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EN
The text is about modality from a linguistic point of view. The author takes a broad understanding of a modal category (modality indentified with communicative intention) and analyses the so called basic modal units: verbs and predicates, which together with an infinitive create a verbal construction. She examines a function of the mentioned expressions in the Code of Canon Law. Willing to accept a specific character of contexts with modal expressions, she includes in the description conclusions coming from earlier study of newspaper texts, homilies and speeches of John Paul II.
EN
This paper investigates comments left by users of Allegro – an on-line auction website. With the use of pragmalinguistics, author treats the e-commerce site comments as emotive-evaluative act directed towards both specific and potential contractors. It’s also an act used by the user to build websites’ participant image. Among positive acts we can distinguish acts of praising, which praise the way of closing the deal, product’s quality, contractor or the message itself. The second group consists of courtesy acts or polite sentences used In the acts of praising. Neutral comments are dominated by complaints. Their content has usually negative tone, however the addressees tend to ease them with means of such words as “unfortunately” or other words reflecting how sorry they are. The list of negative comments is dominated by acts of warning and advice. Users who initiate communication usually use censorious tone which causes asymmetry in relations between them and the addressee. The study shows that users willingly use their own words to rate the service and in addition to graphic scale and template offered by the website they describe their emotions.
EN
The main theme of the article centers on the methods of expressing liking which is understood as a positive attitude towards another person functioning in the Internet. The aim of the paper is to show and discuss elements of communication and language pragmatics typical for emotive speech, including the elements which are results of the new media. The theoretical part concerns two aspects: 1) definition of the emotive (expressive) function In linguistics and of the terms describing phenomena which are related to the science of communication; 2) the Internet as a new tool and an environment for social communication. The analysis is conducted on the written data produced by the Facebook community. Conclusions concern the observed patterns of form, intentional content and functions of written production expressing liking.
EN
The paper is a critical reaction to Christopher Gauker’s general attack on the Gricean way of thinking about linguistic communication and, in particular, on the role it assigns to the phenomenon of recursive mindreading. The author rejects the claim that the Gricean analysis of meaning something by an utterance is psychologically totally unrealistic, in particular because of the role which the element of recursive mindreading plays in the conditions in definiens. In this connection, the author defends a certain account of philosophical analysis, its functions and the proper interpretation of its results (Ch. 2). On the same basis, the author critically examines Gauker’s rejection of Grice’s analysis of conversational implicatures, as well as of the very reality of Gricean implicatures as a communicative phenomenon (Ch. 3). He concludes that Gauker’s alternative to Grice’s theory of implicatures, leaving no space for recursive mindreading, does not address the same questions as Grice’s theory, and its contribution to the explanation of the nature of communicative interaction is rather limited (Ch. 4). In opposition to a widely shared view, the author argues that Gricean semantics is compatible with the assumption that higher-order thoughts, required by recursive mindreading, are inaccessible to autistic speakers. There is still a good sense in which they can be regarded as meaning something by their utterances and performing speech acts (Ch. 5). The last part of the discussion concerns Gauker’s criticism of the “generalized Griceanism” in M. Tomassello’s work, in particular of the role that Tomassello assigns to the recursive mindreading in his analysis of coordination problems. Concerning this role, the author arrives at rather sceptical conclusions, for different reasons than those underlying Gauker’s criticism (Ch. 6).
CS
Článek je obhajobou Griceovy sémantiky a pragmatiky a zvláště role, kterou v ní hraje předpoklad tzv. „rekurzivního čtení mysli“. Diskuse na toto téma, vedená převážně jako polemika s Griceovým oponentem Christopherem Gaukerem, je pojata jako příležitost k úvahám o povaze jazykové komunikace, o roli vzájemnosti v postojích jejích účastníků, o úloze filosofické analýzy v této sféře a o adekvátním čtení jejích výsledků.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony współczesnym dokumentom urzędowym języka religijnego w postaci statutów synodów diecezjalnych. Językoznawcza analiza składniowa skupia się wokół intencji komunikacyjnej i sposobów jej formalnego wyrażania. W centrum uwagi mieszczą się głównie czasowniki (klasyczne predykaty modalne i wykładniki intencji typu nakazywać, zalecać, zachęcać) oraz struktury werbo-nominalne. Opisowi podlegają też konstrukcje syntaktyczne z dodatkową informacją o celu przyświecającym nadawcy.
EN
The article is devoted to contemporary official documents of the religious language in the form of statutes of diocesan synods. Linguistic syntactic analysis focuses on the communicative intention and the ways of expressing it formally. The focus is mainly on verbs (classical modal predicates and exponents of intent such as to command, recommend, encourage) and verb-nominal structures. Syntactic structures with additional information about the sender’s motives are also described.
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