Search results - CEJSH

1

Teorie idejí Davida Huma

100%

Novotný Z.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

|

2008

|

vol. 56

|

issue 2

185-198

EN

The epistemological priority of consciousness in modern philosophy, starting with Descartes, brings with it a new understanding of ideas that, in contrast to the Platonic conception, become the immediate objects of the mind. This stand-point is also accepted by the line of the British empirical sensationalism that comprises Locke, Berkeley and Hume. In Locke ideas still have what might be called a representative character – they refer to assumed existences outside consciousness (real essences). Berkeley, rejecting any sort of materiality, anticipates to a degree Hume’s sceptical position where there is a conscious abandonment of any attempt to seek the origin of perceptions. Hume divides perceptions into impressions (original sense data) and ideas (which are derived from impressions as their copies). Perception works with the first; imagination and thinking with the second. In addition to impressions being primary and ideas secondary, the two kinds of perceptions differ from one another in their strength and vivacity, which are higher in impressions. This seemingly simple doctrine brings with it, however, many problems and objections. In spite of the variety of critical viewpoints, among which straightforward misunderstandings are included, most commentators agree that Hume is interested not so much in a theory as in a procedural rule (allowing the possibility of exceptions), and that Hume’s originality does not consist in this psychological foundation, which he more or less took over from his precursors, but more especially in his deep and penetrating analyses.

2

Review: "What is it Like to be Conscious? Analytical Theories of Mind and the Problem of Consciousness," by Jozef Bremer

100%

Janusz R.

Forum Philosophicum

|

2006

|

vol. 11

288-289

XX

The article reviews the book Jak to jest być świadomym? Analityczne teorie umysłu a problem świadomości [What is it Like to be Conscious? Analytical Theories of Mind and the Problem of Consciousness], by Józef Bremer.

3

Świadomość konsumencka młodzieży

87%

Barwicka A. M.

Studia Edukacyjne

|

2018

|

issue 50

413-423

EN

Young people face many choices in modern times. The flood of information means that a young person must make many decisions in line with their knowledge and hierarchy of values. Since the development of media and technology has become very important in the everyday life of average teenagers, brands presenting their products reach them through all possible avenues. Regardless of whether teenagers want it or not, they have to face the impact of advertising and select content they find useful. The article presents the results and interpretation of the results of own research conducted on youth.

4

O walorach poznawczych negatywnego ujmowania … świadomości (?)

80%

Krzyżewski K.

Studia Philosophiae Christianae

|

2016

|

vol. 52

|

issue 3

69-95

EN

The long and rich tradition of consciousness studies should not lead us to neglect or abandon at the very beginning any of the theoretically possible kinds of approaches to this peculiar subject-matter, including the apophatic/negative one. This specific approach is suggested by the content of the parsimony principle, as well as by Ayer’s explication of privacy and the expression “over and above” used by Marcel to present the peculiarity of consciousness as a theoretical construct compared to other psychological constructs. The cognitive values of` this approach – in the forms of finding “not as usually described behaviors” first and “not as usually applied explanatory constructs” then – consist in characterizing and pointing out the extraordinary otherness of certain types of behaviors (actually studied and to be explained); the insufficiency of the current constructs for explaining them (i.e. behaviors); the necessary peculiarity of the construct to be used to explain them and the possible directions to search for its positive character, including its identifications as consciousness as a final consequence.

PL

Tak bogata, wielowątkowa i wewnętrznie zróżnicowana tradycja problematyki świadomości, jak i jej wyjątkowa złożoność i trudność, jednoznacznie „podpowiada” oraz uzasadnia nieodrzucanie zaraz na początku, z góry, jakichkolwiek możliwości podejścia do tego szczególnego przedmiotu i jakichkolwiek sposobów jego ujmowania; w tym możliwości podejścia apofatycznego i apofatycznego sposobu ujmowania go. Ich poznawcze walory zdaje się sugerować możliwa, przynajmniej możliwa, interpretacja: zasady ekonomii wyjaśniania (parsimony principle) – podstawowej zasady określającej tryb wyjaśniania realizowany z perspektywy trzecioosobowej – w kategoriach negatywnych i pozytywnych momentów/wątków jej zawartości, Ayera eksplikacji fenomenu prywatności oraz Marcela propozycji ukazania specyfiki (konstruktu) świadomości przy pomocy idiomu over and above, wskazującego nie tylko na nie-zwyczajność świadomości jako konstruktu wyjaśniającego, lecz także odsyłającego do nie-zwyczajności wyjaśnianego przezeń zachowania. Takie apofatyczne podejście – najpierw do zachowania, a potem jego mechanizmu – i takie ich (zachowania i jego mechanizmu) najpierw apofatyczne ujęcie zdaje się naprowadzać tak na samą możliwość, jak i na kierunek oraz sposób pozytywnego do nich podejścia i zawartość pozytywnego ich ujęcia; i taki zdaje się być ich (podejścia i ujęcia) podstawowy poznawczy walor. To, czy ten tryb roboty, zastosowany do pewnej postaci prywatności – wyróżnionej jeszcze na etapie negatywnego do niej podejścia i jej negatywnego jeszcze ujęcia – pozwoli później, na etapie pozytywnego już do niej podejścia i pozytywnego już jej ujęcia, w pewnym momencie na jej identyfikację z najmocniej rozumianą świadomością, to najważniejsza, ale zarazem i najtrudniejsza, z pozostających do rozważenia spraw.

5

Free will debates: Simple experiments are not so simple

80%

Klemm W.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

|

2010

|

vol. 6

47-65

EN

The notion that free will is an illusion has achieved such wide acceptance among philosophers and neuroscientists that it seems to be acquiring the status of dogma. Nonetheless, research in this area continues, and this review offers a new analysis of the design limitations and data interpretations of free-will experiments. This review presents 12 categories of questionable conclusions that some scholars use to promote the idea that free will is an illusion. The next generation of less ambiguous experiments is proposed.

6

Wyjaśnienie świadomości a problem scalania

80%

Wójcik B.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

|

2012

|

issue nr 20

123-142

EN

Consciousness, which failed to explain the earlier philosophers, is now one of thelast scientific mysteries. On the one hand there is no exaggeration to say, that weactually learned to just put the right questions about the mind. On the other hand,innovative research programs and interdisciplinary methodology, enabled a wholenew perspective on brain function and processes, that underlie the phenomena ofconsciousness. Contemporary solutions of the Binding Problem, allow to identify,inter alia, the specificity of the progress achieved in the study of consciousness.They reinforce the belief, that our cognitive limitations preclude full explanationof consciousness.

7

Theoretical Controversies-Terminological Biases: Consciousness Revisited

80%

Kondor Z.

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

|

2015

|

vol. 41

|

issue 1

143-160

EN

Although scientific practice sometimes encounters philosophical difficulties, it cannot shoulder the burden of resolving them. This can lead to controversies. An unavoidable difficulty is rooted in the linguistic attitude, i.e., in the fact that to a considerable extent we express our thoughts in words. I will attempt to illuminate some important characteristics of linguistic expression which lead to paradoxical situations, identifiable thanks to philosophy. In my argument, I will investigate how the notion of consciousness has altered over the course of philosophical investigation and how it relates to recent scientific practice. In conclusion, I will focus on a few recent so-called radical positions in philosophy with regard to a framework within which consciousness and more generally mental phenomena can be regarded in a new light, as well as on the barriers we face when trying to unify scientific results.

8

Problem odniesienia obrazów halucynacyjnych pojawiających się w kontekście doświadczeń duchowych

80%

Nowak S., Jagielloński U.

Internetowy Magazyn Filozoficzny Hybris

|

2016

|

vol. 35 B (4B)

EN

The goal of this article is to discuss a theory of reference for hallucinatory experiences. Firstly, my paper will be concerned with the theory of perception underlying common definition of hallucination. Secondly, I will present three main theories of reference for experiences given in different kinds of altered states of consciousness. These three theories are: neuroscientific, supranaturalistic and psychoanalytical. Consecutively I will present arguments for maintaining that classical theories are examples of semiotic reductionism. In the main part of this paper I will present an anti-reductionist framework for a reference of hallucinatory experience, based on a phenomenological analysis of particular kind of experience not caused by external stimulus, that is, mystical experience. This anti-reductionistic theory will claim that a proper reference of certain kinds of altered states of consciousness is a true symbol.

9

Kvantová psychológia?

80%

Stríženec M.

E-psychologie (E-psychology)

|

2011

|

vol. 5

|

issue 1

33-51

EN

Based largely on foreign literature, the first part of the paper offers a simplified version of some basic knowledge of quantum theory to comply with the tendencies to apply quantum theory in psychology. The paper contains description of basic terminology in this field (quant, superposition, complementarity, complementary logic) and in the neo-Copenhagen interpretation of the original theory. Application of the aforementioned knowledge is focused primarily on defining quantum psychology (R. Dalrymple) and secondarily on questions of consciousness (M. Bancroft), cognitive processes (E. Conte) and such. The paper concludes with criticism of unsubstantiated applications (mere renaming of present psychological terminology, metaphors, reductionism in understanding human psyche). On the other hand, a reliable scientific approach is necessary in this field of study (clear formulation of themes, references to the specific physical interpretation of quantum theory).

SK

V súvislosti s tendenciami aplikovať kvantovú teóriu aj v psychológii sa na základe najmä zahraničnej literatúry podávajú v prvej časti príspevku niektoré základné poznatky kvantovej teórie a to v zjednodušenej forme. Ide o popis základných pojmov z tejto oblasti (kvant, superpozícia, komplementarita, komplementárna logika) a východiskovej teórie (neokodaňská interpretácia). Aplikácia uvedených poznatkov sa zameriava najprv na vymedzenie kvantovej psychológie (R. Dalrymple) a potom na otázky vedomia (M. Bancroft), kognitívnych procesov (E. Conte) ap. V závere príspevku sa kritizujú nezdôvodnené aplikácie (časté len premenovanie doterajších, psychologických termínov, metafory), redukcionistické chápanie psychiky). Na druhej strane je potrebný seriózny vedecký prístup v tejto oblasti (jasné formulovanie východisiek, odvolávanie sa na konkrétnu fyzikálnu interpretáciu kvantovej teórie).

10

Heglowska koncepcja tragedii

80%

Przybysławski A.

Estetyka i Krytyka

|

2014

|

issue 4(35)

157-169

XX

The text presents Hegelian concept of tragedy as an integral part of philosophical system of German philosopher. Only in the context of history of Spirit one can understand the role and the meaning of tragedy which represents certain phase in dialectical history of consciousness.

11

What Does „to think“ (cogitare) Mean in Descartes’ Second Meditation?

80%

Hill J.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

|

2005

|

vol. 19

91-103

DE

Der Artikel setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander, was die Bedeutung des Terminus cogitare in Descartes’ Zweiter Meditation ist. Der Autor hält die orthodoxe Interpretation, es heiße „bewusst sein“, nicht für wahr. Aufgrund einer Textanalyse kommt er zu der Ansicht, dass dieser Terminus eine primär intellektuelle Bedeutung hat. Descartes spricht von Wahrnehmung und Vorstellung als von Arten der cogitatio, da er meint, dass auch diese Leistungen des Gemüts im Kern Tätigkeiten intellektueller Natur sind.

12

Being a Person and Acting as a Person

80%

Hołub G.

Forum Philosophicum

|

2008

|

vol. 13

|

issue 2

267-282

EN

The article is primarily concerned with the ambiguities which surround the concept of the person. According to the philosophical tradition taking its roots from Locke's definition, personhood depends on consciousness. Therefore, “personhood” can be ascribed to different entities, and only these entities acquire a moral standing. This can entail that a human being may or may not be considered as a person, as well as higher animals and even artificial machines. Everything depends on manifest personal characteristics. In order to sort out different meanings ascribed to “person,” I distinguish between being a person and acting as a person. Then, I show that a human being is a paradigm of the person and his being always precedes his acting.

13

The Downward Causality and the Hard Problem of Consciousness or Why Computer Programs Do not Work in the Dark

80%

Boldachev A.

Studia Humana

|

2014

|

vol. 3

|

issue 4

7-10

EN

Any low-level processes, the sequence of chemical interactions in a living cell, muscle cellular activity, processor commands or neuron interaction, is possible only if there is a downward causality, only due to uniting and controlling power of the highest level. Therefore, there is no special “hard problem of consciousness”, i.e. the problem of relation of ostensibly purely biological materiality and non-causal mentality - we have only the single philosophical problem of relation between the upward and downward causalities, the problem of interrelation between hierarchic levels of existence. It is necessary to conclude that the problem of determinacy of chemical processes by the biological ones and the problem of neuron interactions caused by consciousness are of one nature and must have one solution.

14

Na obranu mysli: odpověď Tomáši Machulovi

80%

Hill J.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

|

2012

|

vol. 60

|

issue 4

575-584

EN

This discussion piece responds to the recent criticisms of the analytical concept of mind offered by Tomáš Machula and questions his recommendation that we return to the Thomist concept of the rational soul. In particular, it is argued that Machula overlooks the central role of consciousness both in his criticisms of Descartes’ concept of the mind and of recent analytical philosophy of mind. In addition, it is argued that Machula ignores the work of dual-attribute theorists in his mapping of contemporary theories of mind, and that his critique of physicalism, while it may be effective against identity theory, fails to properly address functionalism, the most popular form of physicalism since the 1960s. It is also argued that the Thomist rational soul – no less than the Cartesian mental substance – creates serious difficulties for an account of human evolution. In this latter context doubt is raised about Machula’s claim that the Thomist concept of soul can be understood and appreciated independently of the theological framework in which it was developed.

CS

Tento diskusní příspěvek odpovídá na nedávné kritiky analytického pojmu mysli nabídnuté Tomášem Machulou a zpochybňuje jeho doporučení, abychom se vrátili k tomistickému pojetí racionální duše. Autor se snaží ukázat, že Machula ve svých kritikách jak Descartova pojmu mysli, tak současné analytické filosofie mysli přehlíží ústřední roli vědomí. Dále upozorňuje, že Machula při svém mapování současných teorií mysli opomíjí přístup teoretiků duálního atributu a že jeho kritice fyzikalismu, jakkoli může být účinně uplatňována proti teorii identity, se nedaří vyrovnat se s funkcionalismem, který je od 60. let 20. století nejrozšířenější formou fyzikalismu. Autor se také pokouší ukázat, že pojetí tomistické racionální duše – o nic méně než pojem karteziánské myslící substance – s sebou přináší závažné obtíže z hlediska vysvětlení lidské evoluce. V této souvislosti autor zpochybňuje Machulovo tvrzení, že tomistický pojem duše může být pochopen a oceněn nezávisle na teologickém rámci, ve kterém vznikl.

15

Wojtyła on Persons and Consciousness

80%

Hołub G.

Forum Philosophicum

|

2014

|

vol. 19

|

issue 1

43–60

EN

Karol Wojtyła developed an interesting model of human consciousness. He also demonstrated how vital the role is that consciousness plays in the process of becoming a person. His project encompasses such theses as the following: that consciousness is not a semi-autonomous subject, that it is not an intentional power, that it has both a receptive and an experiencing / interiorizing character, and that it must be distinguished from knowledge and self-knowledge. In this paper, I try to show how all these claims fit together. I also examine some of his more controversial theses—especially his claim about the non-intentionality of consciousness.

16

Идея территориального патриотизма Вацлава Липинського

80%

Wojciechowska-Laszczyk E.

Scientific Bulletin of Chełm - Section of Pedagogy

|

2013

|

issue 1

61-63

EN

Wacław Lipiński- famous Ukrainian activist of early XX century. He wanted to unite nation on the basis of territorial patriotism. The term “territorial patriotism” in the XIX century, was characteristic for several scientific schools, but the first serious group was “peasants” in the early 60's of the XIX century. The issue of “territorialism” Lipinski presented as follows: everyone regardless of ethnicity, religion or language, everyone who resides on the land which used to belong to Ukraine is Ukrainian. Ukraine should be homeland for all its citizens. “Ukrainian is anyone who wants to, Ukraine ceased to be a colony”.

17

Conscious access to fear-relevant information is mediated by threshold

80%

Szczepanowski R.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

|

2011

|

vol. 42

|

issue 2

56-64

EN

The present report proposed a model of access consciousness to fear-relevant information according to which there is a threshold for emotional perception beyond that the subject makes hits with no false alarm. The model was examined by having the participants performed a confidence-ratings masking task with fearful faces. Measures of the thresholds for conscious access were taken by looking at the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves generated from a three-state low- and high-threshold (3-LHT) model by Krantz. Indeed, the analysis of the masking data revealed that the ROCs had threshold-like-nature (a two-limb shape) rather continuous (a curvilinear shape) challenging in this fashion the classical signal-detection view on perceptual processing. Moreover, the threshold ROC curve exhibited the specific y-intercepts relevant to conscious access performance. The study suggests that the threshold can be an intrinsic property of conscious access, mediating emotional contents between perceptual states and consciousness.

18

What Is It Like To Be Immortal?

71%

Ulatowski J.

Diametros

|

2019

|

vol. 16

|

issue 62

65-77

EN

The idea of an eternal and immortal life like the one we lead now seems quite appealing because (i) it will be sufficiently like our own earth-bound life and (ii) we will have the same kinds of desires we have now to want to live an eternal life. This paper will challenge the view that we have a conception of what the conscious experience of an immortal is like, regardless of whether we might want to live it. Given that for us to conceive of an immortal life we must project onto it our own view of what it is like to live our own life and given that an immortal life may not be anything like the life we live, we cannot conceive of what it is like to be immortal.

19

Neuro-cognitive mechanisms of conscious and unconscious visual perception: From a plethora of phenomena to general principles

71%

Kiefer M., Ansorge U., Haynes J.-D., Hamker F., Mattler U., Verleger R., Niedeggen M.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

|

2011

|

vol. 7

55-67

EN

Psychological and neuroscience approaches have promoted much progress in elucidating the cognitive and neural mechanisms that underlie phenomenal visual awareness during the last decades. In this article, we provide an overview of the latest research investigating important phenomena in conscious and unconscious vision. We identify general principles to characterize conscious and unconscious visual perception, which may serve as important building blocks for a unified model to explain the plethora of findings. We argue that in particular the integration of principles from both conscious and unconscious vision is advantageous and provides critical constraints for developing adequate theoretical models. Based on the principles identified in our review, we outline essential components of a unified model of conscious and unconscious visual perception. We propose thatawarenessrefers to consolidated visual representations, which are accessible to the entire brain and therefore globally available. However,visual awarenessnot only depends on consolidation within the visual system, but is additionally the result of a post-sensory gating process, which is mediated by higher-level cognitive control mechanisms. We further propose that amplification of visual representations by attentional sensitization is not exclusive to the domain of conscious perception, but also applies to visual stimuli, which remain unconscious. Conscious and unconscious processing modes are highly interdependent with influences in both directions. We therefore argue that exactly this interdependence renders a unified model of conscious and unconscious visual perception valuable. Computational modeling jointly with focused experimental research could lead to a better understanding of the plethora of empirical phenomena in consciousness research.

20

Teacher language awareness or language teacher awareness?

71%

Komorowska H.

Glottodidactica

|

2022

|

vol. 49

|

issue 1

125-140

EN

The paper outlines the development of the concept of awareness across various academic disciplines and examines terminological problems involved in analysing human cognition. Approaches to awareness in philosophy, developmental psychology, neuroscience and linguistics are discussed, as well as the career of the concept in Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching (SLA / FLT). Learners’ and teachers’ language awareness is presented as a basis for the enrichment of the awareness concept by a number of psychological, sociological and pedagogical factors. Special attention is given to neglected aspects of teacher awareness, such as awareness of learners’ thinking processes and teachers’ awareness of classroom decision-making. Implications are sought for pre-service teacher education.

Refine search results