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XX
The subject of this article is an attempt to analyse the religion teaching in the mandatory form guaranteed by concordats from the Third Reich (1933), Bavaria (1924) − amended in 1968 and 1974, Lower Saxony (1965), Sarah (1985), Austria (1962 ) and Portugal (1940). Concordat guarantees protecting the right of the Catholic Church to teach religion in public schools in these countries are expressed primarily in the field of religion education, its time dimension, in preparing their own educational programs, providing religion teachers a rightful position like those teachers of other subjects, and finally in the supervision on the teaching of religion in schools.
XX
The subject of this article is an attempt to analyse the mandatory forms of teaching religion in public schools, guaranteed by the concordat agreements with the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Portugal. Analysed concordats set particular standards for the presence of religion in the context of school education and determine the powers of church and state authorities, including the way of teaching, teachers’ qualifications and the position of religion teacher and pedagogical supervision over them.
EN
The beginnings of the concordat policy of the Holy See, the changes in the Codex of Canon Law which took place after the First World War. The period in which many countries broke agreements with the Holy See. This period began ca. 1922 due to the emergence of the United Soviet Socialist Republics and all of the countries which were subordinate to it after the Second World War. The regulations of mutual relations between the Catholic Church and the state, which was used to be set out in concordats and international agreements, was replaced by state legislation of various standards, and the administrative supervision over all of the religious denominations was entrusted by passing an act of law was entrusted to the Office of Religious Denominations. The latter was furnished with broad, almost dictatorial competences. In such difficult times the Catholic Church experienced one of the most important events in the 20th century – the Second Vatican Council (1962‑1965) – four years of hard work and epochal deliberations about the Catholic Church and its mission in the world. The thinking of the council is contained in the entire doctrinal and pastoral output of the Council, especially in four of its documents: in the Decree about The pastoral task of the bishops in the Church “Christus Dominus”, in the Dogmatic Constitution On the Church “Lumen gentium”, in the Declaration On Religious Freedom “Dignitatis humanae” and in the pastoral Constitution On the Church in the modern world “Gaudium et spes”. The Second Vatican Council was not directly engaged in bilateral agreements with states, but after the council was over there were executive acts which regulated this area of concern. The Codex of Canon Law of 1983 was one of the more important documents of this kind. Ostpolitik – i.e. the eastern policy of the Holy See. The Vatican Diplomacy was faced with the great and difficult task of providing assistance to the Catholic Church in the countries of the Soviet bloc through the establishment of contacts with communist governments. Here there is a description of efforts made by successive representatives of the Holy See directed toward the propagation of religious freedom and human rights, mainly in the countries of Central‑Eastern Europe. The events associated with the Concordat of Poland with the Holy See were crucial not only for the parties involved in it, but it was also the first solemn act of collaboration between the Vatican and a postcommunist country. At the same time other Central‑Eastern European countries took a similar course whose aim was to achieve normalization in the relations with the Church. Nowhere was this course easy. The concordat policy of the Holy See with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe conducted during the course of John Paul II’s pontificate was doubtlessly a continuation of the policy of his predecessors, especially of John XXIII and Paul VI – the popes of the Second Vatican Council. This policy was the next stage in the development of the diplomacy of the Holy See, which was held in high regard for its discretion, patience and effectiveness in the achievement of goals in a constantly changing world that made the Catholic Church face new challenges.
EN
The contribution deals the regulation of education of catholic religion in the public schools, contained in concordat agreements with post-communist countries since 1990. It presents followed issues: the guarantee of religious education, the method of defining the contents and textbooks of that education, the qualifications required of the teachers of religion and the financing of religious education.
PL
Artykuł rozpatruje kwestię regulacji prawnej nauki religii katolickiej w szkołach publicznych, zawartej w umowach konkordatowych z państwami postkomunistycznymi od 1990 r. Opisuje następne zagadnienia: gwarancję nauki religijnej, metody definiowania treści owej nauki i opracowania jej specyfikacji, kwalifikacji koniecznej dla nauczycieli religii i sposób finansowania owej nauki.
PL
Prof. dr Remigiusz Beneyto Berenguer, profesor prawa wyznaniowego na Uniwersytecie Kardynała Herrery w Walencji, od 2015 r. członek Królewskiej Akademii Jurysprudencji i Legislacji, w opracowaniu złożonym z trzech artykułów, analizuje programy wyborcze partii politycznych prezentowane w związku z wyborami generalnymi w grudniu 2015 r. w odniesieniu do zagadnień wolności religijnej, zasad kierunkowych hiszpańskiego prawa wyznaniowego, a zwłaszcza ich stosunku do obowiązujących układów ze Stolicą Apostolską. Trzeci z artykułów zawiera analizy propozycji zmian w sprawach ekonomicznych (podatkach, zwolnieniach i obciążeniach) oraz w traktacie regulującym nauczanie religii w ramach systemu szkolnego i zagadnienia dotyczące kultury, w tym dziedzictwa historyczno-artystycznego. W konkluzjach Autor stwierdza, że wprowadzenie proponowanego zniesienia prawa do odpisu podatkowego na rzecz związków religijnych wprowadzi gorsze położenie tychże w stosunku do innych podmiotów non-profit. Wysunięcie takiej propozycji świadczy o nieznajomości apostolatu oraz działalności charytatywnej wspólnot religijnych, ale też o braku świadomości, że faktycznie wspierają one działania, do których są zobowiązane władze publiczne. Z kolei dążenie do wprowadzenia przez lewicowe partie państwowego monopolu na edukację publiczną, grozi pozbawieniem rodziców wolności wyboru centrów edukacyjnych, wolności ich tworzenia, równości szans, wolności do edukacji dzieci zgodnie z własnymi przekonaniami religijnymi. Natomiast przeciw dążeniom do konfiskaty kościelnych obiektów stanowiących dziedzictwo kulturowe i artystyczne, przemawia historia przejętych dóbr, popadających w ruinę lub niewłaściwie użytkowanych. Opracowanie kończą – w nawiązaniu do trzech artykułów cyklu – postulaty działań przeciw laicyzmowi antyreligijnemu, a sprzyjających świeckości pozytywnej oraz równości przeciw tendencjom uniformistycznym w traktowaniu kościołów i związków wyznaniowych, wreszcie powrotu do zasady kooperacji Państwa i Kościoła, w miejsce narzucanych jednostronnie reform.
ES
En el trabajo se da cuenta de los programas de algunos partidos políticos, se analizan sus propuestas sobre las relaciones entre el Estado y la Iglesia Católica. Prof. dr. Beneyto analiza: las propuestas de reforma en el Acuerdo sobre Asuntos Económicos (la asignación tributaria, régimen fiscal y tributario) y las propuestas de reforma en el Acuerdo sobre Enseñanza y Asuntos Culturales (el régimen jurídico de la asignatura de religión católica, el patrimonio histórico-artístico). El trabajo finaliza con las propuestas de actuación futura siguientes: Frente al laicismo antirreligioso – laicidad positiva; frente a la uniformidad – igualdad; frente a reformas unilaterales – revitalizar la cooperación.
EN
Prof. Remigiusz Beneyto Berenguer, professor of law on religion at the Cardinal Herrera University in Valencia, since 2015 the member of the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation, analyzes the propositions of the political parties, presented in the election programs concerning the changes in economic affairs (taxes, tax exemptions and tax burden) and in the treaty regulating the teaching of religion within the school system and the issues relating to the culture, including historical and artistic heritage. In the conclusions he stated that the introduction of the proposed abolition of the tax deduction for religious organizations will cause worse position of these organizations in relation to the other non-profit entities. This proposition shows ignorance of the apostolate and charitable activities of religious communities, but also a lack of awareness that in fact they support the actions for which the public authorities are responsible. On the other hand, the inclination to introduce by the left-wing parties the state monopoly on public education, is threatening with depriving of parents’ freedom to choose the educational centers, freedom to create them, equality of opportunities, freedom of educate their children in accordance with their religious beliefs. The history of the requisitioned goods, falling into ruin or improperly used shows that there is no need to confiscate the church buildings being the artistic and cultural heritage.
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