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Filoteknos
|
2020
|
issue 10
410-424
EN
Beyond teaching practices that have treated comics and graphic novels principally as instruments of promoting reading until now, this article points out the multimodality and own aesthetic of this media. It therefore inquires more precisely into what a suitable multimodal aesthetic reception might look like in secondary school, that avoids a technologically determinative functional development and relates reading, writing, and designing to each other operationally. To this end, (previous) comprehension models for text-picture-integration are brought into focus, with reference to select findings on the research-based didactics of writing. This is supplemented by explorative analyses of how comics are really received in authentic writing lessons. The essay concludes with a combination of these perspectives to offer a point of view on bridging classroom practices and the findings regarding the reception to deal with current possibly neglected aspects of comics.
2
100%
EN
Seen through the perspective of reception, the works of Witold Gombrowicz constitute a wide range of receptive proposals, selectively updated in the constant dynamic of the interactive discourse between the literary subject and the reader. The reader is invited in a covert partnership with his communication peer (the author–the producer) in their joint journey to the own polyphonic, unidentifiable, mutational ego. The relation to the self, as permanently disputed by otherness, finds its artistic application through the comic as the most powerful weapon against the Form, both in the field of the author and of the recipient.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2021
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vol. 112
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issue 3
91-106
PL
W artykule oglądowi poddano rodzinę słowotwórczą śmiechu w poematach Cypriana Norwida. Tworzy ją 10 leksemów: naśmiać się, pośmiewać, pośmiewisko, rozśmiać się, śmiać się, śmiech, śmieszny, wyśmiewać się, wyśmiewany i zaśmiać się, użytych łącznie 43 razy. Jedynie w części owych użyć wymienione wyrazy wiążą się z szeroko rozumianą kategorią komizmu czy radości. Nawet wówczas jednak śmiech i śmianie się stosunkowo rzadko mają charakter czysto ludyczny i są waloryzowane dodatnio. Znacznie częściej ten, kto się śmieje, jest oceniany negatywnie ze względu na to, że jego wypowiedzi i zachowania okazują się skierowane przeciwko komuś lub czemuś, stanowią przejaw naznaczonego wyższością agresywnego stosunku wobec drugiego człowieka albo też jakichś fenomenów czy zdarzeń, a samo śmianie się bywa zachowaniem nieautentycznym bądź sygnałem emocji i postaw negatywnych. W użyciach przymiotnikowych aspekt ludyczny albo w ogóle nie istnieje, albo też jest wyraźnie drugoplanowy, a leksemowi śmieszny zazwyczaj można przypisać znaczenie ‘dziwny, dziwaczny, zaskakujący’ i/lub ‘błahy, niezasługujący na uwagę’.
EN
The paper offers an insight into a family of a root word śmiech (laugh) in Cyprian Norwid’s poems. The family is composed of 10 lexemes, namely naśmiać się (have a good laugh), pośmiewać (spend some time laughing), pośmiewisko (laughing stock), rozśmiać się (make laugh), śmiać się ( laugh), śmiech (laughter), śmieszny (laughable), wyśmiewać się (laugh somebody sick), wyśmiewany (laughed) and zaśmiać się (give a laugh), used 43 times in total. In only a part of their uses, the words above refer to a broadly understood category of the comic or joy, but even in such instances laugh and laughing have only occasionally purely ludic character and are positive. Much more often the one who laughs is given negative values since their statements and behaviours prove to be against someone or something, they manifest aggressive and marked by superiority attitude towards the other person or certain wonders or occurrences, while laughing as such tends to be either non-authentic behaviour or a signal of negative emotions or stances. In their uses as adjectives, the ludic aspect is either absent or markedly of secondary importance, and the lexeme śmieszny (laughable) oftentimes is assigned the meaning ‘weird, bizarre, surprising’ and/or ‘trivial, not worthy of attention.’
EN
The article is devoted to the analysis of the pragmatics and semiotics in the productive comic genre of digital communication – the political meme. The empirical material consists of actual internet heterogeneous texts, created after the publication of Alexei Navalny’s film “Palace for Putin”. The comic content is viewed as a way of defusing the public tension of the sanctioned protest, an instrument for interpreting and discussing current social reality, as well as a method of demonizing a political subject “them”. The research assumes multimodality of the media environment and its products. It considers verbal, iconic and metagraphic ways of realizing the pragmatic intentions of the participants in the communication process. The author examines the initial situation (proto situation) that caused a communicative reaction of the internet users in the form of memes, analyzes the essence of a political meme as a heterogeneous text. The article describes the structural organization of memes, the syntactic and semantic relations of the verbal and iconic parts, as well as the use of intertextuality to concisely and expressively transmit new meanings.
5
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Czy satyra jest formą komizmu?

75%
EN
The article undertakes the issue of relation between the comic and satire. Reviewing the recently reprinted book 'O komizmie. Od Arystotelesa do dzisiaj' by Bohdan Dziemidok, the author applies critical analysis to the researcher's proposed understanding of satire as a form of the comic which is equivalent and simultaneously opposite to humour.
XX
The essay deals with collecting original examples of comic book art by historical museums—it puts forward arguments for building such collections. These arguments have their source in the Polish Act on Museums—such objects may represent key values indicated in the Act: historical, artistic and scholarly. The nature of comic book panels and their value as potential exhibits and research material is well illustrated by the example of a collection of original panels from the comic book titled Achtung Zelig! The Second War by Krzysztof Gawronkiewicz (drawings) and Krystian Rosenberg/Rosiński (script). The panels held in the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews collection are being analysed as a record of subsequent changes implemented in the course of the creative process (variants). It turns out that some of the changes can be interpreted as auto-censorship, which might have something to do with the social debate on the subject of Polish-Jewish relations that was ripe in the 1990s. Thus, these objects can indeed serve as a testament to the social history at the turn of the twenty-first century, which further justifies including them into a museum collection.
EN
The study is devoted to the analysis of the interaction of the comic and political in the logic of the popular culture organization. The latter is defined as a form of de-differentiation of mass and elite cultures. It differs from the democratic foundations of Antiquity, where the political needed forms of critical comedy under circumstances of the external institutions absence for self-correction. In the same way, the postmodern situation in the conditions of de-differentiation of all forms of culture gives populism as a new form of political and comic interaction in the conditions of the crisis of the Modernity basic institutions. Postmodern synthesis of political comic and administration of horror testifies to a dedifferentiation in popular culture, and is a symbol of the end of the social. The horror of the total chaos of personified corruption highlights the ironic evidence of their political scheme and the comic populism of their representations. Unlike the comic of Antiquity, where theatrical satire was a way of social criticism of political leaders, and, consequently, a way of increasing meaning, the comic populism of post-modernity is a way of concealing the disappearance of meaning. Although both historical versions of the interaction of political and comic work in the logic of the sign and dominant of popular culture in these periods.
EN
The article is devoted to the analysis of the genre specific and the system of images in the tragicomedy “Volodymyr” written by Theofan Prokopovych. It is emphasized on the synthesis of European and authentic traditions in this work. The observance of the principle of unity of place, time and space as the main feature of this drama is determined in the analyzed tragicomedy. The research examines the specificity of the writer’s vision and interpretation of the Christianization of the Kyivan Rus’ in 988 and the introduction of Christianity as the state religion. It is also highlighted the researcher’s observance and non-observance of this historical fact. The peculiarities of creating the system of images presented in a high tragic style and in a low comic style are studied. The projecting of the historical figure of Prince Volodymyr on the Hetman Ivan Mazepa, who was the contemporary of Theofan Prokopovych, is noted. The conclusions about the innovative nature of the work in the context of the development of the Ukrainian Baroque school drama are drawn. The specificity of the genre is manifested through the synthesis of the comic and the serious features. The main characteristics of the tragicomedy are realized at the level of the system of images and an ideological and thematic spectrum.
EN
The article considers comic humour as an emotional and semantic component of the statements in two comedies written by Nadezhda Ptushkina: Paying ahead and Come and take away, which can be attributed to popular mass literature. Distinguishing between the manifestations of situational and semantic comedy and humour the article shows how the humorous tone of the character’s remarks changes the overall genre tone of the comedy. Due to the idea of how much the personality does not fit into the narrow framework of the stereotypical perception of the situation of the husband’s withdrawal from the family, the article notes the dramatic and tragic modality of the statements in the plays. At the same time, in all situations and in all manifestations of the relationship between the characters, we feel the author’s view. The author is distinguished by the ability to understand and accept a different opinion to optimistically see the possibility of preserving the family and identity of each person in the process of collisions with other opinions. Despite the author’s rejection the play retains a belief in a certain general harmony of the human soul, which is especially vividly perceived thanks to allusions to Chekhov’s plays. Techniques contribute to the removal of the author’s view and the positions of the characters: dialogue of the deaf, distancing the author’s view and the character’s position, wordplay. All these techniques contribute to overcoming the farcical nature of the conflict and its dramatization.
EN
The paper deals with the specifics of outsiders’ laughter in the book Unknown letters (Неизвестные письма/Unbekannte Briefe, Russian 2014, German 2017) by a Russian-German writer Oleg Yuryev. In particular, it analyzes how Russian cultural and historical traumas of the 20th century were reinterpreted in the book from the perspective of an ironical outsider. In doing so, it focuses on a fictional letter by the writer Leonid Dobychin, which is contextualized with fictional letters of Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz and Ivan Pryzhov, representing previous historical and cultural periods. Yuryev’s ironic reflections on the Russian historical reality and literary scene of the 20th century manifest themselves at different levels, from the positioning of outsiders’ laughter in relation to the official and marginal hierarchies of the literary canon to the postmodernist play with the traditions of literary classics. In addition, the paper addresses the inter- and/or transcultural aspect of outsiders’ laughter in Yuryev’s book.
EN
The paper focuses on ethnologic and cultural-anthropologic analysis of freak shows. This was one of the forms of Eurocentric and inhumane approach to corporal and cultural dissimilarities in members of extra-European cultures, or physically handicapped people whose differences became a subject of exhibitions and other forms of public presentations. The freak shows accentuated particularly exotic features of different individuals, their morphological dissimilarities and any other deviations and anomalies differing from the standards related to European population. The paper describes, analyses and interprets historical, cultural, social and power factors and causes which made it possible to turn “the others” into a subject of amusement, astonishment and comic. The paper presents principles and strategies employed by freak shows, mostly determined by their impresarios (Phineas Taylor Barnum, Carl Hagenbeck, Albert Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, William Leonard Hunt). In addition to circuses, zoological gardens and wax museums, the paper does not ignore the influence these freak shows had on theatres, music halls and cabarets. The final part of the paper reveals the inhumane message of freak shows which were grounded on ideological and power construction of Eurocentric cultural standards and values. The aim of the paper is to draw attention to a frequently omitted field of ethnology and cultural anthropology, as well as to the negative consequences resulting from constructing “the others” in the context of mass entertainment and the comic.
12
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Význam humoru v kontextu úvah Louise Cazamiana

63%
EN
The study interprets and develops Louis Cazamian’s theory of humor. It presents the outlines of the theory, which was created in connection with Bergson’s general theory of the comic and his remarks on humor. In the process of zeroing in on Cazamian’s conception of the mechanism of humor as a transposition of man’s natural reaction to reality into the form of an invented response, the study raises the question of the im‑ portance of humor in life. This topic is approached by depicting the evolution of Caza‑ mian’s views on the possibility of establishing a “philosophy” of humor, highlighting a gradually emerging belief in the power of humor to free man from a naive view of reality. The study shows that Cazamian’s thinking as regards the philosophy of humor also contains an inadequately expressed tendency to conceive of humor as a way of criticizing humanity’s rigid approach to reality. The study attempts to highlight and develop this tendency with references to Bergson’s emphasis on the critical role of laughter and Cazamian’s reflections on the complex scope of the suggestive power of humor.
CS
Studie interpretuje a rozvíjí teorii humoru Louise Cazamiana. Ukazuje obrysy této teorie vytvořené v návaznosti na Bergsonovu obecnou teorii komična a na Bergsono‑ vy poznámky o humoru. V souvislosti s přiblížením Cazamianova pojetí mechanismu humoru jako transpozice přirozené reakce člověka na skutečnost do podoby vynale‑ zené responze si studie pokládá otázku po významu humoru v životě. K tomu tématu se přibližuje prostřednictvím zachycení vývoje Cazamianových názorů na možnost stanovení „filosofie“ humoru, přičemž vyzdvihuje jeho postupně se vynořující pře‑ svědčení o síle humoru osvobozovat člověka od naivního pohledu na skutečnost. Stu‑ die ukazuje, že Cazamianovo uvažování o filosofii humoru obsahuje i nedostatečně vyjádřenou tendenci pojmout humor jako nástroj kritiky strnulého přístupu člověka ke skutečnosti. Tuto tendenci se za pomoci poukazů na Bergsonovo zdůraznění kri‑ tické role smíchu a na Cazamianovy reflexe složité působnosti sugestivní síly humoru pokouší studie vyzdvihnout a rozvinout.
DE
In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Humortheorie Louis Cazamians interpretiert und entwickelt. Dabei werden die in Anknüpfung an Bergsons allgemeine Theorie des Ko‑ mischen und an Bergsons Anmerkungen zum Humor entstandenen Umrisse dieser Theorie aufgezeigt. Im Zusammenhang mit der Annäherung an Cazamians Auffas‑ sung zum Mechanismus des Humors als Transposition der natürlichen Reaktion des Menschen auf die Wirklichkeit in die Form einer erfundenen Antwort wird in der Studie die Frage nach der Bedeutung von Humor im Leben gestellt. Die Annäherung an dieses Thema erfolgt vermittels der Verfolgung der Entwicklung von Cazamians Ansichten zur Möglichkeit der Bestimmung einer „Philosophie“ des Humors, wobei Cazamians allmählich zutage tretende Überzeugung von der Kraft des Humors zur Befreiung des Menschen von dessen naiver Sicht auf die Wirklichkeit betont wird. Die Studie zeigt, dass Cazamians Gedanken zur Philosophie des Humors auch eine un‑ zureichend ausgedrückte Tendenz enthält, Humor als Instrument der Kritik am er‑ starrten Zugang des Menschen zur Wirklichkeit aufzufassen. In der Studie wird dabei versucht, diese Tendenz mithilfe von Verweisen auf Bergsons Betonung der kritischen Rolle des Lachens und auf Cazamians Reflexion der komplexen Wirkweise der Sugge‑ stivkräfte des Humors zu betonen und weiterzuentwickeln.
Prace Etnograficzne
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2014
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vol. 42
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issue 3
245–256
EN
The article is a treatise in the field of anthropology of science. The main goal of the essay is the antropological analysis of the comics Expercience by Emilia Dziubak. The author treats the comics as a source of knowledge about stereotypes for the scientist and science. Especially, he points to the mythological patterns used in the comics.
EN
The article shows the understanding by Ivan Goncharov of caricature in literature. In his novel The Precipice the writer created two images, directly marking them as caricatures. The comic effect in creation of images of Polina Kritsky and Akim Openkin is formed by means of using several tools of embodying: the portrait details of static and dynamic character, the speech characteristic and the estimations of the heroine (hero) by the storyteller and other characters. The caricature features are attached to comic effect by consecutive exaggeration of the features peculiar to certain type of a person.
PL
In spite of the fact that Lucan’s sympathies are apparently with the Republicans, his attitude to Pompey, which emerges from the Pharsalia, turns out to be rather critical. Moreover, this criticism actually comes very close to ridicule. Lucan depicts Pompey as a senile and narcissistic leader who dwells on his past success and lives in the world of his own fantasies. Trapped in the vicious circle of his delusions of grandeur, he is rather grotesque than majestic. The harder he tries to enhance his public image, the more pathetic he becomes both in the eyes of his friends and in those of his enemies. The effects of his efforts are, therefore, quite contrary to their purpose. On the one hand, the figure of the senile and deluded Pompey is the caricature of the decaying Roman Republic, whose degeneracy it obviously mirrors. On the other hand, however, Lucan’s grotesque anti-hero is the exact opposite of archetypal epic characters such as Virgil’s Aeneas. Willing yet unable to emulate his literary predecessors, he functions as the caricature of the literary paradigm of a standard epic hero.
16
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Komiks i topika Zagłady

63%
EN
This article is an attempt to include comics into a broader field of research, namely into the topic of Holocaust. In this context, understanding of the topic is related to motifs recurring in this kind of writing. In his text, Sławomir Buryła has enumerated the following keywords: another world, smoke, silence, shmaltsovnik, torturer, selection, trains, Muslim etc. Their presence and functioning in Polish and foreign comics is discussed in the article. Additionally, the author focuses on another motif – photography – which is featured in comics on various different levels. It invokes the reality which is outside a text and, in a way, authenticates the vision presented by comics. The summary elaborates on the dangers of simplification which is characteristic for pop culture. Hence, the article is an attempt to answer the question posed by Giorgio Agamben: “What remains of Auschwitz?”
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą włączenia komiksu do szerszego pola badawczego, a mianowicie do tematu Holokaustu. W tym kontekście rozumienie tematu wiąże się z motywami powracającymi w tego rodzaju piśmiennictwie. W swoim tekście Sławomir Buryła wylicza słowa-klucze: inny świat, dym, cisza, szmalcownik, oprawca, selekcja, pociągi, muzułmanin itp. W artykule omówiono ich obecność i funkcjonowanie w komiksie polskim i zagranicznym. Dodatkowo autor skupia się na innym wątku – fotografii – który pojawia się w komiksach na różnych poziomach. Przywołuje rzeczywistość, która jest poza tekstem i niejako uwiarygodnia wizję przedstawianą przez komiks. Omówiono także niebezpieczeństwa uproszczeń, które są charakterystyczne dla popkultury. Artykuł jest więc próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie postawione przez Giorgio Agambena: „Co pozostało z Auschwitz?”
PL
Recenzja poświęcona jest napisanej we współpracy sześciu autorów pracy Comi-canalyse. Eine Einführung. Recenzent przedstawia rudymentarny zarys badań nad literaturą komiksową, charakteryzuje i ocenia treść pracy oraz wskazuje na jej istotność w rozwijaniu badań nad tym rodzajem literatury.
EN
The review is devoted to the work Comicanalyse. Eine Einführung, written in collaboration of six authors. The reviewer presents a rudimentary outline of research on comic book literature, characterizes and evaluates the content of the work and points to its importance in developing research on this type of literature.
DE
Die Rezension ist dem Buch Comicanalyse. Eine Einführung gewidmet, das in Zusammenarbeit von sechs Autoren entstanden ist. Der Rezensent stellt einen rudimentären Überblick über die Forschungsgeschichte der Comicliteratur vor, charakterisiert und bewertet den Inhalt des Buches und weist auf seine Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der Comicforschung hin.
EN
Joanna Chmielowska’s crime novel Lesio differs from others in its genre due to its narrative perspective and its uniquely strong comedic aspect, which is emphasised in the subtitle. The titular protagonist, an office-working architect, represents the prototype of the artistically talented underachiever. His attempts at murdering colleague Matylda, PA and “punctuality police”, and another colleague, his rival for the affections of “office-crush” Barbara, are both inept and amusing. The two projected murders are situated amidst comedic events and thus transform the crime novel into a grotesque parody. Lesio’s role and character undergo changes during the novel’s three parts owing to his participation in a workplace contest, as well as his contribution towards the planning of a large holiday and recreational centre. Subsequent sections of this article will focus on the analysis of the following: characterisation of the protagonist; comedic aspects; parody and linguistic styling; and portrayal of the sociocultural background of the People’s Polish Republic in the 1970s.
PL
Lesio to piąta powieść kryminalna Joanny Chmielewskiej, która stanowi w jej pisarstwie pozycję wyjątkową. Podjęta w artykule interpretacja ma ukazać zarówno sposoby przekształcenia modelu powieści kryminalnej, jak i wydobyć jej humorystyczna dominantę. W analizie tekstu stosowano metody badań strukturalnych połączone z elementami socjologii literatury. Powieść odbiega od ukształtowanego wcześniej wzorca zmianą struktury narracyjnej z pierwszoosobowej na trzecio-osobową oraz mocniejszym wyeksponowaniem ludycznego obrazu świata. Autorka akcentowała aspekt humorystyczny, wysuwając go przed kryminalną intrygę i skupiając się na kreacji bohatera oraz na wywołanych jego działaniami komicznych zdarzeniach. Twórczość Chmielewskiej wyodrębniał stosowany przez nią typ komizmu, który odróżniał jej utwory od „klasycznego” kryminału. W Lesiu nastąpiła zmiana konwencji – kryminał „serio” zastąpiła zabawa w kryminał. Autorka konwencjom powieści kryminalnej, nadawała nowe znaczenia i odwołując się do obiegowych motywów gatunku (zbrodnia (nie)doskonała, napad na pociąg), banalizuje je i ośmiesza. Kolejne części artykułu skupiają się na: charakterystyce bohatera; aspektach komediowych; parodii i stylizacjach językowych, których tłem są stosunki społeczno-kulturowe w PRL w latach siedemdziesiątych XX wieku. Istotną przyczyną zwrotu pisarzy i czytelników w stronę „zabawnej sensacji” zdaje się rodzaj oswajania negatywnie kojarzonej przez wielu Polaków niezbyt odległej przeszłości. Kpina z aparatu sprawiedliwości, pokazywanie nieudolnych policjantów, opieszałość organów ścigania łączą się z apologią zwykłego obywatela, który „domowymi sposobami” radzi sobie w tej rzeczywistości. Powieść Chmielewskiej znalazła licznych naśladowców i kontynuatorów po roku 1989 w nurcie groteskowym powieści kryminalnej. Lesio stanowi ważny przykład rozmaitości gatunkowej powieści kryminalnej, zmienności form i funkcji aspektu ludycznego w jej strukturze.
Porównania
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2018
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vol. 23
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issue 2
187-199
EN
In the first part of the text, the review of Mirjana Đurđević’s novels, with particular emphasis on the genre matrices used by her, allowed to formulate the thesis that the dehierarchization of literary genres leads to the demystification of the author’s figure. In the second part of the work special attention was devoted to the satirical and dystopian elements present in the novel Odlazak u Jolki Palki (Going to Yolky Palky) on the background of the Serbian writer’s achievements, ways of constructing the novelistic “new woman” and – on the over-text level – the person of the author. In addition, it will be observed how the character of the “new woman” is formed in the novel, as well as the plot with the ironical happy end which, among other things, contributes to the dehierarchization of literary genres and the deconstruction of the myth about the comic work as a less valuable piece of art, a myth that is still very much alive in the Serbian culture.
PL
Przegląd dorobku powieściopisarskiego Mirjany Đurđević ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wykorzystywanych przez nią matryc gatunkowych pozwolił na sformułowanie w pierwszej części artykułu tezy, że dehierarchizacja gatunków literackich prowadzi do demistyfikacji figury autora. W oparciu o te analizy w drugiej części pracy szczególną uwagę poświęcono elementom satyrycznym i dystopijnym, obecnym w powieści Odlazak u Jolki Palki (Odjazd w Jołki Pałki) i pokazanych na tle całego dorobku serbskiej pisarki, sposobom konstruowania powieściowej postaci „nowej kobiety” oraz – na poziomie ponadtekstowym – figury autorki. Przedmiotem analizy był także sposób prowadzenia fabuły z ironicznym happy endem, co – między innymi – sprzyja dehierarchizacji gatunków literackich, a także dekonstrukcja ciągle żywego w serbskiej kulturze mitu utworu komicznego jako dzieła literackiego o mniejszej wartości artystycznej.
DE
Kafkas Humor und die spezifische Komik seiner Texte sind in den letzten Jahren verstärkt in den Fokus der Forschung getreten. Beide kommen insbesondere in Kafkas Auseinandersetzung mit seinem religiösen Umfeld zum Tragen. Dies soll anhand der Tagebuchaufzeichnungen und Briefe Kafkas nachgewiesen werden. In Anlehnung an Henri Bergson wird Kafkas Komik in den Inkongruenzen zwischen dem assimilierten Westjudentum und dem Chassidismus aufgespürt. Unter Berufung auf Felix Weltsch und Sören Kierkegaard wird Kafkas Humor als Ausdruck seiner geistigen Suche herausgestellt.
EN
Kafka’s humor and the comic aspects of his texts recently have been focused extensively by scholars. Both can be observed particularly in Kafka’s confrontation with his religious environment. This is pointed out on the example of his diaries and letters. Referring to Henri Bergson, Kafka’s specific comical imagery is shown as an effect of the observed incongruencies between assimilated Western Judaism and Hasidic Judaism. With reference to Felix Weltsch and Søren Kierkegaard, Kafka’s humor is emphasized as an expression of his own religious inquiries.
PL
Humor Kafki i specyficzny komizm jego tekstów w ostatnich latach coraz częściej były przedmiotem badań w kafkologii. Oba ujawniają się ze szczególną ostrością w konfrontacji Kafki ze swoim środowiskiem religijnym. Artykuł bada te kwestie na przykładzie dzienników oraz listów Kafki. Odwołując się do Henri’ego Bergsona, komizm Kafki jest ukazany jako efekt inkongruencji występujących w relacji zasymilowanego zachodniego judaizmu do chasydyzmu. W świetle tekstów przyjaciela Kafki, Feliksa Weltscha, oraz filozofa Sørena Kierkegaarda humor Kafki jawi się jako wyraz jego własnych religijnych poszukiwań.
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