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EN
Background. Combined oral contraceptive pills containing ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel are the most common contraceptives that are used by women of the reproductive age. Moreover, sexual function is linked to sexual hormones. Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sexual function of hormonal contraceptive (OCP) and non-hormonal contraceptive (traditional or withdrawal) methods in Iranian reproductive-age women referred to healthcare centers. Material and methods. This was a cross-sectional study on 206 married women of the reproductive age (18–45). Ninety-six women used OCP to prevent pregnancy, and 110 women did not use any contraceptives, instead using a traditional (withdrawal) method for at least 6 months before the study. Data on sexual function was collected via the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire. The independent t-test was used for statistical purposes. Results. The results showed that there were no significant differences in all domains of sexual function in the two groups, except in the area of sexual arousal (3.87 in OCP users and 4.14 in withdrawal user methods) (p < 0.05). There was an association between the arousal domain and oral contraceptive use, but there was no relation between OCP and other domains of sexual function. Conclusions. The combined oral and withdrawal contraceptive methods have no impact on sexual function, except in the area of sexual arousal.
EN
Despite access to an array of different contraceptive measures, overpopulation persists in being a major public health concern. Vasectomy is a safe, simple, cost-effective outpatient technique for male sterilization performed under local anesthesia. Irrespective of the multiple benefits associated with vasectomy, acceptance rates among clients have been extremely poor in different settings. To counter this lack, the following have been advocated by program managers: 1) the implementation of multiple measures, such as using mass media to undo the myths and misconceptions associated with vasectomy; 2) the active involvement of men in decision-making pertaining to matters of reproductive health and family planning; 3) the engagement of both spouses in assisting the couple to take an informed decision; 4) the provision of manpower with adequate training regarding procedure and men’s reproductive health needs; 5) the involvement of different stakeholders; and 6) the integration of all reproductive health and family planning services under one roof. To conclude, vasectomy is the most dependable and cost-effective approach of contraception for couples who have completed their family.
EN
The article discusses typical persuasive strategies used by leading producers of contraceptives on their websites and on the websites of particular contraceptive products from the media-linguistic point of view. The purpose of the paper is to examine illocutions, text-clusters and the text-image relation through which the author wants to persuade about the quality of his products and to present arguments for using hormonal contraception. The article also shows which strategies are used to advertise the pill as a lifestyle and beauty product.
EN
The opinion deals with the effects of the European Commission Implementing Decision whereby ellaOne is commercially available in all Member States without a prescription. The analysis leads to the conclusion that under the existing law, Poland is obliged to implement the decision of the Executive Committee and the medicinal product ellaOne should be available over-the-counter. Nevertheless, Polish legislature may decide to exclude or restrict the sale or use of medicinal products as contraceptives or abortifacients. Therefore, it is permissible to adopt a regulation to prohibit the sale of ellaOne or adopt provisions specifying that it will be available in Poland only on prescription.
EN
The author provides an analysis of Poland’s obligations as a Member State of the European Union, relating to the implementation of Community law in so far as it concerns Ellaone contraceptive. He points out that Regulation 726/2004 does not regulate issues related to the marketing of medicinal products in a comprehensive manner. Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, according to its Article 4 para. 4, does not affect the application of national legislation prohibiting or restricting the sale or use of medicinal products as contraceptives or abortifacients. In Poland, there is no legislation expressly establishing a ban or restrictions on marketing or application of this particular type of agents, and any possible national legislation introduced to implement the restrictions permitted under the Directive should not only aim at eliminating the effect of the decision of the European Commission amending marketing authorisation issued by a decision (2009) 4049 for “ellaOne – ulipristal acetate”, a medicinal product for human use, but should relate to this category of products.
EN
The article deals with discourses on sexuality in Ireland and Polandsince the end of World War II. Because of their nature as “Catholic” countries, both societies witnessed harsh debates on sexual morals and affiliated issues such as contraception and abortion, which were fought between supporters of Catholic social thought on the one side and “progressive” reformers in politics, medicine, and education on the other. Therefore, the article seeks to put these debates into context of processes of (de-)secularization of European societies in the 2nd half of the 20th century. The article focuses on the comparison between Poland and Ireland, because on the one hand there were cultural and historical parallels between them, but on the other hand during the “Cold War” they belonged to two antagonistic“ideological camps”. This led to an attempt of a forced secularization in Poland, which also included sexual morals, while the Irish discourses on sexuality were dominated by the Catholic Church. Finally, the article also analyses recent developments that took place since the 1990s and led to a decrease in power of the Hierarchy and changes in sexual morals in Ireland, while current events in Poland show that the debates about sexuality have not come to an end yet.
EN
Contraceptive actions are one of the possible forms of violence against the child. They fall within the general trend and mentality against life and can take various forms. They are a manifestation of hostility towards the child, who becomes a burden, an obstacle in the implementation of professional or financial purposes of parents. Also, the same methods and contraceptives are associated with many conceivable threats to life. Among them there are genital tract infections that lead to perinatal complications, which increase the risk of disease and abnormalities of children born and the risk of spontaneous abortions. Another group of contraceptives are pharmaceutical preparations actively causing abortion, designed to eliminate the conceived and already developed child.
PL
Jedną z możliwych form przemocy wobec dziecka są działania antykoncepcyjne. Wpisują się one w ogólny trend mentalności przeciwnej życiu i przybierają różne formy. Są one przejawem wrogości wobec dziecka, które staje się balastem, przeszkodą w realizacji zawodowych czy materialnych celów rodziców. Także same metody i środki antykoncepcyjne niosą wiele zagrożeń dla mogącego się począć życia. Wśród nich są zakażenia dróg rodnych, które prowadzą do komplikacji okołoporodowych, ryzyko wystąpienia chorób i anomalii u urodzonych dzieci oraz ryzyko poronień samoistnych. Inną grupę środków stanowią preparaty o działaniu abortywnym i z założenia mają one wyeliminować poczęte i rozwijające się już dziecko.
EN
The article is dedicated to the arguments of father Karol Meissner in favor of promoting the natural regulation of conception in the context of preparations for the publication of the encyclical Humanae vitae. This argumentation was presented in a document known as the Memoriał Krakowski. It contains various texts written on the initiative of Karol Wojtyła by  Krakow theologians, ethics and doctors. The Memoriał Krakowski has not lost his relevance today. The value of this document is its personalistic approach and interdisciplinarity. Memoriał not only critically refers to contraception, but also promotes as an alternative natural regulation of conception supported by the theological, ethical and medical arguments cited in the document.
PL
Artykuł przypomina doniosły wkład o. Karola Meissnera w sformułowanie argumentacji na rzecz promocji metod naturalnej regulacji poczęć w kontekście przygotowań do opublikowania encykliki Humanae vitae. Argumentacja ta została zaprezentowana w dokumencie znanym jako Memoriał Krakowski, który został opracowany z inicjatywy Karola Wojtyły przez środowisko krakowskich teologów, etyków i lekarzy. Wartością  tego dokumentu było i jest pod dzień dzisiejszy nie tylko jego personalistyczne ukierunkowanie oraz interdyscyplinarność, ale także wskazanie alternatywy dla działań antykoncepcyjnych w postaci naturalnej regulacji poczęć, za którą przemawiają wyłożone w dokumencie argumenty teologiczne, etyczne oraz medyczne.
EN
The article undertakes a critical reflection on attitudes towards contraception, considered from the perspective of the state, the church, people, art and literature. By presenting the assumptions of the Catholic doctrine, history of ideas and movements of birth control, the findings of historians, sexologists, sociologists and Polish government reports the text describes the changes that have taken place in Poland in terms of views and contraception practices. In turn, own research on knowledge about human sexuality and sexual behavior among Lodz university students, lower secondary school students as well as among women who have experienced abortions points to the paradoxes of contemporary attitudes of young people in relation to sexuality. Although sex life is the subject of works of art, the question of preventing an unwanted pregnancy is not a subject raised by the contemporary art or literature. It turns out that literary and cinematic traditions of “breaking the taboo of contraception” are not only not continued , but have been completely forgotten. Educational films that were popular in the last century are now a relic of the bygone era. There is no literature in Poland that would undertake a topic of sex from the perspective of preventing pregnancy. The only Polish Internet game aimed at sex education, spreading information about contraception and planned parenthood, is an initiative of a female artistic group. It is the exception that proves the rule that for contemporary Polish art this theme is not important.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje krytyczną refleksję na temat postaw wobec antykoncepcji, rozpatrywanych z perspektywy państwa, Kościoła, obywateli, sztuki i literatury. Poprzez ukazanie założeń doktryny katolickiej, historii idei i ruchów kontroli urodzeń, ustalenia historyków, seksuologów, socjologów oraz polskie raporty rządowe opisano zmiany, jakie zaszły w Polsce w kwestii poglądów i praktyk antykoncepcyjnych. Z kolei badania własne dotyczące wiedzy o ludzkiej seksualności i zachowań seksualnych wśród łódzkich studentów, gimnazjalistów, a także wśród kobiet mających za sobą doświadczenie aborcji wskazują na paradoksy współczesnych postaw młodych ludzi względem seksualności. Mimo że życie seksualne jest tematem dzieł sztuki, kwestia zapobiegania niechcianej ciąży nie jest tematem poruszanym przez współczesną sztukę czy literaturę. Okazuje się, że literackie i filmowe tradycje „zerwania tabu antykoncepcji” nie tylko nie są kontynuowane, ale uległy całkowitemu zapomnieniu. Modne w ubiegłym stuleciu filmy edukacyjne są dziś przeżytkiem minionej epoki. Literatura w Polsce podejmująca wątek seksu z perspektywy zapobiegania ciąży nie istnieje. Jedyna polska gra internetowa mająca na celu edukację seksualną, szerzenie informacji o antykoncepcji i świadomym rodzicielstwie jest inicjatywą kobiecej, feministycznej grupy artystycznej. Jest to wyjątek potwierdzający regułę, że dla współczesnej polskiej sztuki to temat nieważny.
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EN
The article focuses on the ethical aspect of Familiaris consortio against the backdrop of a range of pastoral issues. The ethical question that accompanied the publication of this document stemmed from the hesitations and expectations triggered by a strong opposition to the teaching contained in the encyclical Humanae vitae of Paul VI. The exhortation does not directly engage in controversy with the opponents of the teaching of the Church, but offers a positive presentation of the entire body of teaching on the vocation of marriage and the family. In this document, vocation is a basic theological-moral category that explains and justifies the essential moral demands of marriage and the family and puts human life on the level of sanctity. This vocation has its source in God's plan of salvation and is revealed together with the accomplishment of the work of salvation in Jesus Christ. The mystery of this vocation is present in the history of mankind as concealed and at the same time revealed in the mystery of Christ and the Church. This vocation sheds significant light on the creation of man and woman, which is the creation of the family based on the foundation of marriage. Hence anthropological truth has a sacramental dimension. This vocation, while permeating internally the created reality, places in the very depth of being the insuppressible calling „Family, become what you are" (FC, 17). God the Creator and Redeemer entrusted to humans - a man and a woman - the task to build a family by the power of the same Love through which the world and human beings exist; it is also the selfsame Love that the Son of God revealed on the Cross when He established a new order of creation. Since then the truth of human existence and the truth of love must be interpreted only in the light of the Paschal mystery. The calling which flows from the depths of the sacrament speaks by the power of grace in the heart of the married couple, in the heart of the husband and wife, who are called to love one another with the same Love that springs from the Mystery of the Cross. This concept of vocation that follows from the sacramental character of Christian existence is the key to resolving particular questions that might arise in the context of married life. The vision represented by Familiaris consortio is uniform and charismatic; it is both theological and anthropological because it pertains to the human being as a human being, not just a „human individual" ensnared by conjugal bonds. In Familiaris consortio there is one conjugal norm and one parental norm: it is always the same Love that flows from God's Heart and through the sacrament permeates the hearts of the spouses. That is why conjugal love is parental love, a love that is responsible for the sanctity of giving birth to life and thus for the sanctity of God the Creator and the dignity of the human being called to be born into the world. Conjugal love and parental love cannot exist without conjugal chastity. To all likelihood here lies the main cause of resistance to the teaching expressed in Humanae vitae. Familiaris consortio rejects any contraceptive manipulation by emphasizing the contradiction inherent in the contraceptive attitude not only with Divine Law but also with the essence of humanity. This stance is contained in the statement that between proper conjugal life and contraception there is not only a moral difference but also an anthropological one (FC, 32). This is a harsh but true judgment on the practice of contraception: all those who use contraception descend to a sub-human level.
PL
Artykuł skupia się na etycznym aspekcie „Familiaris consortio”; na tle szeregu zagadnień duszpasterskich. Kwestia etyki, która towarzyszyła publikacja tego dokumentu wynika z wahań i oczekiwań wywołanych przez silny sprzeciw wobec nauczania zawartego w encyklice „Humanae vitae” Pawła VI. Wezwanie nie bezpośrednio angażować się w spór z przeciwnikami z nauczaniem Kościoła, ale oferuje pozytywną prezentację całego nauczania związanego z powołaniem do małżeństwa i założenia rodziny. W dokumencie, powołanie jest podstawową w kategorii teologiczno-moralnej, która wyjaśnia i uzasadnia istotne wymagania moralne małżeństwa i rodziny oraz mówi o ludzkim życiu na poziomie świętości. Powołanie to ma swoje źródło w Bożym planie zbawienia i objawia się wraz z realizacją dzieła zbawienia w Jezusie Chrystusie.
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EN
The purpose of the text is to present a list of controversies that took place at the time of publication of encyclical Humanae Vitae, written by pope Paul VI. First, through presentation of the historical background, the text shows the reasons of diffi - cult reception of papal document. Further, the text presents the backstage of the sheer promulgation of the encyclical by the pope. Next, the objection to the document by the clergy, theologians, and laity is shown, followed by the examples of positive reactions to Humanae Vitae. The author presents also current diffi culties in reception of the message of the encyclical and highlights its lasting relevance.
PL
Celem tekstu jest zaprezentowanie szeregu kontrowersji, które miały miejsce z okazji publikacji encykliki Humanae vitae przez Pawła VI. Najpierw, przez ukazanie tła historycznego, zostały przedstawione przyczyny tak trudnej recepcji papieskiego dokumentu. W dalszej części opisano kulisy samego promulgowania encykliki przez papieża. Następnie, ukazano sprzeciw duchowieństwa, teologów i laikatu względem treści dokumentu, a także przytoczono przykłady pozytywnego odbioru Humanae vitae. Autor ukazuje również obecne trudności w przyjęciu orędzia encykliki oraz podkreśla jej niezmienną aktualność.
EN
When Pope Paul VI in the encyclical Humanae vitae rejected the support for new products of hormonal contraception, it aroused misunderstanding in many circles, also within the Catholic Church. Years later, however, new facts emerge, the meaning of which is better known today than years ago. In 1965, the definition of pregnancy was changed to one that conceals the abortional influence of these substances. On the basis of contemporary research, it turns out that for over 50 years, public opinion about the true effect of hormonal contraception has been cheated. The confusion of information in the public space around this matter is enormous.A survey conducted in Polish society by the Public Opinion Research Center in 2014 showed a great ignorance of Poles about the true effect of hormonal contraception. It turns out that millions of early miscarriages have been brought without the consent and knowledge of women. This was accomplished by numerous interest groups financially interested in the truth being not widely known. The circles involved in this scam include leading representatives of mainstream media, gynecologists, pharmacists, academics, political and social activists, people associated with the world of culture and the entertainment industry.There is a need for changes in the law that will protect citizens against dishonest market practices in terms of conflicts of interest and corruption.
PL
Kiedy papież Paweł VI w encyklice Humanae vitae odrzucił poparcie dla nowych produktów antykoncepcji hormonalnej, wzbudziło to niezrozumienie w wielu kręgach, także wewnątrz Kościoła katolickiego. Po latach wychodzą jednak na jaw nowe fakty, których znaczenie rozumie się dziś lepiej niż przed laty. W 1965 roku zmieniono definicję ciąży na taką, która ukrywa wczesnoporonny charakter tych substancji. Na podstawie współczesnych badań okazuje się, że przez ponad 50 lat oszukiwano opinię publiczną na temat prawdziwego działania antykoncepcji hormonalnej. Zamęt informacyjny w przestrzeni publicznej wokół tej sprawy jest ogromny. Badanie przeprowadzone w Polskim społeczeństwie przez Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej w 20014 roku wykazało ogromną nieświadomość Polaków na temat prawdziwego działania antykoncepcji hormonalnej. Okazuje się, że doprowadzono do milionów wczesnych poronień bez zgody i wiedzy kobiet. Zrealizowały to liczne grupy interesu zainteresowane finansowo tym, aby prawda nie była powszechnie znana. Do środowisk biorących udział w tym oszustwie należą czołowi przedstawiciele mediów mainstreamowych, lekarzy ginekologów, farmaceutów, środowisk akademickich, działaczy politycznych, społecznych, ludzi związanych ze światem kultury i przemysłem rozrywkowym. Konieczne są zmiany w prawie, które będą chronić obywateli przed nieuczciwymi praktykami rynkowymi w zakresie konfliktu interesów i korupcji.
PL
Problem regulacji urodzeń nie był jednym z podstawowych wyzwań, którym miało zająć się III Nadzwyczajne Zgromadzenie Ogólne Synodu Biskupów. W Relatio Synodi można jednak znaleźć nawiązanie do tej kwestii i wezwanie do ponownego odkrycia przesłania encykliki Humanae vitae Pawła VI, którego beatyfikacja miała miejsce na zakończenie synodu. Papież ten, w swojej encyklice poświęconej zasadom moralnym w dziedzinie przekazywania życia ludzkiego, powołuje się często na przemówienia Piusa XII do środowiska medycznego. Analizując te wypowiedzi, można zauważyć, że to właśnie papież Pacelli w swojej wizji etyki małżeńskiej nakreślił podstawę doktrynalną opartą na prawie naturalnym i objawieniu Bożym, która okazała się konieczna, by skonfrontować nauczanie Kościoła z tak złożonym zagadnieniem, jakim jest regulacja poczęć.
EN
The problem of birth control was not one of the fundamental challenges that the Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops would take. In Relatio Synodi we can find a reference to this matter and a call to rediscover the message of the encyclical Humanae Vitae of Pope Paul VI, whose beatification took place at the end of the Synod. This pope, in his encyclical on moral principles in the field of transmission of human life, often refers to the speech of Pius XII to the medical community. By analyzing these statements we may notice that the pope Pacelli in his vision of conjugal ethics outlined the doctrinal basis based on the natural law and Divine Revelation, which turned out to be necessary to confront the teaching of the Church with such a complex issue that is the regulation of conception.
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PL
W artykule opisano historię powstania i rozwoju a także współczesne problemy oświaty seksualnej w Polsce. Mimo, że minęło ponad sto lat od pierwszych społecznych akcji pionierów edukacji seksualnej, nadal temat ten budzi spory ideologiczno-polityczne. Wyniki różnych badań socjologicznych (w tym własnych) świadczą o tym, że szkoła polska nie prowadzi edukacji seksualnej, nie realizuje w wystarczającym stopniu zaleconych programów. Kwestia edukacji seksualnej jest sprawą polityczną, podobnie jak kwestia aborcji pojawia się w dyskursie politycznym w okresie przedwyborczych kampanii politycznych. Poprzez skuteczną edukację społeczną i seksualną można zapobiegać chorobom, niechcianym ciążom, aborcjom – dramatom życiowym. Niestety w Polsce ta kwestia wciąż jest marginalizowana. Istnieją trzy poważne problemy, które podtrzymują tą niekorzystną sytuację. Jest to ogólne tabu kulturowe nałożone na sferę seksualności ludzkiej, następnie „upolitycznienie” tej sfery, a w praktyce – brak dobrze przygotowanej kadry pedagogów do prowadzenia szkolnej edukacji seksualnej.
EN
The history development, evolution and problems of sexual education in Poland has been described in hereby article. Despite that since first social action of pioneer of sexual education till now over hundred years have passed, this theme still causes big political-ideologically disputes. The results of many sociological researches (including personal researches) give evidence that polish school does not provide sexual education and does not realise its program sufficiently. A sexual education is more a political matter as well as an abortion, which appears in political discussion during political campaign stage especially. The forceful social and sexual education to prevent the diseases, unwanted pregnancies, abortion – the vital drama. Unfortunately, in Poland this problem is still marginalized. There are three crucial reasons, which perpetuate such unfavourable state: social, cultural “tabu” of human sexuality “politicization” of human sexuality and, in practise, lack of fully-developed teaching body in sexual education.
EN
Not infrequently marital life in its manifestations is far from its ideal. Mutual love and respect are repressed by egoism, individualism, and also by immoral demands concerning the sphere of intimate life. Such situations become a source of conflict of conscience of the person enforced to immoral intercourse. This paper focuses on two situations: 1) enforcement in the spousal intimate life and 2) defense against the results of rape on the one hand by a contraceptive (but not abortive) pill, and on the other by the „day after” pill (in the context of the discussion initiated by cardinal Joachim Meisner’s resolution in this question). Drawing on the teaching of the Church's Magisterium the author indicates a possibility to accept immoral intercourse (made infertile) in the case when a spousal is enforced, but regards acceptance of anal intercourse as unnatural for both parties. In the case of rape, the author indicates that it is morally permissible for the woman to defend herself by using a contraceptive pill (which is not abortive). At the same time he excludes the „day after” pill for reasons of its specific action.
EN
Following the jubilee year 2018 of Pope Paul VI’s encyclical Humanae vitae (1968), the invitation of Pope Francis in Amoris laetitia should be accepted to rediscover the message of Humanae vitae. In this context it seems important to grasp the intimate conjunction of the significations of the marital act, namely loving union and procreation. In this way the fundaments for an adequate understanding of the normative dimension are laid, by pointing to the dignity of the person and the marital acts. The application of those methods of family planning which ground on the natural times of fertility might be encouraged.
PL
Jubileusz opublikowania encykliki Pawła VI Humanae vitae (1968) stał się dobrą okazją do ponownego odkrycia jej przesłania, do czego zresztą zachęcał papież Franciszek w Amoris laetitia. W tym kontekście ważne wydaje się uchwycenie ścisłego związku znaczeniowego aktu małżeńskiego wyrażonego poprzez zjednoczenie w miłości małżonków z prokreacją. Pozwoli to odkryć fundament dla właściwego zrozumienia wymiaru normatywnego poprzez wskazanie na godność osoby i aktu małżeńskiego, a także zachęcić do stosowania tych metod planowania rodziny, które opierają się na naturalnych okresach płodności.
EN
The main purpose of marriage ought to be active love, in other words, procreation- oriented fertile love. One notices, however, that the moral and social norms regarding this issue have presently undergone a far-reaching process of individualisation, as a result of which sexual functions have been separated from parental-reproductive ones. The following article sets out to present certain changes in the mentality of young people who are soon to be married with regard to conception control and abortion. The position of the Catholic Church on these matters is not acknowledged and frequently questioned by engaged couples. The sociological analysis shows that the moral consciousness of the Polish youth is undergoing a slow process of secularisation.
EN
The paper presented the attitude of Poles, recorded over the years, to four selected bioethical problems (abortion, in vitro fertilisation, contraception, euthanasia), to which the Catholic Church pays special attention in its teaching, and which are related to the beginning or end of human life. The paper first presented the attitude of general respondents to the above mentioned issues, and then respondents declaring regular religious practices. The observation of the opinion of the latter raises the question about the effectiveness of the message of the Church's teaching on the above mentioned bioethical issues.
PL
W artykule został zaprezentowany zarejestrowany na przestrzeni lat stosunek Polaków do czterech wybranych problemów bioetycznych (aborcja, in vitro, antykoncepcja, eutanazja), na które w swoim nauczaniu szczególną uwagę zwraca Kościół katolicki, a które związane są z początkiem lub końcem życia ludzkiego. W pierwszej kolejności został zaprezentowany stosunek do wspomnianych kwestii ogółu respondentów, a następnie respondentów deklarujących regularne praktyki religijne. Analiza opinii tych ostatnich każe postawić pytanie o skuteczność przekazu nauczania Kościoła odnośnie do wspomnianych kwestii bioetycznych.
EN
Church – faithful to the mission commissioned by Christ – take successively the topics that appear throughout the history of mankind, which are the result of scientific development and progress of civilization, and increasing the possibility of interfering with the processes of life – from procreation, and the dying ending. Undoubtedly, the field of interference in human procreation is the one that because of the tremendous progress achieved and the personal good, especially endangered in its activities – requires special vigilance of the Church. Therefore, in this publication is presented clear moral teaching of the Church concerning the abuses in the field of procreation. For the fundamental fraud, which became the subject of moral reflection should include: contraception, morning after pill, sterilization and abortion, in vitro fertilization and cloning. It should be noted that all these issues related to human reproduction right contradict the Christian tradition for centuries, and above all the Church’s thought for contemporary view of marriage, family, sexuality and fertility. Break for inner unity, mutuality and the need for relationships between spouses, but also the relationships between parents and offspring. For this reason, must be evaluated negatively. These phenomena are in fact the opposite nature – sexuality without procreation on the one and procreation without sexuality on the other.
EN
In the 1960s, before the promulgation of Humanae Vitae, the Catholic philosophers Elizabeth Anscombe and Herbert McCabe OP debated whether there are convincing natural law arguments for the claim that contraception violates an exceptionless moral norm. This article revisits those arguments and critiques McCabe’s approach to natural law, concerned primarily with ‘social sin’ and not simply violations of ‘right reason,’ as one particularly ill-suited to addressing questions in sexual ethics and unable both to distinguish properly between certain forms of sexual wrongdoing and more obviously social sins such as theft, and also to distinguish between ‘natural’ and ‘unnatural’ sexual acts. Anscombe’s views, I argue, are closer to those of Thomas Aquinas and provide reasons for making the distinctions McCabe does not. An argument concerning the nature of the institution of marriage and the effects of non-marital acts on that institution is proposed as a way of strengthening Anscombe’s argument that contraception violates an exceptionless moral norm.
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