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EN
Colour as a subject has led to numerous studies in various disciplines (such as physics, psychology, chemistry or history of art, to name a few). In the field of linguistics, the names of colours have been analysed from different points of view but all those works concerned mostly the words related to colours used in the general language. The aim of the present paper is to focus on the terms related to colours used in history of art texts, and to show the unexpected complexity of such terminology. After presenting the definitions of colour we will describe two different aspects of French terminology related to colour: firstly, the forms of terms from the point of view of their morphological and semantic motivation, and secondly, the cultural and historical reasons of such linguistic abundance and complexity of the colours’ terminology.
PL
The article describes six basic colour terms and their connotations concerning love on the basis of love between a woman and a man by prism of Poles and Germans.The analysis covers selected expressions with a colour element connoted a feeling of liking someone combined with sexual attraction to answer following questions: What colour does love have in Polish and German? What are physiological sources of the symbolism of love’s colours in Polish and German culture? Is the perception of love similar or different in both languages?
EN
An intentional and significant palette : colour symbolism in some of Emile Zola’s novels In naturalist novels, aiming to depict the reality as faithfully as possible, colours are particularly important, and need to be carefully selected. An attentive reader of Zola’s Rougon-Macquart series might notice a very special use of colours that are often charged with an important symbolic value: being not only an ornament or a detail, they frequently influence and/or express the characters’ features. The proposed classification shows some most relevant examples of Zola’s conception of colours in selected parts of the series.
PL
Korzeniowski’s novel features different colours (white, yellow, red, green, skyblue (azure), brown, pink, orange, gray and black) that describe and specify the appearance of the protagonists, their places of abode and the surrounding nature. The significance of these ”primary” colours are then complemented with a special vocabulary of light and shade that renders not only the beauty of the characters in the novel but chiefly their emotions and experience. The colours are to distinguish and differentiate the protagonists of the book, who are identifiable by coded references to colours. They are representatives of the local petty gentry, impecunious minor noblemen, who nevertheless live sumptuously and above their station and the colours are to show their bad taste and poor choices. This group is contrasted by a traditionally living family of the Starzyckis, who are faithful to their tradition and live a modest and orderly life, while their ideals concerning order and modesty can be seen even in their dress. Thus, the colours attributed to them and to their environment are to reevaluate virtues, highlight values and those traits of character that the author of the novel considered most important. Fanciful and colourful little things as well as the colours used in the descriptions of nature underline the realism of the setting in the novel. Colours in Kollokacja are mainly evoked in the linguistic creation of the protagonists and their emotions, whereas much more sparingly in descriptions of manors, houses and nature, which emphasizes even more the dominant role of the characters of the novel and the subordinate role of nature and the description of villages and cottages as the setting for the novel.
EN
The poetic texts of priest Pasierb present a peculiar sensitivity to the names of colours. The author of Koziorożec ( Capricorn ) paid particular attention to the role  of light, hence his works present a separate category of expressions regarding light and darkness, flash and brightness. It is the result of, among others, the culturallyconditioned evaluation of light and dark and the related axiological attitude towards the world. Also present are numerous lexemes situated in the lexical field of, for instance, red, yellow, golden, blue, black and white. The collected material shows that the names of colours present in Pasierb’s works do not so much name reality as co-create the mood of particular texts, creating as a result a set of delicate poetic impressions.
EN
Aim. How the concepts of colour and number in Bolu tales are perceived in the beliefs and lives of cultures has been examined in our study. We tried to find an answer to the importance of colour and number images in Turkish culture, to compare them with literary works in the literature, in what sense these images are used and whether there is a fundamental point in these areas of use. Methods. In this study, the method of literature review, which is one of the qualitative research techniques, was used. Various researches previously discussed on this subject were also used as auxiliary elements. Results. Since the scope of our study is within certain limits, common colours, and numbers, which are more common in Turkish culture, are discussed. The white, black, green, and yellow colours are detected in Bolu tales; the numbers three, seven and forty carry the meanings assigned to them in Turkish culture and Islam. Conclusion. This study, the use of colours and numbers in fairy tales was examined in Bolu tales and a generalisation was reached. As a result of the colours and numbers being images in the 88 fairy tales examined, the colours and numbers determined in the tales were handled from a historical, religious and cultural point of view; first of all, explanations were made about the meaning of the concepts of colour and number and how they existed, and it was determined in which context of meaning the explanations were reflected imaginatively in Bolu tales.
EN
In the contemporary linguistic research, the colour system occupies a special position. Today’s culture space is supersaturated with colours, which are important semiotic components of human functioning and their relationships with other people. This paper attempts to describe colour semiotics from the point of view of the human’s development period. The author tries to find an answer to the question whether colours can also determine the age frame of a person. First, the relationship between colours and time is analysed. The suggested description of the stages of life through the colour spectrum shall allow answering the question how the respective stages of human life are determined by the colours assigned to them by the culture.
EN
In the contemporary linguistic research, the colour system occupies a special position. Today’s culture space is supersaturated with colours, which are important semiotic components of human functioning and their relationships with other people. This paper attempts to describe colour semiotics from the point of view of the human development period. The author tries to determine whether colours can also determine the age frame of a person. First, the relationship between colours and time is analysed. The suggested description of the stages of life through the colour spectrum allows answering the question of how the respective stages of human life are determined by the colours assigned to them by the culture.
EN
Fathers, stepfather, caregivers in the ‘upon the Niemen’ novels by Eliza Orzeszkowa are figures clearly outlined. Their creations are made also by the means of color, light and shadow. Writer, creating the characters of fathers, stepfather and caregivers operates with the color subtly and sparingly, especially in the description of their clothes and bodies. Names, definitions of glow, light and shadow are the components serving the verbalization and dynamization of feelings, experiences and behaviors, as well as descriptions of the personality in the characteristics of characters. Creation of men are also served by the background and the environment color, which is a typical aspect of the novel design by Orzeszkowa.
EN
The article presents the category of colour in modern Polish poetry, and based on an interpretation of Ewa Górecka’s book, Konstatnego Ildefonsa Gałczyńskiego gry barwą z wyobraźnią i kulturą [Colours as Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński’s Play with Imagination and Culture]. The colour palette in Gałczyński’s poetry includes golden, silver, green, blue, red and black. Culture was an inspiration for the poet, but he didn’t avoid entering into dialogue with it, establishing the meanings of colours in his writing. The colours present in Gałczyński’s lyric poetry also indicate the changes in his poetic language. The way in which the poet uses them in his early works differs from their use in those created after 1945.
EN
Architecture links the pragmatic and metaphysical dimension of the culture. This phenomenon of architecture is particularly visible in sacred buildings. Churches are also the signs of the sacred in the “semiotic landscape” of modern cities. The full meaning of sacred architecture is not only connected with the institutionalised forms of religious cult. The value of location, plan composition, outlines’ shapes, architectural detail make these buildings the reinterpretation of the sacred buildings’ archetypes. In their forms we can interpret the meaning of universal symbols: a road, gate, nave, vault, tower, light and colours. We can find the sequences of these notions in modern buildings which semantic dimension lacks direct references to religion. The attributes typical of churches imitate architectural forms of museums, opera houses, theatres and shopping arcades ... The redefinition in the cultural space is deepened by the signs of “parasacralization” of its areas which have been connected so far with mass culture, entertainment or even commerce or consumption. The ideas of the sacred and beauty – having been redefined for ages – still determine the nature of erected buildings which were religiously inspired. We can identify the elements of these ideas in diverse forms of space which is used for meditation, prayer and liturgy. The symbolic originators of their architecture, which contemporary-wise keep a particular power of message, are light and colours.
PL
Architektura spaja wymiar pragmatyczny z wymiarem metafizycznym kultury. Szczególnie czytelnymi wyrazami tego fenomenu architektury są budowle sakralne. Świątynie są również znakami sacrum w „krajobrazie semiotycznym” współczesnych miast. Pełny sens architektury sakralnej nie wiąże się wyłącznie z instytucjonalnymi formami kultu religijnego. Walory lokalizacji, kompozycje planów, kształty sylwet, detale architektoniczne czynią te budowle reinterpretacjami archetypów budowli sakralnych. W ich formach odczytujemy wymowę uniwersalnych symboli: drogi, bramy, nawy, sklepienia, wieży, światła i kolorów. Sekwencje tych pojęć rozpoznajemy także we współczesnych budowlach, których wymiar znaczeniowy pozbawiony jest bezpośrednich odniesień do religii. Przymioty właściwe świątyniom naśladują formy architektoniczne muzeów, oper, teatrów, galerii handlowych... Przewartościowania w przestrzeni kulturowej pogłębiają obecnie przejawy „parasakralizacji” tych jej obszarów, które dotąd związane były z kulturą masową, rozrywką, czy nawet handlem lub konsumpcją. Idee sacrum i piękno - poddawane od wielu stuleci redefinicjom - wciąż wyznaczają istotę budowli wznoszonych z inspiracji religijnych. Pierwiastki tych idei identyfikujemy w różnorodnych formach przestrzeni, służących medytacji, modlitwie i liturgii. Symbolicznymi kreatorami ich architektury - zachowującymi współcześnie szczególną siłę wyrazu - są światło i kolor.
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EN
Seeking to establish a theory of experience overcoming the horizon of the Enlightenment, in some of his earlier texts Benjamin reflects on phantasy. These reflections establish a logics or language of the world besides the (Neo-Kantian) duality of intuition and reason, or receptivity and spontaneity. This language, instantiated especially by the rainbow, discloses the truth without application of rational categories. The truth, however, does not disclose itself, and cannot be conceived of, simply as a continuum of one medium. Rather, it appears in a discontinuity transcending this medium without disturbing it.
EN
This article presents JerzyWolff’s understanding of the picture plane. For Wolff this plane is a special object which transforms its “face”: from a physical surface into an artistic and finally aesthetic space. This process of transformation and the category of metamorphosis itself are analysed in each part of the article. In the first part, which concerns the physical surface of a thing, the thesis that an artist can paint on everything is developed, thus the picture plane is any surface on which a painter applies paints. However, the fact of its distinction and acting on it causes that this surface acquires the status of an intentional object. In the second part of the article the picture plane is considered as the primed surface of a thing, especially as primed canvas, which is an artistic object with its own secondary beauty. Priming is a kind a painting which brings new qualities and causes that the picture plane has colour, dimension, space and texture. In the third part the picture plane is presented as the proper organised space of a picture which has the aesthetic qualities. The presence of this plane is a sign that a painting is a work of art.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje Jerzego Wolffa rozumienie płaszczyzny obrazu. Jest ona dla tego malarza swoistym przedmiotem, który zmienia swe „oblicze” – z fizycznej powierzchni rzeczy przemienia się w artystyczną, a ostatecznie estetyczną przestrzeń. Ten proces transformacji oraz sama kategoria przemienienia są analizowane w poszczególnych częściach artykułu. W części pierwszej, która dotyczy fizycznej powierzchni rzeczy, rozwijana jest teza, że artysta może malować na wszystkim, że zatem płaszczyzna obrazu to dowolna powierzchnia, na której malarz kładzie farbę. Jednakże sam fakt jej wyróżnienia i działania na niej sprawia, że nabiera ona charakteru przedmiotu intencjonalnego. W części drugiej płaszczyzna obrazu jest rozważana jako zagruntowana powierzchnia rzeczy, w szczególności płótna, zatem jako obiekt artystyczny, dla którego właściwe jest tzw. piękno wtórne. Gruntowanie jest już bowiem rodzajem malowania, które wnosi określone jakości i sprawia, że płaszczyzna malarska posiada kolor, rozmiar, przestrzeń i fakturę. Natomiast w części trzeciej ukazana zostaje płaszczyzna jako pewna odpowiednio zorganizowana przestrzeń obrazu o wysokiej wartości estetycznej. Obecność tej płaszczyzny świadczy o tym, że obraz jest dziełem sztuki.
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PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki ankiety dotyczącej konsumpcji kawy oraz wyniki wizualnej i instrumentalnej oceny kaw. Głównym przedmiotem rozważań był rodzaj stosowanych dodatków podczas przygotowywania kawy. Na podstawie badań ankietowych stwierdzono, że 58,3% respondentów używa środki słodzące, a 92,7% środki zabielające kawę (głównie mleko o zawartości 3,2% tłuszczu).
EN
The paper presents results of a SURVEY concerning coffee consumption together with results of visual and instrumental coffee analyses. The investigations focused on the type of additives used when preparing coffee. Based on the survey it was found that 58.3% respondents use sweeteners and 92.7% coffee whiteners (mainly milk with 3.2% fat content).
EN
The Dramaturgy of Colour in David Fincher’s Gone Girl   The article is an analysis of colour symbolism in David Fincher’s Gone Girl where yellow, blue and green are symbols of marital breakdown. Colours and their contrasts emphasize competing versions of events in the film and emotional conflicts between the characters. The text refers to the psychology of visual perception and Susanne Marschall’s idea of colour playing a dramatic, symbolic and emotional role in the film.
PL
Autorka posługując się tropami odnalezionymi w literaturze o charakterze biograficznym, ale również w oparciu o zebrany materiały badawczy, na który składa się 75 pisemnych wypowiedzi studentek pedagogiki, podjęła próbę ukazania kolorytów kobiecej tożsamości. Nie chodzi tu jednak o stworzenie ujednoliconego obrazu czy portretu kobiety, lecz o odkrywanie różnorakich barw i metaforycznych odcieni, które składają się na ten obraz, z świadomością, że przecież każdy przeżywa siebie zupełnie inaczej, buduje inaczej, bo jest kimś innym. Chciałbym nieustannie pokazywać z zachwytem cudowną barwność świata i zarazem przypominać, że zasadza się ona na jedności H. Hesse
EN
The author, using the traces found in the biographical literature, but also based on the collected research materials, which consist of 75 written statements of pedagogy students, attempted to show the colours of the female identity. However, this is not about creating a unified image or a woman’s portrait but about discovering the various colours and metaphorical shades that make up this image, with the knowledge that everyone experiences themselves differently, builds differently, because they are someone else.
EN
The colour incompatibility claim was first introduced by Wittgenstein in the Tractaus. It states that there can be only one colour in one place and time. It is commonly believed that Wittgenstein abandoned his conception of logical atomism after he had understood the consequences of his colour incompatibility claim. The main goal of this article is to provide an interpretation of the colour incompatibility claim in terms of Wittgenstein's phenomenology. I will focus on two works which are of great significance for the colour incompatibility claim, namely, Some Remarks on Logical Form and Philosophical Remarks. The period between 1929 and 1930 is the time when these two works came into existence, and it is the beginning of the “middle period” of Wittgenstein's philosophy. My attention will not only concern the fact that Wittgenstein formulated the colour incompatibility claim, but I will also address the issue of how this claim was justified. The grasp of Wittgenstein's justification of the colour incompatibility claim will help to understand his phenomenology and his theory of philosophical grammar.
PL
Już w Traktacie Wittgenstein sformułował tezę o ekskluzji kolorów. Głosiła ona, że w jednym miejscu i czasie może być tylko jeden kolor. Powszechnie uważa się, że ponowne przemyślenie tej właśnie tezy skłoniło Wittgensteina do odrzucenia podstawowych założeń logicznego atomizmu. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie filozoficznej interpretacji tezy o ekskluzji kolorów. W naszych dociekaniach skupimy się na dziełach, w których problem ekskluzji kolorów zajmuje szczególne miejsce. Pierwszym jest artykuł Kilka uwag o formie logicznej, drugim natomiast obszerniejszy tekst pod angielskim tytułem Philosophical Remarks. Lata 1929–1930, czas powstania obu dzieł, zapoczątkowały tak zwany „średni okres” filozofii Wittgensteina. Przede wszystkim zwrócimy uwagę na sposób, w jaki teza o ekskluzji kolorów była uzasadniania w Kilku uwagach o formie logicznej, a w jaki w Philosophical Remarks. Sposób uzasadniania tej tezy przez Witgensteina będzie miał istotne znaczenie dla kształtowania się jego koncepcji fenomenologii oraz gramatyki filozoficznej.
PL
Ślady kryminalistyczne w postaci włókien zabezpieczane są w różnego typu zdarzeniach, takich jak przestępstwa na tle seksualnym, napady, zabójstwa, wypadki drogowe. W przypadkach ustalania związku pomiędzy osobami poszukuje się najczęściej włókien przeniesionych z odzieży sprawcy na odzież ofiary i odwrotnie. Pierwszą fizykochemiczną cechą włókna, którą poddaje się weryfikacji w badaniach kryminalistycznych, jest barwa. Ewentualne różnice w barwie pomiędzy np. materiałem odnalezionym na miejscu zdarzenia a wchodzącym w skład odzieży podejrzanego sugerują, iż włókna nie mogą pochodzić z tego samego źródła. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie zagadnień barwności odnoszących się do włókien stanowiących ślady kryminalistyczne.
EN
Forensic evidence in the form of fibres is recovered in cases involving sexual offenses, assault, murder and road accidents. In the event when a connection between persons is determined, fibres transferred from an offender's to a victim's clothing and vice versa are sought for. Colour is the first physico-chemical property verified during forensic analysis. Any colour differences between materials recovered at the crime scene and those originating from a suspeefs clothing suggest that fibres cannot have come from the same source. The aim of this article is to introduce the colour-related issues as they pertain to forensic fibre evidence.
EN
Wittgenstein introduced his claim about colour incompatibility originally in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, where he stated that there could be only one colour in one place and time. It is commonly believed that Wittgenstein abandoned his conception of logical atomism when he realized the consequences of this claim. The aim of this article is to provide an interpretation of the colour incompatibility claim in terms of Wittgenstein’s phenomenology. I will focus on two works of great significance for the claim: Some Remarks on Logical Form and Philosophical Remarks. These two works were written between 1929 and 1930, which is the beginning of the “middle period” in Wittgenstein’s philosophy. I will focus not only on Wittgenstein’s formulation of the colour incompatibility claim, but also on how this claim was justified. The explanation of Wittgenstein’s justification of this claim will help to understand his phenomenology and theory of philosophical grammar.
PL
Już w Traktacie Wittgenstein sformułował tezę o ekskluzji kolorów. Głosiła ona, że w jednym miejscu i czasie może być tylko jeden kolor. Powszechnie uważa się, że ponowne prze-myślenie tej właśnie tezy skłoniło Wittgensteina do odrzucenia podstawowych założeń logicznego atomizmu. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie filozoficznej interpretacji tezy o ekskluzji kolorów. W naszych dociekaniach w sposób szczególny skupimy się na dziełach, w których problem ekskluzji kolorów zajmuje szczególne miejsce. Pierwszym jest artykuł Kilka uwag o formie logicznej, drugim natomiast obszerniejszy tekst pod angielskim tytułem Philosophical Remarks. Lata 1929–1930, czas powstania obu dzieł, zapoczątkowały tak zwany „średni okres” filozofii Wittgen-steina. W sposób szczególny zwrócimy uwagę na sposób, w jaki teza o ekskluzji kolorów była uza-sadniania w Kilku uwagach o formie logicznej, a w jaki w Philosophical Remarks. Sposób, w jaki owa teza była przez Witgensteina uzasadniania, będzie miał istotne znaczenie dla kształtowania się Wittgensteinowskiej koncepcji fenomenologii oraz gramatyki filozoficznej.
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