Search results

1

Proekologiczne instrumenty wsparcia zrównoważonego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich

100%

Jeżyńska B.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

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2012

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vol. 10

251-264

EN

In Poland and in many EU member states, rural areas are the dominant part of the country’s area. Their sustainable development determines the degree of the development and progress taking place in the country. The EU Commission has decided that agriculture is an integral part of the economy and European society. The development of Europe’s rural areas and the protection of the environment should be the main goal of European societies and public authorities should be sustainable, intelligent and supporting social including. The implementation of such goals requires the development of new legal regulations creating mechanisms of the common agricultural policy, both in terms of agricultural production and its impact on rural development. In the Projects Pack 2020 CAP the range of financial instruments promoting environmental activities has changed considerably, indicating the increased importance of environmental protection in agricultural production processes and other activities carried out in rural areas. Maintaining environmental requirements is an essential prerequisite for the majority of support and constant element of monitoring, control and evaluation of economic and social activities undertaken in rural areas.

2

Mechanizmy oddziaływania funduszy strukturalnych na konkurencyjność polskiego rolnictwa

100%

Wieliczko B.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

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2012

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vol. 10

441-455

EN

Programmes supporting agricultural and rural development co–financed by the EU implemented in Poland in the programming periods 2004–2006 and 2007–2013 included a series of measures that have a direct or indirect impact on thecompetitiveness of the Polish agriculture. Analysis of the goals of these measures, nature of these instruments and categories of beneficiaries eligible for support enable naming several mechanisms of the programmes’ impact on the competitiveness of the agricultural sector. These include both direct and indirect support to individual farms, as well as support for surrounding of the agriculture and the instruments for structural changes at the level of the entire sector.

3

Renty strukturalne jako instrument poprawy struktury obszarowej rolnictwa i przyspieszenia wymiany pokoleń

100%

Tańska-Hus B.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

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2012

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vol. 10

404-421

EN

Early retirements from farming is one of the instrument of agricultural structure improvement and generation change acceleration introduced to the EU legislation by the Council Regulation (EEC) No 2079/92 and 1257/99, transferred to the Polish law. In the article the EU and the Polish binding legal solutions in the field of early retirements from farming were analyzed. The Author pointed out advantages and disadvantages as well as provided an assessment of impact possibilities that early retirements can have on agricultural area structure improvement and on generation exchange acceleration due to 2004 regulation. It was pointed out that early retirements introduced by this regulation played rather social role as they influenced on the generation exchange acceleration but they did not have any relevant effect on the farm structure improvement.

4

Legitymizacja organizacji rolników w UE i ich wpływ na regulacje unijnego prawa rolnego

100%

Tomkiewicz E.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

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2011

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vol. 9

271-281

EN

n recent programs of socio – economic development of the European Union the issue of the organization of modern and innovative forms of economic cooperation, such as clusters gained special meaning. In literature, the term cluster is usually defined as a geographic cluster of interrelated companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related sectors associated with them institutions, in particular fields that compete and also cooperate with each other. Expanding cooperation within the so–formed network and implementing scientific institutions, local and regional authorities and other support organizations located in a certain proximity, allow to expand the sphere of influence, improve information flow, business operations and competitiveness and innovativeness of the business in a particular region. And these are the assumptions that are the essence of the European concept of the cluster as an innovative form of economic cooperation. The issue of rural clusters is discussed much less frequently than issues related to industrial clusters. Recent objective to improve the competitiveness and rural development policies adopted by the European Union in WPR to 2020: cope with future challenges related to food, natural resources and territorial aspects, involve improving the competitiveness and innovation activities through the creation and promotion of projects jointly implemented, including those fulfilled within clusters. In the Polish economic realities the development of clusters in rural areas faces a far–reaching difficulties. The essential difficulties result from the lack of tradition and willingness to cooperate among agricultural producers as well as producers and other subjects of agri – food market. Even more far–reaching are the legal uncertainties, which are concentrated in three areas. First, whether agricultural activity may be regarded as innovative activity. Second, whether on the basis of existing rules can agricultural entrepreneurs be regarded as producers and their manufacturing activity as a business activity, according to the requirements of forming a cluster and can agricultural producers benefit from financial assistance under the program of Innovative Economy. And thirdly, you should consider the importance of agricultural producer groups and their organizations in the creation and functioning of clusters associated with the agri – food production. Legitimization of the organizations of farmers in the EU and their infl uence on regulations of EU agricultural law Key words: supranational agricultural professional organization, social dialog, common agricultural policy Taking under consideration the increasing importance of social dialog which should contribute to ntensify the democratization of decision–making process in EU, the main aim of this article is to present the influence of supranational agricultural professional organizations on the shape of common agricultural policy and agricultural legislation which regulates it. Such organizations were established in the latter half of fifties of the past century to protect and represent interests of different categories of farmers from particular member states (e.g. interests of young farmers, cooperatives or workers in agriculture) on European forum. Among such organizations COPA –Committee of Agricultural Professional Organizations (Comité des Organisations Professionelles Agricoles de l`Union Europénne) is deemed to be the most influential lobbing organization. Within this article there were presented legal conditions which should be fulfilled by supranational agricultural organizations to participate in the mechanisms of social dialog on the EU forum. There were also discussed functions of supranational agricultural professional organizations with special stress on their contribution in the process of making EU law, mainly in the advisory forms. On the background of analysis made in this article, there is picked up an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of actions taken by the supranational agricultural organizations in the sphere of agricultural sector.

5

Współczesne funkcje obszarów wiejskich na tle koncepcji multifunkcjonalnego rolnictwa

100%

Mikołajczyk J.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

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2012

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vol. 10

367-384

EN

The article aims at answering the following questions: 1) Is the definition of rural area necessary, at the time of ”predicted” development prospects of common agricultural policy after 2013? 2) Is a modern definition of rural area an answer to the multifunctional character of agriculture? 3) Are the considerations on this subject a good basis for the construction of a catalogue of modern rural areas? The analysis results in a conclusion that the key to a modern approach to the revision of the “conceptual design” of common agricultural policy is the acceptance of its exceptional character. New eclectic concepts arise, based on widely spread interdisciplinary elements. The open character of the concepts should not cause the loss of their identity and cannot mean any uncritical reception of concepts developed in normative systems of other countries. A modern model of multifunctional agriculture is determined by many factors, none of them being the leading element. All of them have a common feature by definition and the “buckle” is the inseparability of their functions. The non–production functions of agriculture are closely related to the production. Agriculture must exist and function in its production activity to effect its social, cultural, natural, service and environmental functions. A vast catalogue of various factors that determine a modern concept of rural area in the multifunctional agriculture forms the basis for their typology and divisions. The classifications of modern functions of rural areas, as proposed in professional literature, are relative. The divisions are not separable – some of the functions imply one another.

6

Environmentalists, Researchers and Bloggers in the CAP-Policy Networks

100%

Kosior K., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Urbański D., Piechowiak-Lamparska J., Bryc A., Bojarczyk B., Jorgensen F. A. E., Niedziołka D., Pacześniak A., Potorski R., Wincławska M., Włodkowska-Bagan A., Jeran A., Mol A., Solsbery A., Dąbrowska I., Głodkowski M., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Piechowiak-Lamparska J.

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

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2014

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issue 2 (6)

PL

The article aims to examine the role of non-farm actors and environmental interest groups in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU). It uses policy networks as an analytical tool to understand the structure, dynamics and outcomes of the EU’s agricultural decision-making processes. Both locations of actors in the CAP policy structures and interaction modes between actors are examined. Also, the role of networks in shaping the CAP’s reform decisions is assessed. The article shows that non-farm actors, and specifically environmentalists, researchers and other agents interested in major CAP reforms, have limited influence on final policy outcomes. At the same time though it has been found that non-farm actors play an increasingly important role in framing the CAP policy debate. They form active and vocal issue networks that impinge upon initial stages of the agenda setting phase in the policy cycle process. Also, the EU institutions become more and more dependent on non-farm actors’ expertise when it comes to policy evaluation. Although the pro-reform approach of these actors is clearly noticeable, it is still too small to bring more than incremental changes within the policy

7

Selected Regulations of the Common Agricultural Policy Affecting the Competitiveness of Polish Agriculture in the New Financial Perspective

100%

Czechowski P., Niewiadomski A.

Studia Iuridica

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2016

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vol. 66

61-74

EN

The article presents selected legal problems in the scope of rural development policy, which affect the competitiveness of the agricultural sector in Poland. Selected submeasures identified in the Rural Development Programme 2014–2020 were subjected to legal analysis in terms of rationality and possible efficiency of the adopted assumptions. Potential dysfunctions were indicated and proposals according to the intended law were contained. There has also been an attempt to assess the functioning of the Common Agricultural Policy as a mechanism for improving the competitiveness of the individual farms, as well as the entire agricultural sector.

8

Selected Regulations of the Common Agricultural Policy Affecting the Competitiveness of Polish Agriculture in the New Financial Perspective

100%

Czechowski P., Niewiadomski A.

Studia Iuridica

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2016

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vol. 66

61-74

EN

The article presents selected legal problems in the scope of rural development policy, which affect the competitiveness of the agricultural sector in Poland. Selected submeasures identified in the Rural Development Programme 2014–2020 were subjected to legal analysis in terms of rationality and possible efficiency of the adopted assumptions. Potential dysfunctions were indicated and proposals according to the intended law were contained. There has also been an attempt to assess the functioning of the Common Agricultural Policy as a mechanism for improving the competitiveness of the individual farms, as well as the entire agricultural sector.

9

THE INFLUENCE OF INVESTMENT SUPPORT AS A PART OF WPR ON ACTIVITIES OF SMALL AGRICULTURAL FARMS

100%

Żmija D.

Roczniki Ekonomiczne Kujawsko-Pomorskiej Szkoły Wyższej w Bydgoszczy

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2018

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issue (11)

187-194

EN

The aim of the paper is to indicate the most important changes that have taken place in the functioning of small farms from the Małopolskie voivodship, which benefited from investment suport, implemented under the CAP in 2004-2015. The impact of the investment suport was rather one-sided and concerned primarily the increase of physical capital. The implemented investment projects have contributed little to changes in the area of agrarian situation of these farms. This support, however, contributed to a more efficient use of land resources by increasing the crop area, which resulted in an increase in the scale of production. A large part of the surveyed farmers indicated that the income from the farm increased, but this increase was not usually high.

10

Influence of Milk Production Limits on the Dairy Sector in the Province of Warmia and Mazury

100%

Kisiel R., Pietruszewska I., Milkiewicz A.

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2012

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vol. 7

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issue 1

15-26

EN

This paper analyses the influence of the implementation of milk quotas on the dairy sector and the situation of milk producers in the province of Warmia and Mazury and describes the changes taking place in the milk market from 2004-2009 in milk production, processing and management. The research material originated from a questionnaire-based survey conducted by the Chair of Economic and Regional Policy of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn in close collaboration with the Agricultural Market Agency (AMA). The survey encompassed 313 milk producers from the province of Warmia and Mazury during the quota year of 2009/2010. The remaining data referenced in the publication originated from materials developed by the AMA, the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoA) and the Central Statistical Office (GUS). The milk production quota system was intended to prevent excessive supply of raw material on the market and trigger concentration processes in the dairy sector. On the basis of the AMA studies results, it was determined that in the six years following milk production quotas, almost 3,500 producers withdrew from the market. Additionally, an analysis of data made available by the AMA indicates that the volume of milk produced has been constantly increasing (during the years 2004-2010 the volume of wholesale milk sold from a single supplier per year increased by 58.11% in the area of the province of Warmia and Mazury).

11

The impact of global surrounding on the common agricultural policy

100%

Wieliczko B.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2017

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issue 498

374-381

EN

The global factors have been influencing the shape of the common agricultural policy (CAP) at least since the WTO agreement. Yet, not only trade agreements influence the CAP. The situation of agricultural sector in non-EU countries also affects the way and extent the EU supports its farmers. Moreover, the EU interests in other sectors of economy or its global strategy and policy interests can translate into specific alterations in the CAP. The aim of the paper is to identify the meeting points between CAP and global issues, present the status quo and analyze potential alterations within the CAP that could be made to strengthen the EU position on the world arena. The paper is based on the analyses of the WTO negotiations concerning agriculture, CAP policy instruments and the EU priorities in external relations. The results show that the process of CAP’s internationalization progresses in a non-linear way but is an important factor determining the shape of subsequent CAP reforms.

12

Cohesion policy or common agricultural policy − which of them is better suited to support rural development in Poland?

100%

Wieliczko B.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2017

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issue 466

236-243

EN

Rural areas in Poland are underdeveloped in comparison to urban areas and lag much behind their counterparts in the EU-15. Thus, there is still a need to support their development to accelerate their socio-economic convergence with better-off parts of the EU. Rural development is part of CAP objectives, but it is also supported from cohesion policy, especially as part of regional development. The analysis presented tries to assess which of these policies is better suited to support rural development in Poland. The research is based on document analysis and meta-evaluation of earlier studies. The results show that rural development measures within the CAP and instrument under cohesion policy are generally complementary to one another. However, there is much room for closer cooperation between the two policies to enlarge their positive impact on rural development. It seems that CAP can be regarded as better suited for rural development as it is directly devoted to rural areas. Yet, it is still too agriculture-orientated and thus it offers insufficient amount of resources and not enough instruments for other sectors of rural economy.

13

Programme – related norms in modern agricultural law

75%

Litwiniuk P.

Studia Iuridica

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2018

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vol. 78

296-314

EN

Modern legal studies recognise the usefulness and necessity of distinguishing agricultural law norms. As part of the analysis of the legal impact of agricultural law norms, the phenomenon of publicization is also pointed out, which means a gradual increase in public legal regulations within the framework of agricultural law norms. As part of this phenomenon, not only do administrative norms gain in importance, but also programme norms within the framework of the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy. The aim of this article is to assess the scope of legal impact of programme norms in agricultural law, determining the objectives to be achieved in the market and income policy and the structural policy in agriculture and rural areas, in particular through an attempt to establish the legal character of the Rural Areas Development Programme as an act of the application of EU and national programme regulations. The author presents and justifies the position that the normative provisions of the Rural Areas Development Programme, due to its role, construction and manner of enactment, should be classified as mandatory legal provisions.

14

The science of agricultural law in Poland. Reflections against the background of Western European science

71%

Budzinowski R.

Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

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2019

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issue 2(25)

11-30

PL

Piętnasta rocznica objęcia polskiego rolnictwa mechanizmami WPR skłania do podsumowania i oceny rozwoju nauki prawa rolnego w kontekście europejskim. Rozważania stanowią próbę sformułowania kilku zasadniczych refleksji, koncentrując się na porównaniu dorobku w zakresie unijnego prawa rolnego, zagadnień ogólnych (teoretycznych) prawa rolnego (krajowego), tradycyjnych zagadnień tego prawa, prawa rolno-żywnościowego i rolno-środowiskowego oraz dotyczącego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. W konkluzji autor stwierdza, że dystans dzielący polską naukę prawa rolnego od nauki zachodnioeuropejskiej uległ znacznemu zmniejszeniu. Problemy podejmowane przez polskich agrarystów mieszczą się w kręgu zainteresowań agrarystów zachodnioeuropejskich. Można więc powiedzieć, że polscy agraryści w coraz większym stopniu stają się partnerami w badaniach prowadzonych przez agrarystów zagranicznych, a wykorzystanie ich możliwości badawczych i organizacyjnych może być użyteczne także na forum międzynarodowym.

IT

Il quindicesimo anniversario dall’inclusione dell’agricoltura polacca nei meccanismi della PAC incoraggia a sintetizzare e valutare lo sviluppo della scienza del diritto agrario nel contesto europeo. Nelle considerazioni svolte si tenta quindi di formulare alcune fondamentali riflessioni, nonché mettere a confronto i contributi nei seguenti campi: il diritto agrario dell’UE, le questioni generali (teoriche) del diritto agrario (nazionale), le questioni tradizionali del diritto agrario, diritto agroalimentare e agroambientale, e quello riguardantelo sviluppo rurale. In conclusione, l’autore afferma che le distanze tra la scienza polacca del diritto agrarioe quella dell’Europa occidentale si sono notevolmente ridotte. I problemi sollevati dagli agraristi polacchi si collocano nell’area di interesse degli agraristi dell’Europa occidentale. Pertanto, si può affermare che i primi stanno, sempre di più, diventando partner nelle ricerche condotte dai secondi, inoltre le loro capacità di ricerca, come anche quelle organizzative, possono tornare utili persino in un forum internazionale.

EN

The fifteenth anniversary of the inclusion of Polish agriculture in the CAP mechanisms prompts one to make summaries and comparisons and formulate evaluations of the development of the science of agricultural law in the European context. The deliberations presented in the article are an attempt to formulate a few valid reflections, focusing on the comparison of the EU agricultural acquis, the general (theoretical) agricultural (national) law issues, traditional agricultural law issues, agri-food and agri-environmental law and rural development. As it is demonstrated in the article, the distance between the Polish science of agricultural law and Western European science has significantly narrowed. The issues undertaken by Polish agricultural lawyers fall within the scope of interest of their Western European counterparts. It may therefore be said that Polish agricultural lawyers are increasingly frequently becoming partners in research conducted by foreign scholars, and the use of their research and organisational potential may also be useful on an international forum.

15

Zmiany w WPR na lata 2014-2020 a modernizacja polskiej wsi i rolnictwa

63%

Wieliczko B.

Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

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2012

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issue 3(25)

291-298

PL

Przemiany w polskim rolnictwie i na wsi są w ostatnich latach silnie związane z WPR. Pomimo intensywnie zachodzących przeobrażeń, modernizacja nadal wymaga ogromnych nakładów inwestycyjnych. Niniejszy tekst zawiera wstępną ocenę propozycji kształtu WPR na lata 2014-2020 przedstawionej przez KE. Projekty KE porównano z obecnie obowiązującymi regulacjami. Następnie oceniono proponowane zmiany z punktu widzenia obecnego kształtu WPR i potrzeb modernizacyjnych polskiej wsi i rolnictwa. Wyniki badań przemian w rolnictwie i na obszarach wiejskich umożliwiają wskazanie in-strumentów WPR mogących mieć znaczny wpływ na modernizację. Wstępna ocena pro-pozycji KE pokazuje, iż kształt WPR nie byłby optymalny dla Polski. Choć zmiany nie są rewolucyjne, to mogą spowodować znaczące przesunięcia wsparcia różnych grup rolników i mieszkańców wsi. Doświadczenia z wdrażaniem WPR w Polsce wskazują na to, iż jest niezbędne precyzyjne dopasowanie wsparcia do indywidualnych potrzeb konkretnych grup beneficjentów.

EN

In recent years transformation in the Polish agriculture and rural areas has been strongly associated with the CAP. Despite intensive changes, the modernisation still requires huge investments. This paper presents a preliminary assessment of the EC’s proposals for CAP in the period 2014-2020. Based on the comparison with the current CAP the key changes proposed are presented. They are then assessed in the perspective of the modernisation and developmental needs of the Polish agriculture and rural areas. The preliminary assessment of the EC’s proposals shows that they are not optimal for Poland. Although the changes in the CAP are not revolutionary, they can lead to significant shift of the support among different groups of beneficiaries creating losers and winners. The already gained experience with the implementation of the CAP in Poland, shows that the support must precisely fit to the individual needs of specific groups of beneficiaries if it is to be effective and efficient.

16

Realizacja Wspólnej Polityki Polnej Unii Europejskiej i jej konsekwencje dla europejskiego rolnictwa

63%

Kowalski S.

Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne

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2017

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vol. 1(25)

91-112

PL

W ciągu 45 lat od rozpoczęcia jej wdrażania Wspólna Polityka Rolna Unii Europejskiej przeszła istotną ewolucję, zmieniając cele i instrumenty jakimi się posługiwała i wniosła istotny wkład w rozwój rolnictwa i obszarów wiejskich krajów członkowskich. Z jej efektów korzystają nie tylko rolnicy ale także całe społeczeństwa. Jej jednakże słabością jest to, że jest kosztowna. Mimo ograniczania wydatków, z około 68% całości wydatków budżetowych w 1988 roku do około 40% współcześnie, stanowi największą pozycję w wydatkach budżetu UE. Wspólna Polityka Rolna przyczyniła się do rozwoju rolnictwa i obszarów wiejskich krajów członkowskich i stała się jednym z najważniejszych sposobów pogłębiania procesów integracji w Europie. Wspólna Polityka Rolna musi uwzględniać warunki wewnętrzne występujące w krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej, ale też w większym stopniu realia rynku międzynarodowego. Przyszła Wspólna Polityka Rolna musi być polityką uzasadnioną ekonomicznie i społecznie, ukierunkowaną na konkretne cele, dostosowującą się do warunków wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych.

EN

Within 45 years since its implementation, the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union has undergone a significant evolution, changing its objectives and instruments used and contributed to foster farming development and rural areas of the member states. Not only farmers but also whole societies are using its effects. However, its weakness is the fact that it is expensive. In spite of expenditure restraint, from about 68% of the total budget expenditures in 1988 to about 40% in our times, it is still the main expense in the EU budget. The Common Agricultural Policy has contributed to the agricultural development and rural areas of the member states and become one of the most important means of deepening integration processes in Europe. The Common Agricultural Policy must consider internal conditions of the European Union member states, but also to a high degree respect the international market reality. The future Common Agricultural Policy must be justified economically and socially, directed at specific objectives, adapting itself to internal and outside conditions.

17

Ubezpieczenia rolne a zmiany wspólnej polityki rolnej

63%

Klimkowski C.

Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

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2013

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issue 3(29)

EN

One of the main components of common agricultural policy reform is incorporating agricultural insurance schemes into the rural development policy. Subsidized agricultural insurance schemes practice shows that this policy instrument is cost-ineffective and disturbs agricultural markets in many different ways. The main purpose of this paper is to show specific character of agricultural insurance and summary of experiences with this kind of insurance, which suggest that subsidized agricultural insurance may be not the best option of assisting agricultural producers’ risk management efforts.

PL

Jednym z ważniejszych elementów reformy wspólnej polityki rolnej będzie wprowadzenie subsydiowanych ubezpieczeń rolnych jako elementu polityki rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Praktyka funkcjonujących od lat programów dotowanych ubezpieczeń rolniczych wskazuje jednak, że jest to instrument bardzo kosztowny i generujący wiele niepożądanych efektów. W pracy przedstawiono specyfikę ubezpieczeń rolnych oraz bilans doświadczeń związanych z ich funkcjonowaniem, skłaniający do krytycznego spojrzenia na tę metodę ograniczania ryzyka dochodowego rolników.

18

Development Evaluation of Enterprises in Czech Agriculture

63%

Jaroslav H., Jiří F.

Littera Scripta

|

2013

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vol. 2

18-34

EN

The paper deals with evaluation of economy of selected trade companies operating agricultural basic production in the period from 2008 to 2011. The evaluation stems from results of economic analyses of enterprises which are further monitor in context with development of external influences affecting the whole branch of agriculture and development of economic decisions of the evaluated companies. Further, the evaluation is based on real possibilities of companies stemming from resources of which they dispose, and on facts that happen in the monitored period in both companies. In the first part the paper introduced development of important factors influencing the whole branch of agriculture and their real state, further methods used in financial analysis of enterprises are introduced. In the second part of the work, two companies are evaluated of which the rst operates plant and animal production and the second one is focused purely on plant production. In both companies machinery was modernized with contribution of supports from European Union funds and both the companies were competitive in the monitored period. The first company had problems with liquidity, while an unused capital cumulated in the second one.

19

Challenges of European Integration – to What Extent Should the Common Agricultural Policy Stay Common?

63%

Wieliczko B.

Argumenta Oeconomica Cracoviensia

|

2019

|

issue 2(21)

97-109

EN

The common agricultural policy (CAP) is considered to be the oldest EU policy and one that covers such a vast range of issues that it leaves almost no room for Member States’ policy in this field. Yet the recent consecutive reforms which base their rationale on the common truth that “one-size-does-not-fit all” give more and more room for Member States to make their own choices. Thus, both a theoretical and an empirical question can be posed: what is the optimal solution for the EU and its citizens (acting both as consumers and taxpayers) when it comes to shaping agricultural policy? Should it be an EU policy or should it be left to Member States or even to their regions? This paper presents an answer to the question posed in the title. The answer is based on the theory of fiscal federalism and environmental federalism as well as practical issues relating to the functioning of EU agriculture based on a literature review. The results show that there is room for activity by both the EU and the Member States when it comes to agricultural policy. The optimal division of tasks between the EU and Member States, based on the subsidiarity principle, shows that EU policy should focus on safeguarding the competitiveness of EU agriculture and fair competition on the EU common market, while Member States should concentrate on fine-tuning EU policy instruments to the specific needs of their agriculture.

PL

Wspólna polityka rolna (WPR) jest uważana za najstarszą politykę Unii Europejskiej. Jednocześnie obejmuje tak szeroki zakres zagadnień, że prawie nie pozostawia miejsca dla polityki państw członkowskich w tej dziedzinie. Jednak ostatnie reformy opierały się na stwierdzeniu, że „jeden rozmiar nie pasuje wszystkim” i przyznały państwom członkowskim więcej możliwości dokonywania własnych wyborów. Można więc postawić zarówno pytanie teoretyczne, jak i praktyczne: jakie jest optymalne rozwiązanie dla UE i jej obywateli (działających zarówno jako konsumenci, jak i podatnicy), jeśli chodzi o kształtowanie polityki rolnej? Czy powinna to być polityka UE, czy powinna być ona pozostawiona państwom członkowskim, a nawet ich regionom? W artykule przedstawiono odpowiedź na pytanie postawione w tytule. Tę odpowiedź oparto na teorii federalizmu fiskalnego i środowiskowego, a także praktycznych zagadnieniach związanych z funkcjonowaniem rolnictwa UE z odwołaniem do przeglądu literatury. Wyniki pokazują, że w ramach polityki rolnej jest miejsce na działalność Unii i państw członkowskich. Optymalny podział zadań między UE i państwa członkowskie, oparty na zasadzie pomocniczości, pokazuje, że polityka unijna powinna koncentrować się na ochronie konkurencyjności unijnego rolnictwa i uczciwej konkurencji na wspólnym rynku UE, podczas gdy państwa członkowskie powinny skoncentrować się na dostosowywaniu instrumentów polityki UE do konkretnych potrzeb ich rolnictwa.

20

The Food Production in Circular Economy – Selected Legal Aspects

63%

Leśkiewicz K.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

|

2017

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vol. 26

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issue 1

EN

The aim of the paper is to answer the question, what is the result of a reference assumptions concept of the circular economy to the common agricultural policy – to ensure food security. The concept of the circular economy includes agri-food sector and is aimed at optimizing production and consumption, which is not only about reducing the amount of waste, but on a global approach, philosophy, covering all possible stages and its elements and relationships between them. Farming relies on the biological cycle, which, in a special way, combines agriculture with the natural resources of the environment. In the agri-food chain, the agriculture coexists with the processing industries, for which supplies raw materials. Confrontation assumptions of the concept of circular economy with the objectives of the common agricultural policy shows the contradictions, lack of alternatives and the need of flexible approach as well as the admission of the principles of this concept in these areas of agricultural production, where it is possible to guarantee food security. On the other hand, increasing of the agricultural productivity with the respect of the natural resources, needs farmers’ better awareness of the soil fertilization.

PL

Celem rozważań jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jaki jest wynik odniesienia założeń koncepcji gospodarki o zamkniętym obiegu do celu Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej – zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego. Koncepcja zamkniętego obiegu gospodarki obejmuje m.in. sektor rolno-spożywczy i ma na celu optymalizację produkcji oraz konsumpcji, przy czym nie chodzi jedynie o redukcję ilości odpadów, lecz o globalne podejście, filozofię obejmującą wszystkie możliwe etapy i elementy oraz związki między nimi. Oparcie produkcji rolnej na cyklu biologicznym w sposób szczególny łączy rolnictwo z naturalnymi zasobami środowiska. W łańcuchu rolno-spożywczym rolnictwo współistnieje z sektorem przetwórstwa, dla którego dostarcza surowców. Konfrontacja założeń koncepcji gospodarki o zamkniętym obiegu i celów Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej wykazuje sprzeczności, brak alternatyw i potrzebę elastycznego podejścia oraz dopuszczenia realizacji zasad tej koncepcji na tych obszarach i w otoczeniu produkcji rolnej, w jakich jest to realnie możliwe i w sposób pozwalający sprostać wyzwaniu zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa dostaw. Natomiast gdy chodzi o zwiększenie wydajności rolnictwa przy zachowaniu wzrostu gospodarczego i poszanowaniu zasobów, istnieje potrzeba ciągłego budowania świadomości rolników w zakresie precyzji w gospodarce nawozowej.

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