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EN
Valuation of a company is a very complex and challenging task. On one hand it requires orientation in the existing analytical tools and relies on selection of appropriate valuation methods, on the other, it is quite intuitive with respect to the choice of unquantifiable factors. Re-occurring financial downturns are frequently triggered by decisions taken upon partial or manipulated information. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a critical review of the popular valuation methods and develop new, more optimal solutions for company valuation.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono propozycję szacowania wartości przedsiębiorstwa na podstawie koncepcji gotówkowej wartości dodanej (CVA) z wykorzystaniem informacji publicznej ze skonsolidowanych sprawozdań finansowych. Ideę proponowanej metody przedstawiono na przykładzie wyznaczania wartości Grupy Kapitałowej Węgiel Lubelski „Bogdanka” S.A. (GK LW „Bogdanka” S.A.) oraz Grupy Kapitałowej Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa S.A. (GK JSW S.A.). Szacowanie wartości przedsiębiorstwa odbywa się przez zsumowanie zainwestowanego kapitału oraz zaktualizowanych wszystkich przyszłych wartości CVA. Istotnym elementem proponowanej metody jest szacowanie wartości CVA, która jest obliczana na podstawie zainwestowanego kapitału (aktywa), średniego ważonego kosztu kapitału (WACC) oraz zwrotu gotówkowego z inwestycji (CFROI).
EN
This paper presents a proposal for estimating the value of the company based on the concept of cash value added (CVA) with the use of public information in the consolidated financial statements. The idea of the proposed method is exemplified by valuation of Lublin Coal Group „Bogdanka” SA and the JSW Group Coal Company. Estimation of the value of the company is performed by adding the invested capital and updating all future values of CVA. An important element of the proposed method is to estimate the value of the CVA, which is calculated on the basis of invested capital, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and cash flow return on investment (CFROI).
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
|
2020
|
vol. 4
|
issue 28
185-190
EN
The purpose of the article is to examine the impact of leverage on the market valuation of companies. The article verifies two hypotheses: 1. the degree of leverage is an important factor that impacts the market valuation of companies; 2. for companies with a high level of leverage, the impact of this leverage on their valuation is negative, and for companies with a low level of leverage, the impact is positive.The methodology of the study includes a critical literature review and empirical research based on correlation and regression analysis, including univariate and multivariate regression. The analysis covered quarterly data of ten energy companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. An important component of the research was classifying those companies into several groups, depending on their level of debt ratio in relation to the industry median debt ratio.The results of the research: The literature review did not provide an unequivocal conclusion to the problem. The empirical analysis did not give grounds to reject the first hypothesis; however, the second one was rejected. The research showed positive correlation and regression coefficients between the debt ratio and the price to book value ratio for highly leveraged companies and negative ones for companies with a low level of debt. The results are surprisingly contrary to the expectations based on theoretical premises.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the method of establishing equity shares in weight average cost of capital (WACC), in which the value of loan capital results from the fixed assumptions accepted in the financial plan (for example a schedule of loan repayment) and own equity is evaluated by means of a discount method. The described method causes that, regardless of whether cash flows are calculated as FCFF or FCFE, the result of the company valuation will be identical.
EN
The purpose of the article is to examine the impact of leverage on the market valuation of companies. The article verifies two hypotheses: 1. the degree of leverage is an important factor that impacts the market valuation of companies; 2. for companies with a high level of leverage, the impact of this leverage on their valuation is negative, and for companies with a low level of leverage, the impact is positive. The methodology of the study includes a critical literature review and empirical research based on correlation and regression analysis, including univariate and multivariate regression. The analysis covered quarterly data of ten energy companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. An important component of the research was classifying those companies into several groups, depending on their level of debt ratio in relation to the industry median debt ratio. The results of the research: The literature review did not provide an unequivocal conclusion to the problem. The empirical analysis did not give grounds to reject the first hypothesis; however, the second one was rejected. The research showed positive correlation and regression coefficients between the debt ratio and the price to book value ratio for highly leveraged companies and negative ones for companies with a low level of debt. The results are surprisingly contrary to the expectations based on theoretical premises.
EN
The purpose of this article is to supplement the space between the theoretical and practical approach to business valuation method adjusted net assets. The combination of legal principles and recommendations of how to establish the theoretical adjustment of individual balance sheet items valued companies, using the examples from the Polish capital market, allows the reader familiar with same accounting policies to make the company’s valuation using the presented method. The author proposes ways to determine the corrections, especially for other funds, unlisted joint stock companies and bonds due to the acceptance of an independent auditor and the Financial Supervisory Commission who, in turn, provide an assurance of the correctness of a valuation prepared in this way.
EN
The subject of this article is the use of relative valuation for estimating the value of companies and the risks associated with its application in Bulgaria. The focus is on the analysis of typical omissions and weaknesses characteristic of the practical application of widely used market ratios. Special attention has been put on some important requirements related to the correct interpretation of average market ratios. The definition, argumentation and usage of correct ratios require in-depth knowledge of their nature and of the fundamental factors which determine their values. With regard to this, a review of price-earnings and price-to-book value ratios on the Bulgarian capital market and analysis of the same ratios from the perspective of the reasonability of their levels has been made. Fundamental price-earnings and price-to-book value ratios have also been estimated and compared with the corresponding actual ratios on the Bulgarian Stock Exchange. The results of the study indicate that during the period prior to the financial crisis the average levels of the actual ratios on the Bulgarian capital market were considerably higher than the levels suggested by fundamentals.
EN
Financial globalization and artificial intelligence increase capital mobility along with risk consideration in cross-border investments. Emerging markets are the most vulnerable to specific risk factors like government regulation, political and macroeconomic stability. International investors require additional returns for a business operating in such locations, and higher risks should be captured appropriately in a valuation context. This paper investigates the nature, measures and ways of incorporating country risk premium as an upward adjustment to the discount rate applied within DCF calculations. It shows how to get to country premium using sovereign ratings, credit default swaps and relevant equity market volatility.
9
70%
EN
Business valuation through DCF is recognized as one of the most popular valuation approaches. DCF valuation models, however, have become extremely complex. Modeling requires plenty of input data to be processed, the process is done in many stages, and the data obtained on each of the stages may be interrelated. The process then is not simply a chain of tasks. The modern models work via sophisticated mechanisms of loops being triggered whenever a new piece of information is revealed and the whole model needs updating. Technically speaking, in the spreadsheets environment, this may only be done with the use of iterations. The valuation model should also be subjected to the sensitivity analysis, which is able to quantify the impact of every single assumption made on the final company value. The analysis points out the set of critical assumptions, which have the major impact on the calculated company’s value. Apart from quantifying the impact of the assumptions, the analysis runs qualitative checks on the assumptions assessing the robustness of the arguments standing behind the critical factors for valuation. Consequently, the sensitivity analysis improves the objectivity of the model and mitigates the exposure for the possible results manipulation. The sensitivity analysis reveals its critical role in the valuation process and proves that it should be considered as the standard step in every DCF valuation.
PL
Metody porównawcze (mnożnikowe) są powszechnie stosowane do wyceny spółek notowanych na publicznym rynku kapitałowym, np. w Polsce na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Celem artykułu jest ocena możliwości poprawnego wykorzystania mnożników liczonych na podstawie notowań kursów akcji do wyznaczenia wartości podmiotów gospodarczych. W części empirycznej artykułu zanalizowano wartości mnożników wyznaczonych na podstawie danych pozyskanych z GPW w Warszawie oraz sprawozdań finansowych spółek. Badaniami objęto 429 spółek operacyjnych notowanych na GPW w Warszawie w latach 2004–2013. Analizując wyniki spółek w kolejnych latach, zaobserwowano bardzo dużą zmienność mnożników w ujęciu wewnątrzbranżowym. Jednocześnie w kolejnych latach poszczególne branże zajmowały różne pozycje w rankingach wielkości konkretnego mnożnika. Należy podkreślić, iż zgodnie z logiką podejścia porównawczego zakłada się, że parametry rachunku (mnożniki) charakteryzują się względnie stabilnym poziomem. Powoduje to, że metodę porównawczą należy stosować z bardzo dużą ostrożnością, zwracając uwagę na właściwy dobór jednostek porównywalnych. Powinny one spełniać wiele wymogów. Istotne jest również określenie zasadności stosowania określonych mnożników do wyceny spółek z różnych branż. Nieostrożne korzystanie z mnożników niedopasowanych do specyfiki działalności danej spółki, nieuwzględnienie kwestii stopnia efektywności rynku kapitałowego może prowadzić do wyceny, która będzie znacząco odbiegać od wartości wewnętrznej spółki (liczonej metodą DCF) i od bieżącej wyceny rynkowej.
EN
Relative valuation methods are commonly used for the valuation of companies listed on the public capital markets, e.g. in Poland on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE). The aim of this article is to assess the possibilities of justified use of multiples to determine the value of companies. In the empirical part of the article the multiples determined on the basis of data obtained from the WSE and the financial statements of companies were analysed. The study covered 429 non-financial companies listed on the WSE in 2004–2013. Analysing the results of companies in the consecutive years, very large variability of multipliers within industries was observed. At the same time in the consecutive years various sectors scored different positions in the rankings of the value of a specific multiple. It should be emphasized that according to the logic of comparative approach, it is assumed that the parameters (e.g. multiples) in the valuation formulas are characterized by a relatively stable level. The result is that the comparative method should be used with very great care, paying attention to the proper selection of comparable units. It is also important to determine the legitimacy of the use of certain valuation multiples for companies in different industries. Incautious use of multipliers incompatible with the specifics of the company’s activities, not taking into consideration the form of efficiency of the capital market, may lead to valuation which will differ significantly from the intrinsic value of the company (calculated on the basis of DCF method) and the current market value.
EN
The article discusses the theoretical concept of the cost of capital as well as the practical aspects of using information about the cost of capital in managing companies. The author also reviews the results of a survey among Polish companies on the cost of capital in decision-making processes. The cost of capital plays an important role in calculating the economic value of the company and its components as well as in measuring the net present value of investment projects. The cost of capital makes it possible to convert future expected cash flows from assets into the present value of these assets. Future cash flows are discounted using the cost of capital as a discount rate. The importance of the cost of capital in managing companies largely depends on to what extent companies use economic value based on discounted cash flows. Comparing the actual rate of return on invested capital with the weighted average cost of capital makes it possible to find out whether the company creates economic value added (EVA). The results of the survey carried out among Polish companies indicate that the concept of the cost of capital is understood in different ways. Only about half the surveyed companies use data on the cost of capital in feasibility studies, valuation, in the choice of sources of financing and in the evaluation of their own performance (for example, in EVA calculation).
PL
W artykule przedstawiono pojęcie kosztu kapitału w przedsiębiorstwie od strony teoretycznej oraz praktyczne aspekty wykorzystania informacji o nim w zarządzaniu przedsiębiorstwami. Zaprezentowano także wyniki badania ankietowego polskich spółek handlowych dotyczącego roli kosztu kapitału w podejmowaniu decyzji w przedsiębiorstwie. Koszt kapitału ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla wyceny wartości ekonomicznej całego przed-iębiorstwa lub jego poszczególnych części oraz oceny wartości bieżącej netto projektów inwestycyjnych. Umożliwia on bowiem przekształcenie przyszłych przepływów pieniężnych netto spodziewanych z danych aktywów w wartość bieżącą tych aktywów. Koszt kapitału jest wykorzystywany jako stopa dyskontowa przy aktualizowaniu przyszłych przepływów pieniężnych. Jego rola w zarządzaniu przedsiębiorstwem jest w dużej mierze uzależniona od zakresu wykorzystywania przez nie wyceny wartości ekonomicznej opartej na metodzie zdyskontowanych przepływów pieniężnych. Porównanie zrealizowanej stopy zwrotu z kapitału zainwestowanego w przedsiębiorstwie ze średnim ważonym kosztem tego kapitału pozwala ocenić, czy przedsiębiorstwo jest zdolne do tworzenia wartości dodanej (miernik EVA). Na podstawie wyników badania ankietowego można stwierdzić, że pojęcie kosztu kapitału jest interpretowane w polskich przedsiębiorstwach nie zawsze w ten sam sposób. Ponadto, informacje o koszcie kapitału są wykorzystywane jedynie w około połowie ankietowanych spółek, głównie w zakresie oceny opłacalności projektów inwestycyjnych, wyceny wartości przedsiębiorstwa lub składników jego aktywów, wyboru źródeł finansowania oraz oceny wyników działalności przedsiębiorstwa (np. obliczanie EVA).
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