Search results

1

David Hume: Unwitting Cosmopolitan?

100%

Glowienka E. W.

Diametros

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2015

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issue Diametros 44

153-172

EN

If Hume is considered cosmopolitan in his ethics at all, he is said to be so through his anti-mercantilist approach to commerce. Prevailing commercial interpretations attribute to Hume a cosmopolitanism that is best described as instrumental and supervenient. I argue that Hume’s principles lead to a cosmopolitan ethic that is more demanding than commercial interpretations recognize. Hume’s cosmopolitanism is more than merely supervenient and its instrumentality is such that cosmopolitan regard becomes inseparable from healthy patriotic concern. I show sympathy and duty, not merely justice, central to Hume’s cosmopolitanism and address how Hume’s moderate cosmopolitanism might be enacted in society. I suggest Hume’s view can contribute to contemporary cosmopolitan discourse, aiding both those forms with which it is consonant and the practical ends of otherwise opposed, Kantian forms.

2

Of British Representational Practices in the Age of Capitalism/Territorialism (1743-1776)

100%

Kobialka M.

Pamiętnik Teatralny

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2021

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issue 4(279)

41-59

EN

The issue addressed in this essay is how the notion of history was altered by the embedding of commerce into the discursive field of eighteenth-century Britain. Even though current eighteenth-century, and Enlightenment, studies draw attention to historiographic questions challenging traditional modes of periodization, the methods by which we acquire and organize knowledge, or the extent to which accounts of the eighteenth century have been driven by the imperatives of the times, this project argues that one historiographic issue that has been significantly underplayed is a different concept of history produced in eighteenth-century Britain by the fundamental operation of mercantile society, its logic of exchange, and the predominance of trade within it. David Hume and Adam Smith’s historiographic trajectory was obscured (and, ultimately, eliminated) by the scientific or materialist notion of history advanced in nineteenth-century historiography.

3

‘Arrestez et pillez contre toute sorte de droit’: Trade and the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)

100%

Dhondt F.

Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies

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2017

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issue 1

PL

The War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) was a conflict between Spain and the other major European powers over the balance of power in Italy. France and Britain jointly intervened on the side of the attacked party, Emperor Charles VI. In February 1720, the conflict was resolved when Philip V of Spain finally adhered to the Treaty of London (2 August 1718). The decision to go to war was contentious at the French court. For the benefit of public opinion, Philip, duke of Orléans and Regent of France, had to wage war against the Spanish Prime Minister, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, rather than against the Sun King’s grandson, Philip V. Moreover, whereas French and British diplomats found consensus as regards maintaining the principles of the Peace of Utrecht (11 April 1713), they remained commercial rivals. This article lifts a tip of the veil covering the complex trade relations during the conflict. Spain tried to placate and reassure French merchants, and conversely to punish their British counterparts. The British fleet patrolled the Mediterranean, searching French vessels as well as those of neutral states. The Emperor, though allied to France and Britain, could not prevent Neapolitan corsairs from preying on their trade. Moreover, French ships illegally furnished the Spanish army. Finally, France and Britain hoped to quell the abuse of neutral powers in the conflict (Tuscany, Genoa, Venice) by imposing upon them a duty to chase Spanish privateers from their harbours. The complaints of French traders, as indicated by the consuls to the Conseil de la Marine and the Regent himself at the apex of the French government, reveal pleas borne out of frustration, as well as appeals to either the law of nations or consular protection to shield merchants from assaults and abuses. When war was declared, inimical, friendly or allied relations in high politics seemed almost irrelevant. The military conflict generated uncertainty and damaged the reputation of the French flag. Diplomatic pressure on the neutral powers was seen as being more effective than reliance on seemingly corrupt or biased local jurisdictions. The Regent’s management of the conflict – in close collaboration with Britain, despite all the difficulties on the ground – is all the more remarkable.

4

Zaspokojenie potrzeb seniora jako użytkownika i konsumenta usług w zamyśle projektanta oraz inwestora na przykładzie projektu prywatnego domu seniora w Ustroniu

100%

Fross K., Politechnika Śląska w Gliwicach

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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2013

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vol. 297

EN

The final consumer of business principles of investor, and the design decisions always on end as final customer also. Then he be able to the best evaluate really or object fulfils his needs. However senior is specific customer, often about individual needs, expectations, opinions. Is fulfilment in one object these varied individual needs for tens persons possible? Or it is possible to guarantee the content conditions of residence as well as spending of time in “new house” the house of senior is what? It it one concrete example of commercial object was tried was how to show exante evaluations they stood helpful in qualification of needs, expectations and standards. It was presented was way the thinkings with the help of investor as well as possibility of realization architectural methods. It problems were described was programmings and undertaking important financial decisions as well as funktional-spatial.

5

Przedsiębiorca, przedsiębiorczość

84%

Zygier M.

Ekonomika i Organizacja Przedsiębiorstwa

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2015

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issue 5 (784)

132-139

PL

Praca ma na celu wskazanie definicji pojęcia przedsiębiorcy, w tym przedsiębiorcy zagranicznego obowiązującej wg polskiego prawa oraz przedstawienia pojęcia przedsiębiorczości jako aktywności biznesowej i zawodowej przedsiębiorców zagranicznych w Polsce.

EN

Article describes definition of entrepreneurs, foreign entrepreneurs and enterprises in Polish law and indicates the form of business, allowing development of business strategy of foreign companies in Poland

6

Andora jako gasnący raj podatkowy.

84%

Gostomski E., Michałowski T.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2013

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vol. 16

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issue 3(60)

166-175

PL

Andora to jeden z najmniejszych krajów Europy położony w Pirenejach. Po drugiej wojnie światowej następował bardzo szybki rozwój tego kraju. Pod względem PKB na mieszkańca Andora prześcignęła Hiszpanię, a nawet Francję. Gospodarka Andory została zbudowana w oparciu o cztery filary: turystykę, handel, bankowość i nieruchomości. Ucierpiała ona mocno w wyniku globalnego kryzysu gospodarczego i pogarszającej się sytuacji ekonomicznej w krajach sąsiadujących, przede wszystkim Hiszpanii. Do niedawna Andora znajdowała się na „szarej liście” OECD krajów nieprzestrzegających międzynarodowych standardów w zakresie opodatkowania. W ostatnich latach zbudowała jednak kompletnie nowy system podatkowy oraz podpisała szereg umów bilateralnych dotyczących wymiany informacji w sprawach podatkowych i unikania podwójnego opodatkowania. Obecnie przed gospodarką Andory stoi wiele wyzwań związanych z występowaniem poważnych barier rozwojowych.

EN

Andorra is one of the smallest countries in Europe, which is situated in the Pyrenees. After World War II, Andorra was developing rapidly. In terms of GDP per capita, Andorra has surpassed Spain, and even France. Andorran economy has been built up on four pillars: tourism, commerce, banking, and real estate. The country has been hit by the global economic crisis and deteriorating conditions in the neighboring countries, mostly Spain. Until recently, Andorra was in the OECD’s “grey list” of tax havens. However, it has created a completely new tax system and signed various bilateral agreements on exchange of information on tax matters. Nowadays, Andorran economy is facing many challenges associated with serious development barriers.

7

Úvěr a finance v obchodní praxi : Evropa - české země - Praha : směry a perspektivy výzkumu

84%

Buňatová M.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2018

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vol. 116

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issue 3

787-821

EN

This study deals with the theme of commercial practice in the pre-industrial period and presents some of the contemporary directions of the German, Austrian and Italian historiographies. Simultaneously, the study attempts to evaluate the potential application of these methodological approaches for researching the Czech environment. Its text presents some recent results of research in the environs of merchants in Early Modern Age Prague. Namely, recent findings related to commodity and finance credit; book-keeping and accounting, as well as managing customer-supplier relations are dealt with. At the same time further fields of research themes are defined and potential directions and perspectives of future research are proposed.

8

Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej, czyli jak kulturalnie sprywatyzować przestrzeń publiczną

84%

Gądecki J.

Studia Regionalne i Lokalne

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2008

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issue 1(31)

111-121

PL

Sposób zagospodarowania terenu obok Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej (CSW) w Toruniu to przykład nowego w polskich warunkach modelu prywatyzacji przestrzeni publicznej. Przykład Torunia jest istotny dlatego, że pozwala zauważyć, jak w polskich warunkach działa partnerstwo publiczno-prywatne i marketing miejsca oraz jak w ramach jednego projektu powiązane zostają sfery kultury i konsumpcji. Przy okazji budowy CSW prywatny inwestor próbuje stworzyć centrum handlowo-kulturalne na terenie atrakcyjnego, choć zaniedbanego obszaru rekreacyjno-sportowego. Celem tekstu jest przeanalizowanie dynamiki sposobów i strategii stosowanych do przeprowadzenia procesu prywatyzacji przestrzeni publicznej.

EN

The privatization of the Center of Contemporary Art (CCA) area in Torun allows us to observe relatively new processes in Polish urban reality. The case shows how private-public partnership and place marketing are constructed and how partners combine spheres of culture and commerce to realize the investment. Private investor, using the cultural arguments, tries to create a shopping mall in the recreation area located next to the historical center of the city. The aim of the paper is to analyze the dynamics of the process of privatization and strategies used to privatize the public space in an attractive district of Torun.

9

Działania admirała Michiela de Ruytera w drugiej wojnie północnej – zdobycie Nyborga

67%

Pastorek A.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

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2021

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vol. 36

131-150

EN

Admiral Michiel de Ruyter (1607–1676), one of the most prominent commanders of the Age of Sail, known as “Dutch Nelson”, became famous for the military operations carried out during the Second (1665–1667) and Third (1672–1674) Anglo-Dutch War in which he achieved his greatest victories. His participation in the Second Northern War and the conquest of Nyborg is one of the episodes in his long and eventful maritime career. It is worth attention, because it demonstrates admiral’s de Ruyter’s charisma, tactical craftsmanship, and excellent sense of planning the activities on sea in the period when he was not yet a commander-in-chief of the Dutch war fleet. The diplomatic commitment of the Dutchmen and the strength of their fleet deployed for operation in this region prove the high significance of the Sound for their commercial interests within the Baltic Sea. This article attempts to answer the questions of how the operations of Nyborg were perceived in the 17th-century United Provinces of the Netherlands and how they influenced de Ruyter’s career. The 17th-century Dutch sources were used, both written and iconographic, including the biographies of admiral de Ruyter, among them the most famous one by Gerard Brandt, as well as the maps, engravings, and poems from the collection of Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

PL

Admirał Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter (1607–1676), jeden z najwybitniejszych dowódców epoki żagla, nazywany „holenderskim Nelsonem”. Zasłynął z działań na Morzu Północnym, prowadzonych podczas drugiej (1665–1667) oraz trzeciej (1672–1674) wojny angielsko-holenderskiej, podczas których odnosił swoje największe zwycięstwa. Udział w drugiej wojnie północnej i zdobycie Nyborga to jeden z epizodów w jego długiej i niezwykle urozmaiconej karierze morskiej. Godzien jest uwagi, ponieważ pokazuje kunszt taktyczny i znakomity zmysł planowania działań na morzu admirała De Ruytera w okresie, kiedy nie był jeszcze głównodowodzącym holenderską flotą wojenną. Zaangażowanie dyplomatyczne Holendrów oraz liczebność floty wystawionej do działań w tym rejonie dowodzą znaczenia Cieśniny Sund dla ich interesów handlowych w obrębie Morza Bałtyckiego. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie polskiemu czytelnikowi działań wiceadmirała De Ruytera pod Nyborgiem i ich roli w rozstrzygnięciu drugiej wojny północnej. W artykule wykorzystane zostały polskie i holenderskie opracowania, a także holenderskie źródła z epoki, zarówno pisane, jak i ikonograficzne, m.in. XVII-wieczne biografie admirała Michiela de Ruytera, w tym najsłynniejsza autorstwa Gerarda Brandta oraz zbiory Rijksmuseum w Amsterdamie (mapy, ryciny, wiersze).

10

The ‘Merchant Schism’ in Breslau: A Chris- tian-Jewish Conflict and the Construction of the Exchange Building in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

67%

Zabłocka-Kos A.

Acta Poloniae Historica

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2019

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vol. 120

PL

This article seeks to interpret the dispute between Christian and Jewish merchants that took place in Breslau (today, Wrocław in Poland) in the first half of the nineteenth century. The dispute arose in the eighteenth century and severely deepened after the reforms designed by Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg were being introduced in Prussia since 1807. Among other aspects, the conflict revolved around the rapid development of the local Jewish religious community and the fast expansion of its steam-gathering economic elite. The development of Silesian trade, with an enormous role of Jews in it, was accompanied by continuous attempts at regaining the Eastern markets, partly lost after Prussia annexed Silesia in 1740 as well as resulting from the decisions of the 1815 Vienna Congress. In order to restore Breslau as an intermediary in trade between the West and the East and make it an important stock-exchange hub, collective action was a must. However, conflicts between merchants of different religions, including keeping the Jewish merchants off the local exchange, obstructed the design. The dispute was partly averted when a Chamber of Commerce was set up in Breslau in 1849. However, only the gradual quitting by the Christian merchants, members of the merchant corporation, of their privileged position in the organisation of local trade gave way to a compromise. The construction in 1864–7 of a common ‘exchange’ can be perceived as epitomising the completion of a centuries-long dispute. The monumental edifice, the largest and the showiest of all exchange buildings east of Berlin at the time, testified to high aspirations of Breslavian economic circles and their keen willingness to develop trading business far beyond the then-frontier of the state.

11

Ołów i władza: plomby Rurykowiczów i Piastów w Europie środkowo-wschodniej

67%

Musin A.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2022

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issue 63

199-258

EN

The article considers the economic and political use of small lead seals (tag seals) to validate different kinds of social relations in early medieval Poland and Rus’. Originated in Antiquity, the practice of sealing peaked in Byzantium from where it spread to Early Rus’. This is reflected, for example, in the use in late 11th-late 14th centuries of small lead seals referred to as the “Drohiczyn type”. In this paper I put forward an opinion that not all the early medieval small lead seals should be attributed to “coinless economy”. A study of the corpus of small lead seals from Drohiczyn and Czermno, and finds from Mazovia, has identified a group with iconography identical to the Polish Hohlpfennig, suggesting they were commercial-customs small lead seals used by the Piast dynasty, contemporary with the bracteates introduced in the first half/mid-13th-early 14th centuries. The extraordinary number of small lead seals found in Drohiczyn possibly reflects the outstanding position of the town in the Eastern and Central European relationships as well as a short-term relocation of trade routes leading north, caused by the military conflicts of the 1240-1280s in the upper course of the Western Bug. The practice of sealing could have been introduced by Conrad of Mazovia to Poland from Early Rus’. Subsequently, the small Polish lead seals might have contributed to the emergence of lead cloth seals in Western Europe as part of a cultural transfer.

12

Niedobory roku 1945 i zachodniopomorskie pomysły na ich przezwyciężanie. Sprawa „berlińskich zakupów”

51%

Rembacka K.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

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2019

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issue 3

69-88

EN

The article presents the question of the post-war purchases made by Polish clerks in Berlin. The intention behind those purchases was to fill the gap on the Polish market, especially as far as cars are concerned. The mechanism of those purchases was described, together with the originators and participants and the offices and services that took part in the action or controlled it. The article also contains an appraisal of that action and depicts its scale.

PL

Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie powojennych zakupów prowadzonych przez polskich urzędników w Berlinie, których celem było ściąganie deficytowych towarów, w tym samochodów. Przedstawiony został mechanizm jaki towarzyszył „berlińskim zakupom” – zaprezentowani zostali pomysłodawcy i uczestnicy akcji oraz urzędy i służby w nim partycypujące bądź je kontrolujące. Podjęto również próbę oceny zjawiska i jego skali.

Refine search results

David Hume: Unwitting Cosmopolitan?

Of British Representational Practices in the Age of Capitalism/Territorialism (1743-1776)

‘Arrestez et pillez contre toute sorte de droit’: Trade and the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)

Zaspokojenie potrzeb seniora jako użytkownika i konsumenta usług w zamyśle projektanta oraz inwestora na przykładzie projektu prywatnego domu seniora w Ustroniu

Przedsiębiorca, przedsiębiorczość

Andora jako gasnący raj podatkowy.

Úvěr a finance v obchodní praxi : Evropa - české země - Praha : směry a perspektivy výzkumu

Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej, czyli jak kulturalnie sprywatyzować przestrzeń publiczną

Działania admirała Michiela de Ruytera w drugiej wojnie północnej – zdobycie Nyborga

The ‘Merchant Schism’ in Breslau: A Chris- tian-Jewish Conflict and the Construction of the Exchange Building in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

Ołów i władza: plomby Rurykowiczów i Piastów w Europie środkowo-wschodniej

Niedobory roku 1945 i zachodniopomorskie pomysły na ich przezwyciężanie. Sprawa „berlińskich zakupów”