczne, które dokonały się wówczas w Europie i na świecie oraz ich wpływ na reorientację polityki zagranicznej Polski na przełomie XX i XXI wieku. W artykule staram się odpowiedzieć na kilka pytań oraz weryfikuję kilka tez i hipotez związanych z upadkiem ZSRR. Główną tezą jest konstatacja, że do upadku Związku Radzieckiego oprócz przyczyn wewnętrznych w dużym stopniu przyczyniła się ówczesna sytuacja międzynarodowa w Europie i na świecie, w tym “jesień ludów 1989” w państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. Przeprowadzona analiza pokazuje, że upadek Związku Radzieckiego miał pozytywne znaczenie dla Europy, świata i Polski oraz jej polityki zagranicznej. Przyczynił się do zakończenia zimnej wojny, upadku ładu jałtańsko-poczdamskiego i rozpoczęcia budowy nowego porządku międzynarodowego. Polityka zagraniczna Polski po upadku ZSRR była zgodna z polską racją stanu i miała istotne znaczenie dla Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. Została oparta na systemie euroatlantyckim i bliskich relacjach z Niemcami, Francją, Wielką Brytanią, Stanami Zjednoczonymi oraz z państwami Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. Przy pisaniu artykułu wykorzystałem teorię realizmu klasycznego, teorię polityki zagranicznej państwa i teorię konstruktywizmu oraz takie metody badawcze jak opis i krytyczną analizę dokumentów i literatury przedmiotu. Bazę źródłową stanowią polsko- i obcojęzyczne dokumenty publikowane, prace zwarte, artykuły i studia oraz informacje z prasy Internetu
EN
The paper is aimed at analysing the domestic and international determinants of the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the consequences for Europe, the world and Poland, as well as its place in Central and Eastern Europe. It demonstrates geopolitical changes that took place in Europe and the world, as well as their effects on the reorientation of Poland’s foreign policy at the turn of the 21st century. In the article, the author attempts to answer a few questions and verify several theses and hypotheses related to the reasons and effects of the collapse of the USSR. The key thesis is that the fall of the Soviet Union was provoked not only by the internal factors but also to a great extent by the international situation in Europe and the world, including the Revolutions of 1989 in the states of Central and Eastern Europe. The analysis shows that the collapse of the Soviet Union has had a positive impact on Europe, the world, Poland, and its foreign policy. It contributed to the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the Yalta-Potsdam order, and the creation of a new international order. After the fall of the USSR, Poland’s foreign policy was consistent with the Polish raison d’état and was of great importance for Central and Eastern Europe. It was based on the Euro-Atlantic system and close relations with Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In the article, the author refers to classical realism, the theory of foreign policy, and constructivism and applies the following research methods: description and critical analysis of documents and literature on the subject. The source base comprises Polish and foreign published documents, monographs, articles and studies, and press releases.
EN
In the article the crisis is presented as the infringement status quo of the social life and the individual life of people. As the social occurrence it has two sides: positive and negative. Manifestation of the first is defeatism, resignation and approval of the course of occurrences. In the positive version it is a expression of the faith and heightened activities into the possibility of overcoming threats. The author limited himself to the descriptive, deprived axiological colouring, presentation of the crisis.
XX
В статье кризис представлен как нарушение status quo общественной и личной жизни человека. Как социальное явление, он имеет две стороны: позитивную и негативную. Выражением первой является пораженчество, смирение и принятие хода событий. В позитивной версии он проявляет веру и усиление активности в возможность преодоления угроз. Автор ограничи-вается описательным, лишенным аксиологической окраски, определением кризиса.
EN
This study is concerned with the swooning as one of the characteristic motifs of modernism, arising from a period of reflexive attention. First it will examine this in the dramas of Arthur Schnitzler Zug der Schatten and Frank Wedekind’s Erdgeist, then will turn to the demarcated realm of Central European Modernism (with support from Moritz Csáky’s characterization of Zentraleurope) as located in the works of Karel Čapek. Janáček’s libreto The Makropulos Affair comments on the basic polemics in whose background are shown the crucial importance of the motif of fainting in the overall construction of Čapek’s early works.
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