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EN
Different methods can be employed while investigating the consequences of transport decisions- for instance simulation methods. There are various techniques of formalizing the simulation model, from computer languages of general use and specialist simulation languages, to advanced functional simulation packages and systems. In order to illustrate the possibilities of using computer simulation model to investigate the consequences following from transport decisions, System Dynamics technique has been employed in the present article.
EN
Well-organized management of a supply chain involves the control of inventory levels and fast response to the changing customer demands. Enterprises cannot cope with this problem which contributes to the growing stock levels and therefore increases costs. The main goal of the article is to present a simulation approach to the problem of inventory management in a supply chain. The work shows the use of computer simulation techniques in order to emulate a supply chain system and its stochastic behaviour. The procedure for the usage of simulation modelling was described in a case study containing an analysis of an online store. The simulation results are presented using statistical parameters, which means that managers can get not only information concerning the expected value of the parameter looking decision-making, but also statistics to the characteristics of the risk associated with the decision associated with possible uncertainty.
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This article presents the process of innovation diffusion in the context of Systems Thinking. The Bass diffusion model is built and converted into a computer simulation model with all variables defined in terms of the System Dynamics (stocks and flows). The computer simulation on the Bass' model confirms a typical for real-life innovations behavior. Various initial assumptions and their impact upon the innovation diffusion are tested.
EN
This paper presents the results of using proprietary simulation software for the analysis of the financial risk associated with long-term taking loans in domestic and foreign currency. The study was conducted for loans in PLN and CHF incurred in different periods characterized by a different situation on the financial markets (significantly different currency exchange rates or interest rates, another entry in the „economic cycle”). The theoretical part of the paper describes basic concepts in long-term loans, and also shows the major assumptions for analyzing financial risks arising from incurring long-term obligations in domestic or foreign currency. In the practical part the assumptions of simulation of volatility of future fixed repayment level for loans taken out in PLN or CHF between 2004 and 2008 were described. The results of simulation along with the calculation of the total amount paid in future periods for analyzed variants of credit were also presented.
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EN
Environmental effects of transport, with a particular focus on the natural environment have been discussed. The authors present methods for assessing the influence of investments in transport infrastructure on the environment, as well as the concept of a simulation model which integrates various methods and approaches used to assess the impact of such investments on the environment.
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Global optimization and complexity trade-offs

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EN
It is sometimes assumed in research on language complexity that if languages tended towards some optimal level of global complexity, so that all languages would be roughly equally complex, then local complexity trade-offs should be a general principle in language. Drawing evidence from computer simulations I show that in equally complex systems the proportion of trade-offs (significant negative correlations) is higher than in random systems but far from being a general principle in language. In addition, it may be impossible to determine whether a certain correlation-set comes from random systems or equally complex systems. Based on these results a correlational approach on a handful of typological variables cannot be used to validate, or even falsify, the assumption that all languages are equally complex and, therefore, complexity trade-offs should be kept separate from that assumption. The typological distribution of complexity, drawn from the World Atlas of Language Structures, is further shown to differ from both random systems and equally complex systems.
EN
In the face of the complexity of language as an object of study, it becomes crucial for researchers who investigate its various facets to communicate and to understand each-others’ terminology, methods and results. The feasibility and utility of striving for the elegance of formal models of isolated aspects of the linguistic system (for example, set of generative rules in an individual’s head) are called into question: a theory of language needs to account for how it functions in multiple systems and on multiple time-scales. This short introduction to the special issue on Language as Social Coordination situates works in this issue on the map of collective effort to formulate such a theory. It is also a reflection on the form of a theory of language that could integrate this variety of data and results.
EN
More and more programming competitions for primary and high school students feature simulation tasks. Since many of the contests have an automatic evaluation system, the simulation assignments focus on discreet, deterministic events. Our article will demonstrate how these tasks are used at informatics competitions.
EN
The occurrence of a disaster and the appearance of a new product are items of news that can reach many people rapidly. Decision-makers would like to know how many individuals will obtain such information. In this paper, we study the case in which there are spreaders who think that the news is true and others that claim it is false. We simulate the propagation of a rumour and propose an algorithm for estimating the parameters of the resulting dynamical system. The relation between the parameters defining the simulation and the dynamical system is also studied. We conclude that the simulation describes the phenomenon well, in particular when the method proposed in this paper is used to estimate the parameters.
EN
The occurrence of a disaster and the appearance of a new product are items of news that can reach many people rapidly. Decision-makers would like to know how many individuals will obtain such information. In this paper, we study the case in which there are spreaders who think that the news is true and others that claim it is false. We simulate the propagation of a rumour and propose an algorithm for estimating the parameters of the resulting dynamical system. The relation between the parameters defining the simulation and the dynamical system is also studied. We conclude that the simulation describes the phenomenon well, in particular when the method proposed in this paper is used to estimate the parameters.
PL
W opracowaniu opisano problematykę efektywności dydaktycznej procesów uczenia się i nauczania przedmiotów elektrycznych wspomaganych symulacją komputerową w szkołach zawodowych. Przeprowadzone przez autora badania oceniły poziom efektywności dydaktycznej, a także wyjaśniły mechanizmy występujące w procesach symulacyjnego uczenia się. Hipotezy badawcze sprawdzono na drodze próby eksperymentalnej wg planu qE Solomona z rotacją. Badania empiryczne potwierdziły większość hipotez. Ich wyniki są obiecujące i zachęcają do powszechnego włączenia symulacji komputerowych do metod pracy nauczycieli i uczniów w szkołach zawodowych. Wprowadzenie do kształcenia zawodowego symulacji komputerowych jest uzasadnione, gdyż podwyższa jego efektywność w zakresie zrozumienia wiedzy, umiejętności i technicznych zdolności poznawczych uczniów. Symulacja komputerowa jest metodą uczenia się – nauczania przedmiotów elektrycznych o dużych walorach pedagogicznych. W świetle wyników badań twórcze rozwiązywanie problemów stanowi największe wartości pedagogiczne symulacyjnego uczenia się.
EN
This paper describes the problems of the didactic effectiveness of teaching/learning of electrical engineering subjects assisted by computer simulation in vocational schools. The study conducted by the author has evaluated the level of educational performance as well as explained the mechanisms occurring in the processes of simulation learning. The research hypotheses were tested through experimental tests by Solomon qE plan of rotation. The empirical studies have confirmed most of the hypotheses. Their results are promising and encourage the widespread integration of computer simulation methods for teachers and students in vocational schools. It is therefore justified to introduce computer simulation into vocational training as it improves its effectiveness in understanding the knowledge, technical skills and cognitive abilities of students. Computer simulation is a learning – teaching method of high educational values. According to the results, creative problem solving is of the greatest educational value as far as simulation learning is concerned.
PL
W pracy przeanalizowano aktualną literaturę pedagogiczną oraz przedstawiono wyniki badań pedagogicznych dotyczące określenia efektywności kształcenia pod wpływem zastosowanych deterministycznych symulacji komputerowych podczas procesu dydaktycznego.
EN
The paper have been presented the study of analyzes the current pedagogical literature and the results of educational research, on the determination of the effectiveness of teaching under the influence of applied deterministic simulations.
PL
W artykule omówiono zastosowanie multimedialnej aplikacji z elementami symulacji komputerowej w nauczaniu przedmiotu mechanika techniczna z wytrzymałością materiałów. Przedstawiono wady i zalety, jakie daje wykorzystanie tej formy przekazywania wiedzy w nauczaniu przedmiotów technicznych.
EN
The article discusses the use of multimedia applications with elements of computer simulation in teaching the subject of technical mechanics of the strength of materials. Presents the advantages and disadvantages offered by the use of this form of transmission of knowledge in the teaching of technical subjects.
PL
Symulacja jest przyszłością dalszego rozwoju techniki. Dzięki niej możemy symulować nie tylko modele zawarte w technicznej gałęzi przemysłu, ale również modele gospodarcze czy ekonomiczne. Jedynym ograniczeniem symulacji komputerowej jest poprawne zapisanie danych matematycznych o obiektach badanych oraz ich wzajemnym oddziaływaniu na siebie. Głównym wątkiem pracy jest przedstawienie za pomocą graficznych programów komputerowych symulacji wytrzymałościowej mocowania silnika motocykla MZ ETZ oraz procesu wytwórczego przy pomocy kompatybilnego oprogramowaniu CAM.
EN
The lack of empathy towards disability is a significant societal issue that hampers inclusivity and understanding. Many struggle to comprehend the daily challenges and experiences faced by people with disabilities, leading to ignorance, prejudice, and exclusion. However, empathy plays a pivotal role in addressing this problem and serves as the foundation for developing and creating better products, services, and environments. This article explores the potential of developing virtual reality (VR) applications to enhance students’ empathy towards individuals with disabilities. By increasing empathy levels, students are expected to gain significant qualifications in universal design (UD). The full application development process covers the most suitable head-mounted display (HMD) set. The implementation methodology using the Unity programming platform, the approach adopted for conducting classes using the developed VR application, and the deployment stage. Testing was successfully conducted on a student population, receiving positive user feedback. Through the integration of VR technology, the authors thoroughly describe how to address the empathy gap and equip students with essential skills for inclusive and accessible design. The findings presented in this study provide valuable guidance for educators and developers interested in harnessing VR’s potential to foster empathy and advance universal design practices. With the presented methodology and proposed application, the authors demonstrate the effectiveness of VR applications in elevating students’ empathy levels, consequently enhancing their qualifications in universal design.
PL
Celem rozważań jest zaprezentowanie koncepcji innowacyjnego narzędzia, służącego do generowania informacji na potrzeby oceny oddziaływania inwestycji infrastrukturalnych na środowisko naturalne. Narzędziem tym jest system symulacyjny oparty na modelu zbudowanym w konwencji metody dynamiki systemowej. System ten pozwala na łączenie różnych metod i modeli używanych w ocenie oddziaływania na środowisko(OOŚ) oraz korzystanie z osiągnięć różnych dyscyplin naukowych. Umożliwia ponadto szybkie i łatwe modyfikowanie struktury modeli docelowych, dzięki udostępnieniu wcześniej definiowanych modułów. Cechy omawianego narzędzia mogą powodować, że generowanie informacji na potrzeby OOŚ będzie łatwiejsze i szybsze, a tym samym przyspieszona zostanie procedura wydawania decyzji o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach przez organy administracji publicznej.
EN
An aim of considerations is to present the concept of an innovative tool serving generating information for the purposes of assessment of the impact of infrastructural investments in the natural environment. The tool is the simulation system based on the model built in the convention of systems dynamics. The system allows combination of various methods and models used in assessment of the impact on the environment as well as use of achievement of various scientific disciplines. Moreover, it enables a quick and easy modification of the structure of target models owing to provision of the earlier defined modules. The features of the tool in question may cause that generating information for the purpose of assessment of the impact on environment will be easier and faster, thus there will be accelerated the procedure of making decisions on environmental conditions by the public administration bodies.
RU
Цель рассуждений – представить концепцию инновационного инструмента, который служит генерированию информации для нужд оценки воздействия инфраструктурных инвестиций на природную среду. Этим инструментом является симуляционная система, основанная на модели, построенной в конвенции метода системной динамики. Эта система позволяет объединять разные методы и модели, используемые в оценке воздействия на среду, а также пользование достижениями разных научных дисциплин. Кроме того, она дает возможность быстро и просто видоизменять структуру целевых моделей, бла- годаря предоставлению заранее определяемых модулей. Свойства рассматриваемого инструмента могут приводить к тому, что генерирование информации для нужд оценки воздействия на среду будет проще и быстрее, тем самым будет ускорена процедура выдачи органами публичной администрации реше- ний об обусловленностях среды.
PL
W opracowaniu poruszono problematykę oprogramowania do badań symulacyjnych w energoelektronice. Przedstawiono przykłady jego zastosowania na zajęciach laboratoryjnych z napędów elektrycznych w Instytucie Nauk Technicznych Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Wschodnioeuropejskiej w Przemyślu. Wskazano aspekty dydaktyczne projektowania i badania przekształtników energoelektronicznych z wykorzystaniem środowisk symulacyjnych oraz zasady prowadzenia ćwiczeń laboratoryjnych.
EN
This paper deals with the problem of simulation studies software used in power electronics. It discusses examplary uses of such software in electric drives lab classes in The East European State Higher School in Przemyśl (PWSW). The thesis touches upon didactic aspects of designing and researching power electronic converters using simulation environments, and explains rules for conducting lab classes.
EN
Testing hypotheses or evaluation confidence intervals requires knowledge of some statistics’ distributions. It is convenient if the probability distribution of the statistic converges to normal distribution when the sample size is sufficiently large. This paper examines the problem of how to evaluate sample size in order to determine that a statistic’s distribution does not depart from normal distribution by more than an assumed amount. Two procedures are proposed to evaluate the necessary sample size. The first is based on Berry-Esseen inequality while the second is based on simulation procedure. In order to evaluate the necessary sample size, the distribution of the sample mean is generated by replicating samples of a fixed size. Next, the normal distribution of the evaluated sample means is tested. The size of the generated samples is gradually increased until the hypothesis on the normality of the sample mean distribution is not rejected. This procedure is applied in the cases of statistics other than sample mean.
PL
Podczas testowania hipotez lub wyznaczania przedziałów ufności rozkłady pewnych statystyk zwykle nie są znane. Wygodne jest, gdy rozkłady takich statystyk można przybliżać rozkładem normalnym. Celem pracy jest wyznaczenie takiej liczebności próby, przy której rozkład statystyki jest dostatecznie dobrze aproksymowany rozkładem normalnym. Zaproponowano dwie procedury postępowania. Jedna z nich daje aproksymację liczebności próby na podstawie nierówności Berry-Esseena. Druga metoda polega na generowaniu serii prób o ustalonej liczebności, na podstawie których wyznacza się wartości statystyki. Opierając się na tych wartościach, testuje się normalność rozkładu statystyki. W razie odrzucenia hipotezy o normalności zwiększa się rozmiar generowanych prób. Procedurę tę powtarza się aż do ustalenia liczebności próby, przy której hipoteza o normalności nie jest odrzucona.
PL
W artykule przedstawione zostaną wyniki badań EEG dotyczące efektywności dydaktycznej w kształceniu technicznym. Badania przeprowadzono w Laboratorium Badań Eksperymentalnych Biofeedback funkcjonującym na Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie.
EN
The article presents the results of EEG studies on the effectiveness of teaching in technical education. The study was conducted in the Laboratory of Experimental Biofeedback functioning at the Academy. Jan Dlugosz in Czestochowa.
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