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EN
Recent studies have taken advantage of newly available, large-scale, cross-linguistic data and new statistical techniques to look at the relationship between language structure and social structure. These ‘nomothetic’ approaches contrast with more traditional approaches and a tension is observed between proponents of each method. We review some nomothetic studies and point out some challenges that must be overcome. However, we argue that nomothetic approaches can contribute to our understanding of the links between social structure and language structure if they address these challenges and are taken as part of a body of mutually supporting evidence. Nomothetic studies are a powerful tool for generating hypotheses that can go on to be corroborated and tested with experimental and theoretical approaches. These studies are highlighting the effect of interaction on language.
EN
Supreme Audit Institutions must face increasing pressure owing to the financial and economic crisis and public finance crisis: contribute to a healthier and more effective functioning of the public accountability system and to generate higher social impacts by their activities. In order to meet these expectations, their value creation processes should be reconsidered and adjusted to the new recognitions about the complex adaptive systems. In his article, the author elaborates on some proposals which are based on the complex systems theory.
PL
Pomimo istotnego wpływu, jaki na współczesną humanistykę wywarł zwrot biokulturowy (biocultural turn), filmo-znawstwo jedynie okazjonalnie dostrzega intelektualny potencjał perspektywy poznawczej przyrodoznawstwa. Wydaje się, że marginalizacji ulega zwłaszcza myśl Karola Darwina i jego spadkobierców. Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony szczątkowo rozpoznanemu w filmoznawstwie paradygmatowi teoretycznemu, jakim jest ewolucjonizm. Autorka wskazuje te obszary teorii filmu, na których pobrzmiewają jego echa (np. kognitywizm), oraz mapuje wyłaniające się na gruncie filmoznawstwa nowe, niejednorodne pole badawcze. Uzupełnieniem tych rozważań jest charakterystyka wad i zalet memetyki, nierzadko określanej mianem darwinizmu bez biologii. Last but not least, autorka przywołuje koncepcję złożonych systemów adaptacyjnych (CAS) jako modelu opartego o ewolucję replikatorów oraz potencjalnie użytecznego w procesie opisu nie tylko tekstów filmowych, ale i całej kultury filmowej.
EN
Despite the significant impact of the biocultural turn on humanities, film studies only occasionally recognise the intellectual potential of the cognitive perspective of nat-ural science. In particular, the thought of Charles Darwin and his followers seems to have been marginalised. The article outlines the barely recognised theoretical paradigm of evolutionism in film studies. The author describes the areas of film theory echoing evolutionism (e.g. cognitivism), as well as maps out new, heterogeneous fields of research emerging in film studies. These considerations are complemented by a weighing up the pros and cons of memetics, often referred to as Darwinism without biology. Last but not least, the author evokes the concept of complex adaptive systems (CAS) as a potentially useful model in the process of describing not only film texts, but film culture as a whole.
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