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1
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Merger Control in Georgia – national legislation and case law review

100%
Menabdishvili S.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
|
2016
|
vol. 9(14)
181-194
EN
Georgia has amended its Law on Competition in 2014 in order to fulfil its obligations set out by the Association Agreement with the European Union. Despite further approximations of its laws with those of the EU, some serious flaws remain. Merging parties are obliged to submit a prior notification to the Competition Agency of Georgia if their total turnover exceeds 20 million Georgian lari (GEL) or if the value of their assets exceeds 10 million GEL (7,692,307 EUR). One of the most interesting aspects of the Georgian merger control system rests in what the Competition Agency is authorised to do in case of a failure to fulfil the notification duty. This paper will discuss Georgian rules on concentrations as well as two of its recent merger cases.
FR
La Géorgie a modifié sa loi sur la concurrence en 2014 afin de remplir ses obligations imposées par l’Accord d’association avec l’Union européenne. Malgré des rapprochements de la loi géorgienne avec la loi de l’Union européenne certains défauts persistent. Les parties de la concentration sont obligées de notifier l’Autorité de la concurrence géorgienne si leur chiffre d'affaires total dépasse 20 millions de lari géorgien (GEL) ou si la valeur de leurs actifs dépasse 10 millions de GEL (7.692.307 EUR). L'un des aspects les plus intéressants du système géorgien de contrôle des concentrations concerne les compétences de l’Autorité de la concurrence en cas de la violation de l’obligation de notification par l’entreprise. Cet article va analyser les règles de la loi géorgienne concernant les concentrations, ainsi que les deux affaires de concentration récentes.
2
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Tendencje rozwojowe chowu bydła mlecznego w aspekcie opłacalności produkcji mleka

80%
Będzikowska L.
Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne
|
2015
|
vol. 1(21)
183-191
EN
In Poland dairy farming has become more concentrated for the last 10 years. However the extent of fragmentation is still higher than in Western European countries. Only farms with more than 35 cows and with an average milk production of at least 6000 1/year will retain potential for growth and market competitiveness. In the Płock region there are still unused opportunities for the growth of dairy production if the scale of production is increased.
3
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Trade Diversity and Stages of Development—Evidence on EU Countries

80%
Parteka A.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2012
|
issue 30
23-44
EN
The paper presents the dynamics of trade diversification with respect to stages of development in the European context. The analysis focuses on EU27 countries observed across the years 1988–2010 and compared to a sample of 136 international economies at all levels of income per capita. We will use product level statistics (six digit HS0) and confront export and import patterns of absolute diversification/concentration. The results show that in line with \‘stages of diversification\’ approach [Imbs and Wacziarg, 2003], EU27 countries are characterized by a high degree of trade diversity (on average, EU27 countries export 78% and import 90% of goods effectively exported and imported at the world level) and within the analyzed period most of them registered a reconcentration of trade structures. Obtained estimation results confirm a positive relationship between trade diversity and economic development levels (conditional mainly upon the size of the country) with a possibility of reconcentration at higher stages of development (observable in nonparametric estimates).
4
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Koncentracja sektora bankowego w Polsce na progu nowej perspektywy finansowej Unii Europejskiej

80%
Lipski M.
Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne
|
2015
|
vol. 2(22)
157-164
EN
The aim of the paper is to present concentration changes in the Polish banking sector, as well as an attempt of further trends indication. In the analysis, the following concentration measures were used: CR5 ratio and Herfindahl-Hirschman ratio. Before the evaluation of the market structure, in the paper there is a short synthesis of the most important aspects determining interpretation of the results and giving wider perception at which point of development the analysed banking market in Poland is. Conducted analysis points out that the Polish banking sector presents lower level of concentration than sectors in most countries of the EU15 and in other countries of the Central-Eastern Europe. In the following years further consolidation processes should be expected. The scale and pace of these changes will be also influenced by the view of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority.
5
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SPATIAL DIVERSIFICATION OF ENERGY CROPS IN POLISH AGRICULTURE: A STUDY OF PLANTATION CONCENTRATION BASED ON LOCAL INDICATORS OF SPATIAL ASSOCIATION (LISA)

80%
Kołodziejczak A., Rudnicki R.
Quaestiones Geographicae
|
2017
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vol. 36
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issue 2
49-56
EN
The paper deals with the spatial diversification of energy crops and their concentration in the Polish agriculture. The analysis of changes in territorial patterns regarding those plantations involves natural factors, effects of urbanisation, and the level of absorption of European Union funds. The concentration of plantations is presented by means of local spatial correlations of energy crops; for the purposes of this research, local Moran’s statistic (Ii) has also been employed.
6
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Competition and concentration in the Polish banking sector after the global financial crisis of 2008

80%
Pawłowska M.
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
|
2018
|
issue 4 (36)
163-181
EN
The aim of this paper is to investigate the level of competition in the Polish banking sector. The analysis of concentration ratios and competition measures showed that as a result of the consolidation process, the level of competition in the Polish banking sector decreased. Moreover, it was pointed out that despite the generally favorable situation, the regulatory requirements observed in recent years are a significant challenge for banks in order to maintain their competitive position on the market. In addition, it seems that the greatest challenge now is the inability to reconcile pressure on short-term profits along with long-term development strategies.
7
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Competition in the Polish Banking Sector

80%
Pawłowska M.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
|
2010
|
vol. 240
|
issue 5-6
91-119
EN
The paper aims to assess changes in the level of competition in Poland’s banking sector in 1997-2007. Competition between banks is one of the most important factors behind the stability of the financial sector through its influence on the profitability of banks, access to external funding, and the country’s economic development as a whole. In this paper, the Panzar and Rosse model was applied to assess the level of competition in the banking sector. The results of the analysis of the Polish banking sector show that between 1997 and 2007 commercial banks operated under monopolistic competition. The degree of competition in the Polish banking sector is close to that in euro-area banking sectors (which is reflected by the values of the Panzar and Rosse measures). This applies to both corporate and retail banking. The main driving factor behind competition in the Polish banking sector was the country’s entry into the European Union. The same channels, i.e. consolidation and financial deregulation, that were observed in the EU at the time of adopting the euro influenced competition between banks in the Polish banking sector at the time of EU entry. This was mainly due to foreign capital from the euro area.
8
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Competitiveness and concentration of the banking sector as a measure of banks’ credit ratings

80%
Chodnicka-Jaworska P.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
|
2018
|
issue 519
26-39
EN
The aim of the paper is to verify the impact of the competitiveness of the banking sector and concentration on banks’ credit ratings. A literature review was carried out and as a result the following hypothesis was put forward: the bigger the banks from the countries where the banking sector is more concentrated and more competitive, the higher the banks’ credit ratings. The analysis was conducted using ordered panel data models on banks’ credit ratings with the use of quarterly data on a European banks’ sample. Long-term issuer credit ratings given to banks by the three largest credit rating agencies were used as a dependent variable.
9
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Recent Competition Policy Developments in Hungary – Merger Control

80%
Nagy A.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
|
2013
|
vol. 6(8)
191-200
10
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Macropolization in the People’s Republic of China, 1950–2015

70%
Szymańska D., Wylon M.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
|
2020
|
vol. 24
|
issue 3
161-175
EN
This article concerns the process of population concentration in large urban centres in China. The authors conclude that this process is reflected in the increase in the number of cities of a million or more, and the increase in their share of China’s total population, as well as in the country’s total urban population; the process is here termed ‘macropolization’. We analyse and assess the process of macropolization and examine changes in the size structures of these cities (one million or more), and the accompanying transformation in the spatial differentiation of urban population concentrations in China. In addition, the effect that macropolization has on the level of urbanization of individual provinces is shown, as is its significance in the overall share of urban population. The macropolization process from 1950 to 2015 has been assessed. The data was collected from Chinese statistical offices, United Nations reports and the available literature on the subject.
11
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Spatial differences in migration of businesses: The example of Polish regions

70%
Dziemianowicz W.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 3
142-149
EN
Companies relocate in various manners. Some of them move by way of foreign direct investments, other relocate within their countries, regions or local areas of operation (e.g. when a company moves its seat to a different street). This paper focuses on the issue of relocating companies' seats. Data analysis (on NUTS2 level) indicates that migration of companies leads to an increased concentration of businesses in the Mazovia region, in particular in Warsaw. Additionally, it was demonstrated that in all of the Polish voivodeships the majority of companies that migrate do so within their regions. The weakest “magnet” for businesses are the voivodeships belonging to the least developed areas in Poland (Eastern Poland) and the Opole voivodeship, which undergoes a significant decline in population.
12
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Czynniki wpływające na strukturę rynku usług

70%
Mongiało D.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
|
2007
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vol. 214
|
issue 3
85-98
EN
The author probes the factors that influence the structure of service markets and describes the way in which they influence the operations of these markets. The paper presents selected factors of key importance to the structure of service markets. These include the nonmaterial nature and diversification of services, information asymmetry, natural and regulatory barriers to entry and the level of concentration. The last part of the article shows the influence of all these factors on the structure of selected service markets. The author argues that service markets have certain specific features that account for the existence of individual market models. Whether a specific segment of the service sector takes the form of an oligopoly, monopoly or perfect competition is determined by its specific features, including the differentiation of services, the nature of entry barriers, the existence of scale benefits and the level of concentration.
13
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BANKING CONCENTRATION IN THE BALTIC AND WESTERN BALKAN STATES — SELECTED ISSUES

70%
Kubiszewska K.
Oeconomia Copernicana
|
2017
|
vol. 8
|
issue 1
65-82
EN
Research background: In a rapidly changing economic environment companies deepen their cooperation, which occurs in all sectors of the economy. The progressive increase in market concentration, especially in the banking sector, is caused by various reasons. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to compare the tendencies within market structures in few countries which origin from similar political systems and which have got experience in transformation of banking sectors. Methods: The research concerns the Baltic and the Western Balkan States. Concentration of the banking sectors, as measured by both HHI and CR5 indices changed during the quoted period, as a result of the consolidation of the sector. The study revealed a distinct change in the growth rate of market concentration and the number of banks, and is based on data provided by the local central banks and the European Central Bank. Findings & Value added: The situation in banking sectors in the Western Balkans differed significantly, which could be explained by strong economic ties, particularly with Germany and Austria. In this region, the raising concentration of the banking markets is related to the decreasing number of banks, while in the Sea Baltic States the increasing number of institutions is accomplished by the falling concentration ratio. The paper concerns the developments of the banking sectors which are not yet well described and do not belong to the mainstream of research in the Polish literature, meaning the region of the Western Balkans.
14
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Transformation of ownership of the banking system in Poland and Ukraine: problems and prospects

70%
Alyeksyeyev I., Pozniakova O.
Nauki o Finansach
|
2018
|
issue vol. 23 no. 1
33-48
EN
The article deals with the issues of transformation of ownership of the banking system in Ukraine and Poland. Poland’s experience of successful privatization of the state banks has also been discussed. The place of the state banks preparing for privatization in the banking system of Ukraine has been analysed. By using the method of calculating the concentration of capital by the indicators of the share of the entity in the market (Pj), concentration ratio CRn and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), it has been found that the concentration level of the banking system in Ukraine in recent years is growing. Given the unstable situation, we can assume that the increased concentration within the normal range is a form of consolidation. However, given the current problem of hidden monopolies in Ukraine today, the transformation of ownership in the banking sector needs special attention of banking regulators to assess the possible socio-economic consequences of concentration.
15
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Income and education as a source of health inequality. New UE countries case

70%
Ucieklak-Jeż P.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
|
2018
|
issue 510
181-192
EN
The objective of the research was testing the effect of the level of concentration of health needs in the countries of the, so called, New European Union in terms of income and education on the level of health inequality.When planning the study, the following research hypothesis was put forward: H1: there is a relation between meeting the self-reported health needs and the level of education or income of populations of New UE countries. The formulated hypothesis was explicitly confirmed during the analysis of the concentration of the three traits of health care accessibility, which showed that the highest level of concentration indicating a conscious need for taking advantage of specialist medical examinations necessary for the improvement of health was observed in social groups with high education (ED5_8) and income (Q80_100), Q60_80).
16
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Recent Developments in Slovak Competition Law - Legislation and Case Law Review

70%
Šabová Z., Fodorová K., Lukáčová D.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
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2013
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vol. 6(8)
223-243
17
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Competition Law in Macedonia in 2011-2012: New Perspectives and New Challenges

70%
Jashari A., Ziba Memeti N.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
|
2013
|
vol. 6(8)
201-222
18
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Współczynnik koncentracji k jako miara zróżnicowania dochodów i inwestycji gmin

61%
Czempas J.
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
|
2012
|
vol. 13
|
issue 1
69-81
PL
Inwestycje realizowane przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego to celowe wydatkowanie kapitału, skierowane na powiększenie korzyści materialnych i niematerialnych wspólnoty samorządowej. Wszystkie efektywne wydatki, jakie ponosi gmina na wytworzenie lub odtworzenie składników majątku gminy, uważa się za środki pozytywnie wpływające na rozwój gminy i sytuację jej mieszkańców. W artykule starano się ocenić poziom nierównomierności, czyli koncentracji wydatków na inwestycje ponoszonych przez 19 miast na prawach powiatu województwa śląskiego. Dokonano tego obliczając współczynnik koncentracji zaproponowany przez Karola Kukułę i bazując na danych pochodzących ze sprawozdań z wykonania budżetu zebranych przez Regionalną Izbę Obrachunkową w Katowicach.
EN
Investments of local communes are intentional expenditures of capital aimed at increase in tangible and intangible benefits of the commune. All effective expenditures born by the commune on construction and reconstruction of its wealth are treated as funds positively influencing its development and well-being of citizens. The paper was intended to assess the level of dispersion, i.e. concentration of expenditures on investments born by 19 cities acting as counties in Silesian voivodship. The fundamental measure used in research was concentration coefficient proposed by Karol Kukuła and the basis for calculations was data presented in budget usage collected by Regionalna Izba Obrachunkowa in Katowice.
19
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Inequality of the development of entrepreneurship and innovation in Poland

61%
Mesjasz-Lech A.
Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy
|
2016
|
vol. nr 3
97--110
EN
Entrepreneurship and innovation contribute to economic development through a change in the economic structure of businesses. Venturesome activities and innovation are about the creation of a resources configuration which allows to gain a competitive advantage. Innovation is perceived as an effect of entrepreneurship. It comes from this fact that entrepreneurship is understood as a capability to create new knowledge, and to find solutions to problems or situations. The goal of the article is to assess the inequality of the development of entrepreneurship and innovation among regions in Poland in based on levels of concentration. An analysis of the measures of entrepreneurship and innovation in relation to Polish provinces was carried out. The level of regional concentration of entrepreneurship and innovation in Poland was analyzed on the basis of separate measures.
PL
Przedsiębiorczość i innowacyjność przyczyniają się do rozwoju gospodarczego dzięki zmianie w strukturze ekonomicznej przedsiębiorstw. Działania przedsiębiorcze i innowacyjne koncentrują się na tworzeniu takiej konfiguracji zasobów, aby możliwe było osiągnięcie przewagi konkurencyjnej. Innowacyjność postrzegana jest jako efekt przedsiębiorczości. Wynika to z rozumienia przedsiębiorczości jako zdolności do kreowania nowej wiedzy, sposobu rozwiązania problemu czy też sytuacji. Celem artykułu jest ocena nierówności w rozwoju przedsiębiorczości i innowacyjności w Polsce w kontekście koncentracji. Analizie poddano mierniki przedsiębiorczości i innowacyjności w odniesieniu do województw. Na podstawie wyodrębnionych mierników zbadano poziom koncentracji przedsiębiorczości i innowacyjności w Polsce w ujęciu regionalnym.
20
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Zmiany w społeczno-ekonomicznych uwarunkowaniach rozwojowych rolnictwa

61%
Karwat-Woźniak B.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
|
2013
|
issue 2(28)
EN
Liberalisation of economic relations leaves its mark on agriculture. Raising competition determines a necessity of position improvement. The paper aims to present the changes in selected structures affecting production capacities of farms. In the paper the agricultural land resources, area structure of farms and socio-economic faeces of farmers were analysed. The main empirical material was the Central Statistical Office data. The research results indicate that due to the area of agricultural land, the Polish agriculture has a potential to be a significant producer. Farmers’ attributes and positive structural changes reveal an improvement of agriculture competitive capabilities. However,a scattered agrarian structure is still a feature of agriculture. On the supply side, the acceleration of structural changes in agriculture, especially by fostering land concentration, is a prerequisite for meeting competitive requirements. Therefore, an introduction of instruments supporting small farms liquidation, as well as the diversification of rural population economic activity are essential.
PL
Liberalizacja relacji ekonomicznych coraz silniej zaznacza się również w rolnictwie. Oznacza to, że sprostanie rywalizacji wiąże się z poprawą jego zdolności konkurencyjnej. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie zmian w wybranych strukturach wyznaczających możliwości wytwórcze gospodarstw rolnych. W pracy skoncentrowano się na zasobach ziemi, strukturze obszarowej gospodarstw i cechach społeczno-demograficznych rolników. Podstawowy materiał empiryczny stanowiły dane GUS. Z wykonanych prac wynika, że polskie rolnictwo ze względu na areał gruntów rolniczych posiada warunki, aby stać się znacznym producentem rolnym. Cechy rolników i pozytywne zmiany strukturalne wskazują na poprawę zdolności konkurencyjnej rolnictwa. Jednak sprostanie konkurencji na płaszczyźnie zasobowej wymaga zdynamizowania zmian w obrębie struktur rolniczych, zwłaszcza przyśpieszenia koncentracji ziemi. Wiąże się to z ożywieniem likwidacji małych gospodarstw i dywersyfikacji aktywności zawodowej ludności rolniczej.
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