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10 lat członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej. Skutki włączenia do jednolitego rynku europejskiego

100%
Czermińska M.
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
|
2014
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issue 1
9-25
EN
The inclusion of Poland to the common market for goods meant the abolition of customs duties and quantitative restrictions on agricultural products in mutual trade with the countries of the European Union (customs duties on industrial goods have already been abolished by the Europe Agreement) and the application of the Common Customs Tariff on imports from third countries. Freedom of movement of goods after the accession to the EU accounted for Polish entrepreneurs a chance, because the fulfillment of EU norms and standards means full access to the common market, amounting to more than 500 million inhabitants. Particularly noticeable was the impact of accession on foreign trade, which, thanks to the membership not only gained easier access to the common market, but also new opportunities to increase trade with third countries. Since Polish accession to the EU gradually increased trade in agricultural products as well as their participation in the Polish foreign trade. Emigration of Poles also increased significantly, especially to countries that with effect from 1 May 2004 opened their labor markets, namely the United Kingdom, Ireland. In the final evaluation of the benefits of joining the common market and free movement of goods, persons, services and capital far outweigh, in both the scale of the economy and at the micro level, the costs associated with membership in the European common market.
2

Obsługa celna i wprowadzanie towarów do obrotu na jednolitym rynku Unii Europejskiej – wybrane aspekty z punktu widzenia bezpieczeństwa obrotu towarowego

100%
zata Czermińska M.
International Business and Global Economy
|
2014
|
vol. Volume 33
166–179
EN
All goods which crossed the customs border of the European Union and were approved for marketing can circulate freely within the common market. Therefore, it is important to ensure the safety of cross-border movement of goods and the control at the borders, as well as the cooperation of customs administrations in the Community to prevent, detect, and prosecute violations of customs regulations. The main aim of this article is to demonstrate the rules of the introduction of goods and customs service to the single market of the European Union. Particular attention was paid to the directions of changes taking place in this field as well as to the actions taken under the single European market undertaken both to ensure the safety and to facilitate and accelerate the trade, by simplifying and reducing the formalities for customs clearance. These actions are the result of changes taking place in the practice of international trade, aiming towards the implementation of a fully automated electronic environment while ensuring the security of trade deals and commodity turnover, protection from the risks of globalization processes, such as, among others, protection against the influx of goods infringing intellectual property rights.
3
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Cztery swobody wspólnego rynku Euroazjatyckiej Unii Gospodarczej

89%
Szewczyk P.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2016
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vol. 14
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issue 4 (1)
75-87
EN
The establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union in 2015 is a yet another step in the process of forming a common market on the territory of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Armenia and the Kyrgyz Republic. The statutory objective of the Eurasian Union is an economic integration of the member states, and, in particular, the establishment of a common market of goods, services, capital, and workforce. The Eurasian Economic Union is not a brand new integration project, but more of a continuation of activities undertaken in the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and also in the framework of – no longer existing – the Eurasian Economic Community. It should be noted that in 2016 the Eurasian Economic Union is prognosticated to include the Republic of Tajikistan, which will result in expansion of the common market of goods, services, capital and workforce.
4
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Bariery w przepływie pracowników na rynku wewnętrznym – stary problem w nowych odsłonach

89%
Grzeszczak R.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
|
2016
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vol. 14
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issue 4 (1)
39-54
EN
The issue of re-nationalization (disintegration and fragmentation) of integration process is manifested by the will of some of the Member States to verify their relations with the European Union. In the age of an economic crisis of the EU and in relation to the large migration of the population, there has emerged strong social and political criticism, on the European level, of the integration process, with some Member States even consideringtheir withdrawal from the EU. In those States, demands forextending the Member States’ competences in the field of some EU policies are becoming more and more popular. The legal effects of the above-mentioned processes are visible in the free movements of the internal market, mainly within the free movement of persons. Therefore, there are problems, such as increased social dumping process, the need to retain the output of the European labour law, the issue of the so-called social tourism, erosion of the meaning of the EU citizenship and the principle of equal treatment.
5

Obrót nieruchomościami w Unii Europejskiej wobec swobody przepływu kapitału

88%
Borkowski A.
Prawo
|
2017
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issue 323
185-197
EN
The subject matter of this article is to selectively discuss the basic factors affecting the freedom of real property trade within the common market of the European Union. The guaranties secur­ing thefreedom to acquire by union foreigners real property in the member states follow directly from the provisions of TFEU. The set of treaty regulations relating to internal market freedoms holds a key role in the process of realising the fundamental purposes of the European Union. The free movement of capital has profound meaning for the realisation of all the treaty freedoms. Deviations from the rule, which allow for limiting the freedom and which result from the will of the member states, are acceptable within the legal system of the European Union only in exceptional circum­stances provided by that law. There are two groups of conditions required for alawful deviation from the rule of the free movement of capital. The first group covers the considerations resulting directly from the Treaty. The second includes the circumstances deemed lawful pursuant to the for­mula of imperative requirements of the public interest.
6
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Wielka Brytania w Unii Europejskiej – przeszłość, teraźniejszość, przyszłość

88%
Ronek G.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
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2015
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issue 6(37)
345-365
EN
The aim of this article is to depict and analyse Britain’s relations with the European Union, their historical context, the present time and possible scenarios for the future. These relations have always been strained. Europe has been seen as a menace rather than an opportunity. Britain used to slow down the process of integration and consequently has often fallen behind and had no choice but to catch up. However, the portrayal of Britain as an “awkward partner” is only partly justified. Based on its specific understanding of national sovereignty, Britain has developed a much more pragmatic and instrumental approach towards Europe. Nevertheless, the country was a strong driving force of integration in many crucial fields, like the single market, trade or defence policy. Britain has always accepted its membership in the EEC/EU only when exclusion from them could threaten Britain’s national interests, mainly in economic dimension. The European integration has always been a contentious issue and an important tool of domestic policy. Britain decided to join the EEC in 1973 mainly because of its poor economic performance. Nowadays one of the most burning issues is the announced referendum concerning Britain’s further membership in the EU. The withdrawal from the EU is possible, but there is little probability of it, because of strong economic ties. However, if eurozone integration proceeds without Britain and so deeply that the single market starts to fragment, the strongest argument for British membership could be undermined. Generally, we should expect further cooperation between Britain and the EU based on mutual pragmatism.
7
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Cross-border ties in the light of the EU common market

88%
Wróblewski Ł.
Border and Regional Studies
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2020
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vol. 8
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issue 4
187-205
PL
Cross-border regional economic ties in the EU have been the subject of numerous studies across various academic fields. A special dose of attention, however, has been paid to the ties between the EU border regions. This is no doubt related to the intensification of European integration, in particular at the regional level. One source of particular impact on border regions is the economy of the common market. Surprisingly enough, this economy has not found its proper reflection in the research on border regions and their problems in the light of the broadly defined European regional studies. As a consequence, it is necessary to carry out an in-depth analysis of the literature on cross-border cooperation and economic integration in order to capture the impact of the single market on cross-border relations. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to analyze the economic determinants of cross-border economic ties between the EU regions. To this end, the text begins with an overview of (1) the key characteristics of the common market, followed by (2) the impact of market economics on the regional ties, with particular emphasis on the border regions. The problem has been illustrated on the basis of the Polish-German borderland. The conducted examinations indicate that the economic ties between border regions vary in intensity. At the same time, the vicinity of the border is often insufficient as a factor ensuring a high degree of intensity in the movement of production factors or business relations across the border. It is market mechanisms rather than the location on the border that comprise the primary determinant in this regard. The primary focus of this study is the movement of production factors. The methodology of this text has been based primarily on the analysis of the subject literature on the notions of market economics, optimum currency area, and the broadly defined European regional studies.
8
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Ewolucja swobód rynku wewnętrznego Unii Europejskiej w czasie dwudziestu lat jego funkcjonowania.

75%
Czermińska M.
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
|
2015
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issue 4
47-60
EN
January 1, 2013 have passed twenty years since the formal establishment of the single internal market of the European Union. This does not mean that from that day there were no barriers to movement of goods, persons, services and capital. They were abolished gradually, but still today the European Union’s internal market, which consists of 28 countries and inhabited by over 500 million people, it does not operate as a single national market. The aim of the study is to show the evolution of the functioning of the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital, with particular emphasis on the direction of changes in the near future.
9

Possibility and a sense of personal income taxation harmonization process

63%
Wołowiec T.
Ekonomika i Organizacja Przedsiębiorstwa
|
2016
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issue 8 (799)
82-99
EN
The current taxation of personal incomes is a very complex phenomenon which should be analyzed not only from the legal point of view, but also taking into account into social, cultural, economic and political and system aspects. We cannot isolate the economic sphere from the tax sphere, as income taxes directly affect the way taxpayers function, their purchasing power, they determine labor costs for entrepreneurs and thus significantly influence the GDP growth rate. The issues of harmonizing taxation of incomes obtained by individuals who do not act as economic operators is practically absent in scientific literature. The only issues that are analyzed are those related to taxation of incomes from savings, transfers, capital gains, mergers and divisions. This is so because it is required by the nature of conducting economic operations within the common market.
PL
Aktualnie opodatkowanie dochodów osób fizycznych to bardzo złożone zjawisko, które należy rozpatrywać nie tylko przez pryzmat prawny, ale i społeczny, kulturowy, gospodarczy oraz polityczno-ustrojowy. Nie można izolować sfery ekonomiczniej od sfery podatkowej, ponieważ podatki dochodowe w sposób bezpośredni wpływają na funkcjonowanie podatników, ich siłę nabywczą, stanowią o kosztach pracy z perspektywy przedsiębiorców i przez to w istotny sposób wpływają na tempo wzrostu PKB. Problematyka harmonizacji opodatkowania dochodów osób fizycznych nieprowadzących działalności gospodarczej jest praktycznie nieobecna w literaturze naukowej. Jedynie kwestie opodatkowania dochodów z oszczędności, transferów, dochodów kapitałowych, fuzji, podziałów itp. jest przedmiotem opracowań i analiz. Wynika to faktu, iż wymaga tego istota prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej w ramach wspólnego rynku.
10
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DIRECTIONS, SENSE AND PURPOSE OF PERSONAL INCOME TAXATION HARMONIZATION PROCESS ACROSS EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES

63%
Wołowiec T.
International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences
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2018
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vol. 7(1)
77-99
EN
The current taxation of personal incomes is a very complex phenomenon which should be analysed not only from the legal point of view, but also taking into account its social, cultural, economic, political and system aspects. We cannot isolate the economic sphere from the tax sphere, as income taxes directly affect the taxpayers function as well as their purchasing power; moreover, they determine labour costs for entrepreneurs and thus significantly influence the GDP growth rate. The issues of harmonizing taxation of incomes obtained by individuals who do not act as economic operators are practically absent in scientific literature. The only analysed issues are related to taxation of incomes from savings, transfers, capital gains, mergers and divisions. This is so because it is required by the nature of conducting economic operations within the common market.
PL
Mimo, iż opodatkowanie dochodów osobistych leży w kompetencji każdego z państw członkowskich, w wielu sytuacjach potrzebna jest koordynacja na poziomie unijnym regulacji podatkowych, mająca na celu zapewnienie swobód określonych w Traktacie ustanawiającym Wspólnotę Europejską oraz wyeliminowanie barier podatkowych w ponadgranicznej działalności obywateli państw – członków UE. W szczególności niedopuszczalne jest stosowanie – bezpośredniej, czy pośredniej - dyskryminacji ze względu na narodowość ani też żadnych nieuzasadnionych ograniczeń czterech swobód Rynku Wewnętrznego. Brak wymogów harmonizacyjnych (z wyjątkiem opodatkowania dochodów z oszczędności) oznacza, iż konstrukcja PIT w krajach członkowskich jest silnie zróżnico-wana z uwagi na odmienne uwarunkowania społeczne, polityczne i ekonomiczne. Z drugiej strony pojawia się pytanie, czy harmonizacja tej formy opodatkowania jest w ogóle możliwa, a przy tym celowa? Niewątpliwie zróżnicowany poziom wynagrodzeń, różnice w kształtowaniu podstawy opodatkowania i wysokości podatku, i często odmienne zadania nakładane na podatek dochodowy utrudniają jego ujednolicenie i harmonizację. Wydaje się, więc, że wszelkie próby związane z harmonizacją ww. obciążeń fiskalnych należy rozpocząć od zdefiniowania i ujednolicenia w ramach Unii Europejskiej pojęcia dochodu podatkowego (podstawy opodatkowania).
RU
Хотя налогообложение личных доходов относится к компетенции каждого государства-члена, во многих ситуациях необходимо координировать налоговые правила на уровне ЕС, направленные на обеспечение свобод, установленных в Договоре об учреждении Европейского сообщества и устранении налоговых барьеров при трансграничной деятельности граждан ЕС. В частности, неприемлемо применять прямую или косвенную дискриминацию по признаку гражданства или любых необоснованных ограничений на четыре свободы внутреннего рынка. Отсутствие требований гармонизации (за исключением налогообложения доходов от сбережений) означает, что строительство ПНД в государствах-членах сильно диверсифицировано из-за различных социальных, политических и экономических условий. С другой стороны, возникает вопрос, возможна ли гармонизация этой формы налогообложения вообще и в то же время она преднамеренная? Несомненно, различный уровень вознаграждения, различия в формировании налоговой базы и суммы налога и часто разные задачи, связанные с подоходным налогом, затрудняют согласование и согласование. Поэтому представляется, что все попытки, связанные с согласованием вышеупомянутого Фискальное бремя должно начинаться с определения и согласования в рамках
11
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Integration Character of the CETA Agreement

32%
Śliwińska M.
|
2018
|
vol. 4
|
issue 337
111-125
PL
Jednym z przejawów globalizacji gospodarczej jest w ostatnich latach powstawanie tzw. umów handlowych nowej generacji, takich jak TPP, CETA i TTIP. Ich celem jest liberalizacja handlu, jednak ich zakres jest szerszy i obejmuje również inne sfery życia społeczno‑gospodarczego, bezpośrednio lub pośrednio związane z handlem, jak np. liberalizacja usług o charakterze publicznym, wzajemne uznawanie kwalifikacji zawodowych, deregulacja i liberalizacja rynków finansowych, ochrona praw własności intelektualnej, współpraca w tworzeniu nowych przepisów czy ochrona wzajemnych inwestycji. Z powyższych względów w niniejszym artykule przeprowadzona została analiza zakresu i treści podpisanego przez Unię Europejską i Kanadę w 2016 r. porozumienia CETA z punktu widzenia etapów integracji gospodarczej zdefiniowanych przez B. Balassę oraz dotychczasowego doświadczenia UE – w celu podjęcia próby odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy nazywanie tego typu umów umowami handlowymi, nawet wzbogaconymi o określenie „nowej generacji”, jest uzasadnione. Przeprowadzona analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że umowa CETA powinna zostać raczej uznana za porozumienie o charakterze integracyjnym. Większość jej ustaleń charakteryzuje się bowiem podobnym stopniem złożoności, jaki był osiągany przez państwa członkowskie UE na etapie budowy jednolitego rynku, a więc etapie integracji zdefiniowanym przez B. Balassę jako wspólny rynek, a niektóre z nich na etapie tworzenia unii gospodarczej czy monetarnej. Zakres omawianego porozumienia, tzn. liczba obszarów życia społeczno‑gospodarczego przez nie regulowanego oraz poziom zaawansowania i kompleksowość zapisów, wykracza daleko ponad powszechne rozumienie umowy handlowej oraz ponad jej oficjalny cel – utworzenie strefy wolnego handlu między UE i Kanadą. Prowadzi bowiem do znacznie głębszej integracji gospodarczej niż strefa wolnego handlu w klasycznym ujęciu i potocznym znaczeniu.
EN
One of the manifestations of economic globalisation seen in recent years is the so‑called “new generation” type of trade agreements such as the TPP, CETA and TTIP. They aim at trade liberalisation, but their scope is broader, comprising other areas of socio‑economic life, more or less directly linked to trade, such as e.g.: the liberalisation of public services, the mutual recognition of professional qualifications, the deregulation and liberalisation of financial markets, the protection of intellectual property rights, and the cooperation in creating new rules or protecting mutual investments. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyse the scope and content of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) signed in 2016 by the European Union and Canada from the point of view of the Balassa stages of economic integration and the EU’s experience in order to state whether the naming of such agreements as trade agreements, even with the “new generation” qualification, is really justified. The analysis presented in this paper leads to the conclusion that this agreement should rather be included in the category of agreements labelled as integration agreements. Most of the CETA provisions are at the same level of sophistication as was achieved by the EU countries at the stage of building the single market, that is, at the stage of the implementation of the common market in Balassa’s nomenclature, and some of them are at the stage of economic and monetary union. The scope of the CETA, i.e. the number of areas of social and economic life regulated by it as well as their advancement and complexity, goes far beyond what is commonly understood as a trade agreement and beyond its official purpose – the creation of a free trade area between the European Union and Canada. It leads to economic integration at a level far deeper than a free trade area in its classic and common sense.
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