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1

Types of Metaphors in The English Legal Discourse

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Jumanca R.

Romanian Journal of English Studies

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2012

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vol. 9

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issue 1

366-372

EN

The main purpose of my paper is that of analyzing English legal discourse and legal texts belonging to different genres within the same subject field, in this case legal English, from the point of view of the variety of metaphors it consists of. Metaphor represents one among many other elements of legal discourse.

2

Autonomy, Experience and Concepts: A Study in Educational Discourses

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Siek-Piskozub T., Strugielska A.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2008

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vol. 44

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issue 4

597-616

EN

The aim of this article is to investigate the impact of educational reforms launched in Poland in the last decade upon the notion of learner autonomy as evidenced by the results of a crosssectional study. Necessarily, standard definitions of the concept of autonomy will be re-defined against the background of socio-political reforms in the country and their reflections in syllabuses and curricula. Re-evaluating the notion of learner independence in the Polish context will be primarily viewed from the perspective of the learner; however, relevant comparisons with teachers' perceptions will be also provided. Employing methodological guidelines offered by Conceptual Metaphor Theory, conclusions will be drawn concerning the practicability of fostering learner autonomy in the Polish milieu.

3

Россия в 2012 сквозь призму концептуальной метафоры

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БАЛАШОВА Л. В.

Stylistyka

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2014

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vol. 23

191-207

EN

The author analyzes the regular types of conceptual metaphors used to characterize the results of social-economic and political development of Russia in 2012 al the pressconference by Vladimír Putin and by the representatives of the opposition in Internet publications.

4

Thoughts on the table: Gesture as a tool for thinking in blind and visually impaired children

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Jelec A., Jaworska D.

Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting

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2014

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vol. 1

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issue 1

EN

The theory of embodiment (Lakoff and Johnson 2003; Gibbs et al. 2004) explains the origin of meaning by postulating that thought is influenced by sensorimotor experience (Robbins and Aydede 2009). However, the relation between the body, mind and environment is not unidirectional. Not only do we derive information from the world, but we are also able to use it as an extension of the mind through epistemic actions, strategies that minimize the cognitive load by offloading it onto the environment (Kirsh and Maglio 1994). This paper investigates the potential of gesture as epistemic action. 12 blind and severely visually impaired children and young adults, as well as a control group of 7 young adults were interviewed for the purpose of the study. Participants were asked to explain a set of abstract and concrete concepts while their speech and gestures were recorded. If gesture indeed plays a role in reducing the mental load by externalizing thought, more gestures should be produced for concepts that are more difficult to describe (in this case: abstract, intangible concepts). Qualitative data analysis, as well as simple statistical analyses of gesture type, number and gesture per word rates show that abstract concepts do not generate more gestures, but do prompt blind and visually impaired speakers to use simulation gestures. These gestures constitute reenactments of situations associated with a given concept by the respondent. They are also thought to confirm the embodied cognition hypothesis (Hostetter and Alibali 2008). A number of examples demonstrates that abstract concepts in blind children are strongly grounded in their experience of real-world situations. Findings suggest that gesture is not merely a tool for communication, but a way of extending the capabilities of the mind.

5

Rosyjskie czasowniki ruchu wirowego w świetle metafory pojęciowej

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Narloch A.

Studia Rossica Posnaniensia

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2019

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vol. 44

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issue 2

291-304

PL

In recent years linguistic studies have laid great emphasis on the semantic side of linguistic expressions. The aim of this paper is to introduce and describe the term “circular motion” viewed from the perspective of the conceptual metaphor in Russian. It describes the process of creating such metaphors based on the notions of source and target domains.

6

Conceptual metaphors for visual/auditory perception in Swedish

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Minamisawa Y.

Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia

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2020

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vol. 28

4-16

EN

This study aims to illustrate how visual and auditory perception are conceptualized in Swedish and what differences there are between them. Previous studies often discuss perception in relation to the oppositely directed motions between the perceiver and the object perceived. In the Perceiver-as-Source type, perception occurs when our eyes/gaze reach the object perceived. In the Perceived-as-Source type, perception takes place when sense stimuli reach the perceiver. The data show two differences between visual and auditory perception. First, we find more metaphorical expressions for visual perception than for auditory perception. Second, we also find that, while visual perception has a stronger connection to the Perceiver-as-Source type, auditory perception is more strongly connected to the Perceived-as-Source type. These two differences are explained by the function of the perceptual organs.

7

Didactic potential of metaphors used in medical discourse

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Karska K., Prażmo E.

Linguistics Beyond and Within

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2017

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vol. 3

102-116

EN

Specialist languages should be straightforward and unambiguous. In areas such as law, business or medicine precision and to-the-point wording is required. However, in order to facilitate the description of complicated matters, and especially in expert to non-expert communication, unexpected strategies, e.g. metaphorisation, are used. Conceptual metaphor theory, as initially introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (cf. Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) states that human beings tend to think in metaphors, i.e. we are engaged in constant search of similarities between concepts. This drive for pattern recognition helps us understand the unknown in terms of the familiar, the abstract in terms of the concrete. Most conceptual metaphors are grounded in our physical experience of the world, which means that we draw from this familiar experience while creating metaphorical mappings to the complex, abstract concepts. Controversial as it may seem, the same process applies to understanding professional terms and scientific notions, and as a result the language of law, business, medicine, etc. is heavily metaphorical in nature. In our presentation we focus on medicine alone and analyse a corpus of medical text in search of conceptual metaphors. We claim, that rather than obscuring the message, metaphors actually make it clearer and more precise. They enrich conceptualisation, structure the semantics of the message and serve a number of pragmatic functions, esp. in doctor to patient communication. By choosing a certain metaphor, the message may e.g. be softened in order to lessen the impact it has on the recipient. Moreover, it may be more easily understood if it is built on an adequate conceptual metaphor. Many metaphors used in the medical discourse are based on multimodal representations e.g. descriptions of diseases often invoke the imagery of food including its shape, colour, texture, and smell. Such multimodality of representation (cf. Forceville, 2009 and online) engages a number of cognitive faculties for the construction of a complex conceptualisation and in this way helps us gain better understanding of the concepts described. We claim that conceptual metaphor and esp. pictorial metaphor is a very effective tool used in didactics and its use is perfectly justified in scientific discourses, including the medical discourse. Therefore, in our presentation we analyse pictorial metaphors found in medical discourse and in the field of radiology in particular.

8

Метафора systema digestorium в русском лингвокультурном пространстве

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Narloch A.

Studia Rossica Posnaniensia

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2021

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vol. 46

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issue 2

257-269

EN

In recent years linguistic studies have laid great emphasis on the semantic side of linguistic expressions. The aim of this paper is to introduce and describe ‘systema digestorium’ viewed from the perspective of the conceptual metaphor in Russian. It describes the process of creating such metaphors based on the notions of source and target domains. From a linguistic point of view, an interest arises to answer the question of how the functioning of such an important organ as the digestive system is reflected in the conceptualization of the surrounding world. This issue is important because the metaphorization is based on the use of everyday human experience, reflecting processes known to all human kind, including those of a physiological nature. The research material was taken from the national corpus of the Russian language and a number of dictionaries. The figurative meaning of activities related to grinding, swallowing, digesting food, as well as excreting food debris became the object of the research. The basic identifiers are the verbs: to chew, to swallow, to digest, to defecate. Each stage of the digestive system has its own specificity and concentrates on specific parts in viewing the world. In addition, the metaphor ‘systema digestorium’ is often used in Russianlinguaculture to convey the expressiveness and originality of a language.

9

Can Anything Be Put into Any Container? A Few Remarks on Possible and Impossible Metaphors Involving Synthetic, Analytical and Unique Concepts

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Nasiadka M.

Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies

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2013

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issue 22/2

113-130

EN

The article raises important and at the same time very interesting questions about the limits and constraints on metaphors in the light of the conceptions of cognitive linguistics and some well known works like Lakoff – Johnson (1980, 1999), Turner (1990) or Krzeszowski (1997, 2006). It investigates both theoretical and practical aspects of conceptual metaphor, aiming also at identifying the apparently weak points in the reasoning of the quoted authors, especially when it comes to distinguishing between. “oneshot” and. “conventional” or even between. “possible” and. “impossible” metaphors. The author of the article tries to prove that it is very difficult to impose limitations on metaphors and brings into question, among other things, the claim that metaphorization is impossible if synthetic concepts, such as mathematical figures, are involved. In his analysis, the author refers also to the Conduit Metaphor, as seen by Reddy (1979), which seems to be very helpful in understating the processes behind the forming of other metaphorical constructions, although is often criticized by linguists as allegedly being a faulty conception structuring human communication.

10

Paratekstowe strategie zachęcania czytelnika do lektury tekstów popularnonaukowych

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Piekarczyk D.

Poradnik Językowy

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2020

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vol. 776

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issue 7

7-20

EN

The author of this paper begins with showing the role played by covers today (a cover as a marketing tool used by a publisher, as a paratext presenting a publication and encouraging people to read it, and as a “commercial interpretation” of a text) and demonstrates that they are a special place where the intentions of the author of a text, the needs of its publisher, and the expectations of readers clash. She chooses the following specific issue as the object of her investigation: book metaphors used in paratexts of popular scientific studies. It has not been examined from this angle before. By analysing the metaphors used by publishers, she shows that they are strategies of attracting readers. The author focuses on the aspects of metaphors that allow publishers to achieve the objectives of not only typical covers but also ones imposed on popularisation of science. Analyses indicate that metaphors are applied mainly to stimulate the readers’ minds, to engage them emotionally, and to open them to the cognitive values brought by scientific knowledge.

11

Metaphorische Konzeptualisierung von Covid-19 am Beispiel eines populärwissenschaftlichen Online-Berichts

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Gierzyńska M. A.

Acta Neophilologica

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2022

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vol. 2

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issue XXIV

73-88

EN

Medicine and its secrets have always enthralled human beings, especially when the focus point is on illnesses and possible treatment. The pandemic of Sars-Cov-2 determined our lives. The amount of news associated with the epidemiological crisis substantiates the statement that there is still much that is unknown in this matter. Assuming that the unknownshould be explained via something familiar, I consider the application of the conceptual metaphor. The aim is to investigate its presence and usefulness in the description and understanding of abstract conceptual domains such as illness and its course, therapy and treatment, as well as coronavirus and its form.

12

Metaphorische Phraseologismen in nichtwissenschaftlichen Texten mit medizinischer Thematik

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Gierzyńska M. A.

Acta Neophilologica

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2013

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issue XV/2

31-41

EN

This article describes the usage and occurrence of metaphorical phraseologisms and their functions in non-scientific medical articles. According to Harald Weinrich’s theory [1976] and cognitive theory of metaphors by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson [1980], metaphorical phraseologisms, as well as single metaphors can be associated with subordinate concepts. Due to high complicity of metaphors described in this article they appear in the form of constellations and have been arranged according to such concepts as: MEDICINE IS A GAME, ILLNESS IS AN ENEMY AND THERAPY IS A STRUGGLE and also SICKNESS AND LEADING TO SICKNESS IS A CRIME.

13

The language of war in the English translation of Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s speeches on the Russian war in Ukraine: a conceptual metaphor approach

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Żyśko A., Izdebska M.

Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft

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2022

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vol. 11

149-164

EN

The aim of the article is to survey the usage of metaphors in President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s speeches on the Russian aggression against Ukraine. To be precise, the objective of the paper is to study and present the conceptual metaphors of war present in the speeches of the leader of Ukraine from the 24th of February 2022, the day Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, up to the 24th of March, i.e. the first month of the war. The speeches available on the President of Ukraine Official Website https://www.president.gov.ua/en are analysed using the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor, as introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and developed by Kövecses (2002), with reference to the role of conceptual metaphor in political discourse (Fabiszak 2007, Neshkovska and Trajkova 2020, Wen Lin Cheng 2011).

14

Figurative language in Business English: Health, sports and marriage metaphors

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Łuczak A.

Beyond Philology: An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching

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2011

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issue 8

7-19

EN

The aim of this paper is to present selected metaphors which are frequently employed in Business English. These metaphors are based on the similarities between business and three domains: human beings, sports and relationships. Companies – like people – should be healthy; if they fall ill, they may be cured. Moreover, they compete with each other and engage in relationships. In this paper, we adopt the approach to metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson in Metaphors We Live By (1980). The analysed metaphors come from magazines such as Newsweek, The Economist and Business Week as well as from teaching materials designed for students of business and economics.

15

Metaphorical euphemisms in death-discourse among the Nzema

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Yakub M., Agyekum K.

Studies in African Languages and Cultures

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2022

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issue 56

127-153

EN

This article seeks to deepen our understanding of the cognitive processes in death euphemisms in Nzema, a Kwa language of Ghana. The article highlights the metaphorical “mappings” across conceptual domains, where the concept of death (target domain) is well understood in terms of more physical events such as journey, departure, return, invitation, continuous sleep, lose a fight, etc. (source domain). It is demonstrated that the Nzema conceptualise death also as retirement, subtraction, bereavement as living in darkness, being missing at the crossroads, burial as hiding/preserving, burying as sowing a seed, coffin as house for an individual, cemetery/grave as better place, place of rest, and corpse as a thing among others.

16

Darwin’s Metaphors. A Cognitive Semantics Analysis of the Theory of Evolution

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Drogosz A.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2016

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vol. 5

31-45

EN

The objective of the paper is to present a Cognitive Semantics approach to Darwin’s theory of evolution. An analysis of the text of The Origin of Species allowed to identify a number of conceptual metaphors, such as: EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IS A JOURNEY, MODIFICATION IS SUBSTANCE, ORGANISMS ARE FAMILY MEMBERS, RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS ARE STRUGGLE, and personification of natural selection. The metaphors are illustrated by excerpts from Darwin’s book. It is claimed that conceptual metaphors contribute to coherence of Darwin’s argument, help to present the theory in a comprehensive and interesting way, and have impact on evolutionary reasoning due to metaphorical entailments. The analysis provides evidence that the logic of the evolutionary theory derives partially from the logic of source domains through which the fundamental concepts of change and relationships among organisms are conceptualized. Finally, it is argued that evolutionary texts offer a rich source of well-documented materials valuable for diachronic studies of metaphor in scientific discourse, beginning with Darwin’s notebooks, through his books, and then over 150 years of evolutionary texts, both scientific and popular, by various authors. It is also believed that a Cognitive Semantics analysis can provide useful insights for better understanding the evolutionary theory as well as controversies around its presentation and reception.

17

Communicating Conflict: Language of “War” in Tennessee’s Struggle with Evolution

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Barczewska S.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2017

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vol. 6

39-54

EN

The debate over teaching evolution in the US is often construed in terms of a metaphorical war. As the conflict first drew national attention with the 1925 trial of John T. Scopes in Tennessee, and again returned to Tennessee in 2012 with the passage of a science education bill, we believe that analyzing the language used to describe these events will improve understanding of how this conflict is communicated. Our analysis draws on the conceptual metaphor theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a) and suggests that participants on either side of the debate view the conflict according to a “just war scenario” (1991). This construal intensifies the moral weight of the conflict, making compromise and dialogue more difficult. The introduction outlines the history of the conflict, which is followed by a description of research conducted to date. section 3 explains the questions addressed in the paper, section 4 presents the conceptual metaphor theory, and section 5 describes the materials analyzed. The results are divided into two parts: section 6.1 looks at articles from the 1920s; section 6.2 looks at articles from 2012. Discussion of the results can be found in section 7 and is followed by ideas for future research.

18

Reading Othello Through the Prism of Conceptual Metaphor Theory: Animals as Source Domains

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Ćirović M.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2022

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issue 15

143-154

EN

This paper aims at reading Shakespeare’s play Othello through the prism of cognitive linguistics, more specifically through the lens of conceptual metaphor theory. Metaphorical linguistic expressions that have animals in the source domain are extracted from the play so that matters of race and gender could be discussed from below the level of words, where cognition and conceptualization occur. As the analysis of metaphorical linguistic expressions progresses, the representation of evil will appear to be intertwined with the perception of gender and race, becoming yet another cognitive interest of the literary text. While African American studies, critical race theory, post-colonial studies, Marxist and feminist readings have immensely benefitted the comprehension of the play, conceptual metaphor theory promises to explore and explain how a derogatory perception of “Other” emerges in Othello, along with the offensive language that embodies it. Additional relevant concepts that account for the disturbing pace of the plot towards the catastrophe and tragic end are indoctrination and manipulation. These are specifically related to Iago’s perceptual playing around with unstable and highly sensitive notions such as race, gender, fallen virtue, degraded and demonic human nature, which he presents through disquieting mental images conveyed by powerful metaphorical language.

19

Translating Conceptual Metaphor: The Processes of Managing Interlingual Asymmetry

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Massey G., Ehrensberger-Dow M.

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2017

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vol. 15

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issue 2

173-189

EN

Encountered at all levels of language, conceptual asymmetries between source and target languages present translators with fundamental challenges that require problem awareness, problem identification and problem solving. A case in point is conceptual metaphor in translation. Versions of conceptual metaphor theory have been applied in various productoriented studies of how translators deal with the challenge of metaphor in translation. However, there is potential in combining product-oriented approaches with techniques used to access translators’ cognitive processes, although process-oriented studies on how conceptual metaphor is re-conceptualised or re-mapped in translation are still rare. Building on an exploratory study carried out at our institute, in which findings from translation process data suggest that experience and/or training appears to be a main factor in handling conceptual metaphor, we present some salient features of re-mapping metaphor. Triangulating data from target-text products, keystroke logs and retrospective verbal commentaries collected under very similar conditions in a laboratory setting, we analyse how translators at different levels of experience handle two complex conceptual metaphors. The results appear to suggest that complex metaphor might indeed be culturespecific. They also potentially indicate that re-mapping practices are a function of experience and that re-mapping to a source-language target domain could create more uncertainty than generic-level re-mapping. Both findings hold pedagogical implications, which are discussed together with some methodological issues.

20

Time Metaphorization: Duality of Time as a Pursuer vis-à-vis Object of Pursuit

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Waliński J. T.

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2021

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vol. 19

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issue 1

33-46

EN

This paper discusses the duality of metaphorical conceptualizations of time focusing in particular on time as a pursuerand time as an object of pursuit metaphors, which are based the Figure–Ground reversal of each other. Using examples taken from the British National Corpus, it argues that these metaphorical conceptualizations of time are inconsistent with each other. This inconsistency resembles the discrepancy between the moving time and moving observer metaphors, which are, in strict terms, also inconsistent with each other. Looking at such contrasts between metaphorical representations of time from a broader perspective suggests that the concept of time arises from different, both physical and socio-cultural, dimensions of human experience.

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Types of Metaphors in The English Legal Discourse

Autonomy, Experience and Concepts: A Study in Educational Discourses

Россия в 2012 сквозь призму концептуальной метафоры

Thoughts on the table: Gesture as a tool for thinking in blind and visually impaired children

Rosyjskie czasowniki ruchu wirowego w świetle metafory pojęciowej

Conceptual metaphors for visual/auditory perception in Swedish

Didactic potential of metaphors used in medical discourse

Метафора systema digestorium в русском лингвокультурном пространстве

Can Anything Be Put into Any Container? A Few Remarks on Possible and Impossible Metaphors Involving Synthetic, Analytical and Unique Concepts

Paratekstowe strategie zachęcania czytelnika do lektury tekstów popularnonaukowych