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2017
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vol. 44
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issue 6
23-48
EN
In the article the author discusses the beginnings of Polish camp literature, more precisely: literature referring to the Nazi German concentration camps. For decades it was assumed that the earliest Polish texts of that type were published in 1945. It appears that the first works – reports and memoirs – were published before the outbreak of WWII. In this article, the author discusses them in the historical and historical-literary contexts (mainly in the context of German writings).
EN
The author presents biographies of nine officers of the Polish Army. All of them, though differently, were connected with the town of Wadowice: some of them were born there, some in the 12th Infantry Regiment that stationed in the town, whereas others attended the local school. Besides their bonds with the town of Wadowice, they also shared the expieience of the second world war and of the fight with the German invader. Although, as officers, they seemed to be obliged to combat with the enemy, the decision to put up resistance was never easy. Their fates were once again linked in Auschwitz, where they were sent as a result repressive organized by the Nazis.
EN
The French in the Inmate Hierarchy of Auschwitz-Birkenau: GIS in Historical Research – Introduction to a Research ProjectThe aim of this article is to identify a research problem concerning the French prisoners of Auschwitz-Birkenau, and to discuss preliminary results of a PhD project conducted at the Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences. As planned, the implementation of the project will involve the use of methods offered by widely understood information technologies, such as the Geographic Information System (GIS) and the structural language of the French deportees, who were one of the more numerous groups of Auschwitz-Birkenau prisoners. The article outlines a potential research field and presents preliminary results of a study on the Auschwitz II-Birkenau women’s camp. Thanks to the use of information technologies, such as GIS tools, it was possible to map the space of sectors BIa and BIb of Auschwitz II-Birkenau with its particular parts, including barracks, baths, kitchens, latrines, etc. Using raster georeferencing, an image of the camp as it is today was superimposed on an aerial photograph of the sub-camp taken by the Allies in 1944. Francuzi w hierarchii więźniarskiej Auschwitz-Birkenau. GIS w badaniach historycznych – wprowadzenie do badańCelem niniejszego artykułu jest zasygnalizowanie problemu badawczego, który dotyczy francuskich więźniów obozu Auschwitz-Birkenau, a także przedstawienie wstępnych wyników badań przygotowanych na potrzeby doktoratu pisanego w Instytucie Historii PAN. Do całościowej realizacji projektu wykorzystane zostaną metody, które oferują szeroko rozumiane technologie informacyjne, takie jak System informacji geograficznej (GIS) oraz strukturalny język zapytań SQL. Autorka odwołując się do teorii aktora-sieci, w centrum rozważań stawia osoby deportowane z Francji, które stanowiły jedną z liczniejszych grup więźniów obozu Auschwitz-Birkenau. W tekście zasygnalizowano możliwe pole badawcze oraz zaprezentowano możliwości badań nad częścią obozu kobiecego w Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Dzięki wykorzystaniu technologii informacyjnych, takich jak narzędzia GIS-owskie, możliwe było ukazanie przestrzenne części kobiecej BIa i BIb obozu Auschwitz II-Birkenau wraz z wyznaczeniem jej konkretnych części, takich jak baraki, łaźnie, kuchnie, latryny itd. Wykorzystując georeferencing obrazu rastrowego, widok współczesny obozu nałożono na jedno ze zdjęć lotniczych podobozu wykonane przez Aliantów w 1944 roku.
EN
In an age when the global dissemination of digital information is transforming the way we read and write by foregrounding the interdependence of visual/verbal elements and languages, the reconstruction of identity and history in digital environments challenges binary translation processes. From this perspective, we interrogate the integration of visual and verbal elements in three Wikipedia articles, written in Polish, English, and Portuguese, about the topic “Polish death camp”. What is the role of translation in the semiotic construction of historical discourses in these articles? What are the conflicts generated by translated denominations? How do Wikipedia communities engage with the production of these cognitiverepresentations? This paper attempts to answer these questions.
EN
The problem of presenting the traumatic experience of deportation and detention in a concentration camp is still painfully topical, the more so that hitherto existing methods and linguistic strategies provide no useful tools for its investigation, being either frustratingly ineffective, or altogether useless. Over time, a certain regularity in handling the problem has become noticeable, i.e. a distinctive separation of the available accounts of the experience into those provided by women and those evidenced by men. The answer to the question of how to narrate has to be then preceded by an appropriate question on social, cultural and gender identity of the narrator. On the basis of the exemplary accounts by four former inmates of the concentration camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau it is possible to understand the specificity and uniqueness of feminine perception of the camp’s reality. The accounts provided by Charlotte Delbo, Liana Millu, Seweryna Szmaglewska and Krystyna Żywulska - all easily identifiable by the different adopted form of message conveyance - share the specificity of women’s subjects raised, aspects closely related to the structure of a woman and her existence in responding to extreme conditions, often omitted in accounts provided by male witnesses. Camp pregnancies, dramatic deliveries, pseudo-scientific experiments, rapes and prostitution - all these constitute additional themes related to by women, victims to the above.
DE
Der Band enthält die Abstracts ausschließlich in englischer Sprache.
EN
Being a survivor to the Buchenwald concentration camp may implythe inability to tell this tragic experience. Semprun tries to go beyond this difficulty by writing L'écriture ou la vie. His trauma and the camp’s omnipresence determine a noncoincidence between interior and exterior time and the fragmentation of the text. Chronological linearity makes way for a labyrinthic time caractherized by a continuous change of present into past tense and by several flashbacks and metatextual digressions. The latter are also the indication that the elaboration process is underway and this suggests that art in itself makes the evolution possible.
FR
Le numéro contient uniquement les résumés en anglais.
RU
Том не содержит аннотаций на английском языке.
EN
The object of the article is the presentation and analysis of endeavors undertaken by the former prisoners of the German camp in the occupied Konstantynów by Łódź to requalify the name of the camp from a displaced persons camp to a concentration camp. The article briefly outlines the history of the camp, its place in the Nazi camp system and the conditions that pervaded the camp. This is followed by a presentation of the arguments and counterarguments used in the polemics of the former prisoners with public institutions. The status of the former prisoners of the Konstantinow camp is examined in the context of the Veteran Act and the accompanying regulation. The issue of financial compensation paid out to the victims of Nazi Germany by the Foundation for Polish-German Reconciliation is also discussed. The article provides an impulse for reflection on the topic of the treatment of transition camps in two categories: de iure and de facto.
EN
Aim: Presenting the pedagogic, academic, and scouting activity of Celestyna Orlikowska in different periods of time and various conditions taking mainly account of the period in Piotrków and her patriotic attitude during the Second World War. Methods: An analysis of archival documents and source literature in the context of social, political, and territorial changes taking place and the ongoing war. Results: Presenting an educationist who cared with great devotion about her mentees’ education. Presenting her great involvement in scouting, and her commendable attitude in the period of conspiracy during the German occupation and during her stay in a concentration camp. Presenting her considerable output in the scope of history of natural sciences. Showing the coercive attitude of the communist authorities towards the highly qualified teacher who wished to educate the youth in the spirit of universal, human values. Conclusions: Showing that the teacher’s worthy attitude, diligence, reliability regardless of the situation she was in, produces positive educational results and earns recognition among her students and the environment she was in.
EN
Bronisław Muzyka, born in the region of Lwów, settled down in Szadek after the Second World War. He lived more than fourty years as a citizen of this town, where he was active, among other things, as the bandmaster of the Volunteer Fire Brigade. His life had a tragic episode – it was his stay in Flossenburg concentration camp and its subcamp in Legenfeld. Fragments of written down by Bronisław Muzyka memories of this time describe the situation of the Nazi forced labour camps prisoners, among whom were the inhabitants of Szadek region.
PL
Urodzony na ziemi lwowskiej Bronisław Muzyka po II wojnie światowej osiadł w Szadku. Przez ponad czterdzieści lat związany z tym miastem pełnił m.in. funkcję kapelmistrza szadkowskiej orkiestry Ochotniczej Straży Pożarnej. Tragicznym epizodem w jego życiu był pobyt w obozie koncentracyjnym Flossenbürg i jego filii w Legenfeld. Fragmenty spisanych przez B. Muzykę wspomnień z tego okresu pozwalają przybliżyć los więźniów hitlerowskich obozów pracy, wśród których byli także mieszkańcy regionu szadkowskiego.
EN
Father Józef Piekieliński was born in 1897 in Szadek, where his family lived. After finishing the Theological Seminary in Włocławek he worked as catechist and curate in a number of parishes in Kujawsko-Kaliska diocese, and then in Częstochowa diocese. In the period 1932–1941 he was the parish priest in Jaworzno near Wieluń. During massive arrests of Polish clergy by Germans in 1941he was imprisoned in the concentration camp in Dachau, where he died in 1942.
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2017
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vol. 41
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issue 3
107-114
EN
The aim of the article is to present the Nazi reality and its propaganda as seen through the eyes of Bruno – the hero of the novel John Boyne’s The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas. The narrative shown from the perspective of a child reveals, in a unique way, the mechanics of demagogy and manipulation used by the Nazi propaganda. The symbolic fence between Bruno, the son of the concentration camp commandant, and a Jewish boy of the same age named Schmul, becomes the main theme of the novel. The story of the novel reveals the entanglement of the children in the workings of the history. Such a story construction is a starting point for the author of the article for the analysis of the complexity of propaganda measures and their influence on a young person, mainly in the affective, intellectual and social dimensions. The analysis involves not only the linguistic layer of the novel, but also the topography of the place and the characteristic use of Nazi symbols.
EN
The paper presents the realizations of the theme of concentration camps in folk art, i.e. the sculptures made by Władysław Chajec, Zygmunt Skrętowicz, Franciszek Skocz, and Jan Staszak. Chajec and Staszak tried to present the most drastic moments in the history of the Nazi death factories. These sculptors drew inspiration from the popular iconography of the Holocaust, i.e. pictures showing the liberation of the camps. Skocz carved a cycle of figures that represent members of the SS and prisoners who are doing labor and who are being subjected to punishment, whereas Staszak decided to create his works by using wood from the trees growing on the borders of the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, thus treating these plants as witnesses of suffering. This article presents the aforementioned works against the background of the crisis of representation, which permeates culture after the Holocaust.
EN
The author compares 12 concentration camp systems, from US camps in the Philippines (1901–1902) to Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian camps in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995). He uses comparative history for macro-causal analysis, discusses the challenges in defining concentration camps, and compares camps with other institutions. Some of the features outlined in the paper can be found in all concentration camps (forceful isolation of masses of people in accord with a “collectivist logic”, power, and cruelty), while others are limited to certain sub-types (forced labor, medical experiments). The author proves that concentration camps were predominantly a tool that was intended to help win wars, reinforce and stabilize power, and create a new, obedient form of citizen. Therefore, camps were one of the many methods used to pacify hostile populations and internal opposition. At the same time, their potential became apparent and led to the rise and spread of absolute power structures.
EN
Concentration camp literature has had its unique position within the 20th century literature. After 1945, first works by surviving prisoners or eye-witnesses of the Nazi crimes are being published. The term “eye-witness,” however, is considered by some of the former prisoners to be misleading and inappropriate. When describing their memories they had to deal with many obstacles to be able to pass on comprehensible information about their stay to the readers. The comprehensibility of their message was hindered above all by the powerful and painful character of their experience and by limits of the common language expressive means. In concentration camps a specific language was formed, the lagersprache, which penetrates into these works also. In their descriptions the writers were often limited by social and personal conventions as well. The efforts to “express the inexpressible” impinged on disbelief and misunderstanding of both publishers and readers. Despite that, today’s reception of these works bears evidence to the contrary, and it can be stated that the former prisoners managed to pass on to the readers at least “part” of their experience.
Polonia Sacra
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue 2(47)
145-162
PL
Powyższy artykuł ukazuje bł. ks. Henryka Kaczorowskiego jako kapłana ufającego opatrzności Bożej. Jego życie pełne było trudnych doświadczeń, które tylko wzmacniały jego wiarę i ufność. Najtrudniejszym sprawdzianem był czas II wojny światowej, a zwłaszcza pobyt w obozie koncentracyjnym w Dachau, skąd został wywieziony do Harteim, gdzie najprawdopodobniej został zagazowany. Jest to wspaniały przykład człowieka, który w każdym doświadczeniu, nawet tym najtrudniejszym, doszukuje się zamysłu Bożego. Dlatego też w każdej okoliczności należy wykazać się postawą pełną ufności. Zwłaszcza księża, którzy borykają się z wieloma problemami, mogą wiele się nauczyć od bł. ks. Henryka, szczególnie że nie ma tak trudnej sytuacji z którą dzięki Bogu nie można sobie poradzić.
EN
The blessed priest Henryk Kaczorowski is shown as a priest trusting in Divine Providence in the above article. His life abounded with difficult experiences which strengthened his faith and trustfulness. The toughest test of his faith took place during the World War II, especially during his imprisonment in the Dachau concentration camp from where he was deported and probably gassed in Harteim. His life serves as a prime example of a man who tried to find Divine Providence in every single experience, regardless of how difficult it is. Thus, one should adopt a trusting approach under any circumstances. Especially priests facing numerous problems have much to learn from the blessed priest Kaczorowski, as there exists no situation with which one could not cope with God’s help.
EN
The author of the essay considers Leszek Wosiewicz’s Kornblumenblau as a film about art and focuses on the self reflexive elements present in the film, particularly those referring to film conventions. This analysis examines the film in the context of the reflections about the meaning of art in totalitarian systems and situation of the artist in the reality of the concentration camp. Kornblumenblau depicts degenerated art as depriving of freedom and rescue, becoming another tool of oppression. Dehumanizing power of this art points at the final decay of man in the epoch of gas chambers.
PL
The Artist In L’univers Concentrationnaire. Leszek Wosiewicz’s “Kornblumenblau” As a Treaty About Art The author of the essay considers Leszek Wosiewicz’s Kornblumenblau as a film about art and focuses on the self reflexive elements present in the film, particularly those referring to film conventions. This analysis examines the film in the context of the reflections about the meaning of art in totalitarian systems and situation of the artist in the reality of the concentration camp. Kornblumenblau depicts degenerated art as depriving of freedom and rescue, becoming another tool of oppression. Dehumanizing power of this art points at the final decay of man in the epoch of gas chambers.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to present what was the role of football in the Nazi German concentration camps of the Third Reich from the perspective of prisoners of Polish nationality. Football, as one of the most popular sports, was very important subject and activity for Poles who were imprisoned in the concentration camps of the Nazi Germany, despite inhuman conditions in which they lived. Based especially on memories of former prisoners we can conclude that football helped them to survive the difficulties of everyday life. The time of the football match was a substitute of normal life, which some of the prisoners remembered from the time before the Second World War and gave them a feeling of hope, freedom and justice by treating everyone equally. The football was used also for entertainment and propaganda purposes by the camp authorities.
PL
Celem artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie roli, jaką odegrała piłka nożna w nazistowskich niemieckich obozach koncentracyjnych Trzeciej Rzeszy z perspektywy więźniów narodowości polskiej. Piłka nożna, jako jedna z najpopularniejszych dyscyplin sportowych, była istotnym tematem rozmów i sferą aktywności Polaków – więźniów obozów koncentracyjnych, mimo ogromnego tragizmu, jakiego tam doświadczali. Przede wszystkim wspomnienia byłych więźniów dowodzą, że szeroko pojęta piłka nożna pomagała przetrwać w nieludzkim środowisku obozów koncentracyjnych – chwile, kiedy rozgrywano mecze piłkarskie, były powrotem do czasów sprzed wojny, dawały poczucie nadziei, wolności i sprawiedliwości przez równe, zgodne z regułami gry, traktowanie wszystkich. Ponadto piłka nożna w obozach koncentracyjnych Trzeciej Rzeszy była narzędziem rozrywki i propagandy obozowego kierownictwa.
EN
The article deals with connecting information about a group of children who lost their parents at an early age during World War II, were placed in the Terezín concentration camp and after the liberation of Czechoslovakia were sent to England, where they were provided with comprehensive support. The article focuses on two sources of psychoanalytically oriented authors - a study by Anna Freud and Sophie Dann entitled An experiment with group upbringing (Freud and Dann, 1951), which is an example of annual monitoring of the development of deprived children and a study by Sarah Moskovitz (1983, 1985) documenting further development of Terezín children in adulthood. From a psychological point of view, observations indicate the possibility of good adaptation even after severe deprivation in childhood. From a historical point of view, this is a documentation of the fate of Jewish children connected with their stay in Terezín, the engagement of a number of interested helpers, including Anna Freud.
CS
Článek se zabývá propojením informací o skupině dětí, které přišly v útlém věku o rodiče během 2. světové války, byly umístěny do koncentračního tábora Terezín a po osvobození Československa poslány do Anglie, kde jim byla poskytnuta všestranná podpora. Článek se zaměřuje na dva zdroje psychoanalyticky orientovaných autorek – studii Anny Freudové a Sophie Dannové s názvem Experiment se skupinovou výchovou (Freud a Dann, 1951), která je ukázkou ročního sledování vývoje deprivovaných dětí, a studii Sarah Moskovitzové (1983, 1985) dokumentující další vývoj terezínských dětí v dospělosti. Z psychologického hlediska sledování ukazují na možnost dobré adaptace i po těžké deprivaci v dětství. Z historického hlediska jde o dokumentaci osudů židovských dětí spojených pobytem v Terezíně a angažmá řady zainteresovaných pomocníků včetně Anny Freudové.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje w sposób syntetyczny stan badań nad życiem i działalnością Stanisławy Leszczyńskiej, położnej z obozu koncentracyjnego w Auschwitz-Birkenau. Autor dotarł do nieznanych dotychczas materiałów archiwalnych znajdujących się w zasobach Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, a mianowicie opisu doświadczeń pseudomedycznych przeprowadzanych na Stanisławie Leszczyńskiej w obozie koncentracyjnym oraz oświadczeń współwięźniarek potwierdzających wykonanie tych eksperymentów. Na podstawie analizy porównawczej materiałów źródłowych udało mu się ustalić sekwencję wydarzeń związanych z pierwszymi czterema miesiącami pobytu Stanisławy w obozie. Przeprowadził też analizę krytyczną listu napisanego przez 16 więźniarek obozowych, adresowanego do Kongregacji Spraw Kanonizacyjnych w Watykanie, w którym podważano heroiczność postawy położnej z Auschwitz, a także wiarygodność jej Raportu. Zasygnalizował wiele zagadkowych zdarzeń i sytuacji z życia Stanisławy, wymagających wyjaśnień i dalszych badań, przede wszystkim poszukiwań w zasobach archiwalnych Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau oraz Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej.
EN
Opowiadania oświęcimskie (Auschwitz stories) by Maria Zarębińska-Broniewska was first published in a book version in 1948. All the texts included in the book, however, had beenwritten earlier. First of them were initially released in a daily Polska Zbrojna (Armed Poland) in early June 1945, just a few days after the author’s return from a concentration camp. They were one of the first accounts which concerned women’s concentration camps. The book which was published later included nine out of eleven short stories written by Zarębińska. There is also an extant manuscript a novel’s synopsis. However, a very ambitious project of creating tens of short stories was not completed due to the author’s death. This article is a description of the history of Auschwitz stories and their particular editions; it also includes two forgotten stories which were not included in published collections.
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