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PL
In European contract law and consumer law the nature of protection through information is based on imposing on business an obligation to make a declaration of knowledge to a consumer, which should enable them to make a rational decision. The implementation of efficient regulations regarding the liability for the improper fulfillment of information duties aims to maintain the level of trust between contracting parties on optimal level, and, as a result, to lead to balancing of their position respecting the freedom of contract principle. Polish model of consumer protection through information, in particular in the area of the liability for the improper fulfillment of information duties by business requires a lot of changes. In national law it is specially problematic, the lack of definition of general, legal consequences of failure to provide obligatory information, providing it in an incomplete, unclear way, but without the intention to mislead the other party.
Avant
|
2019
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
159-171
EN
Freedom of contract and corrective justice are considered to be the basic principles governing contract law. However, many contemporary legal orders implement various policy goals into private law. The regulatory private law of the European Union is the most striking example of such a trend. This article aims at reconciling the corrective justice theory of private law and the principle of freedom of contract with the regulatory dimension of the EU law. The main argument is that the meaning of the concept of harm, one that is crucial to the principle of corrective justice, should be understood broadly so that it can transform the corrective justice theory from a monistic one into a pluralistic one.
EN
The article addresses the issue of the concept of the non-conformity of the product with the contract in the context of consumer sale. Specifically, it brings up the question whether the directive no. 1999/44/WE and the Polish statutes regarding consumer sale introduce the strict definition or the rebuttable presumption of the conformity of the product with the contract. That question is of paramount importance since the definition means here that in the circumstances outlined in the directive/statute acquired goods are in conformity with the contract and the consumer cannot prove the contrary. The presumption, in turn, is tantamount to the assertion that the occurrence of these circumstances indicates the state of the conformity with the contract, but not in the definite way. That is, the interested party may nonetheless make an effort to establish that the product does not conform to the contract. Despite the clear meaning of the pertinent provisions of the statute and directive, most of Polish scholars maintain that, in consumer sale, we deal with the definition of the non-conformity of the product with the contract. The Author strongly disagrees with them, arguing for the concept of the rebuttable presumption. However, according to him, due to the need of legal certainty and efficacy, the rebuttal should be possible here only in exceptional cases. Incidentally, the same concerns the proving of the conformity of contract when not all of the circumstances mentioned in the presumption are present.
EN
Commercial arbitration in Poland has to face contemporary problems, including those related to the constant development of information technologies, and therefore new technologies. It is seen during the COVID pandemic. This article is intended to assess the state of Polish regulation on the background of European Union regulations in the abovementioned area and to propose potential changes to the Polish legislation[1] if they are needed.   [1] Karol Ryszkowski, “New technologies in the Polish commercial arbitration,” in Právo, obchod, ekonomika : zborník príspevkov (Právo - obchod - ekonomika), eds. Jozef Suchoža, Ján Husár, and Regina Hučková (Košice: Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika Vydavatel’stvo Šafárik Press, 2020), 249.
EN
This paper aims to address certain problems concerning prescription. It focuses on the prescription of claims for damages awarded for breach of contract. In the Polish Civil Code there are no special rules in place concerning such claims and the prescription thereof is to be ascertained on the basis of general provisions. The latter were designed in order to regulate the prescription of claims reflecting the primary obligations of the parties (the obligations of specific performance). Consequently, their application to claims concerning secondary obligations, i.e. claims for damages, raises serious doubts and encounters numerous problems of high practical importance. The paper proposes such interpretation of general provisions on prescription that seemingly both suits the nature of claims for damages for breach of contract and is fit for the purpose generally ascribed to prescription as a legal phenomenon.
EN
This paper offers a sketch of the complicated conflicts which arise—and metastasize seemingly daily—in the era of Big Data. Given the public’s ubiquitous-yet-ostensibly- voluntarydatasurrender,andindustry’subiquitous-yet-ostensibly-anodynecollectionof the same, inaction is not an option for any near-just society. By revisiting the philosophical basis for Panoptic apparatus (via Bentham and Foucault), sketching the tumultuous history of US contract law trying to protect the public from itself (from Lochner to Carpenter), and comparing existing industry codes for similarly-situated—read: terrifyingly invasive—fields (e.g., physicians, therapists, attorneys, accountants), the paper will provide a preliminary framework for identifying and confronting the galaxy of problems associated with data analytics.
PL
In 1952 Witold Czachórski posited as a general principle of Polish contract law that legal actions leading of a transfer of wealth require for their validity a proper cause; the rule was construed as a mandatory one and precluded the creation of abstract obligations unless expressly permitted by law. Czachórski’s theory was underpinned by an in-depth analysis of the entire body of civil law, as well as axiological considerations that emphasized the need to control contractual fairness (Section 1). After 40 years of largely uncontroverted acceptance the rule was abruptly abandoned by the Supreme Court on grounds of freedom of contract (Section 2). Despite its fundamental nature, this change was not accompanied by any in-depth discussion in legal doctrine (Section 3). While unsatisfactory on a theoretical level, it seems in retrospect that this was, at a time of systemic transformation to a liberal market economy, a pragmatic and perhaps inevitable approach that served to further the newly re-established principle of freedom of contract. Paradoxically, however, with the contemporary shift to a more control-oriented approach to freedom of contract it would not be entirely surprising to see a rebirth of the role of cause and of Czachórski’s theory some time in the future (Section 4).
EN
In 1912 Filippo E. Vassalli published PSI I 55 and partly recon- structed its contents. His editio princeps was subsequently thoroughly checked in 1971 by Wolfgang Wodke, who completed Vassalli’s text; he, moreover, attributed it to the antecessor Stephanus. Here, all earlier readings and conjectures will be examined and partly corrected. The text is seen critically in the light of the publications that have disproved Wodke’s attribution to Stephanus. Besides, some new readings and conjectures are added. The papyrus was a part of a book based on East Roman law teaching in the Greek language. It is a paraphrasis combining two series of lessons on the Digest, an index, and a paragraphai lecture. They are dated between spring of 534 and March of 536 and were taught by an unknown law teacher (in either Beirut or Constantinople). Afterwards, they were used by Stephanus for his paragraphai on the digest. The latter seems to have taught between March 536 and a short time after 542. The unknown law teacher was probably one of the eight addressees of Justinian’s constitution Omnem, who taught at two law schools. Four of those antecessores have already been excluded by other authors. The others have left either no or too few texts. Therefore, the attribution to one of these antecessores is impossible, perhaps except for Anatolius, who taught in Beirut.
PL
Esej rozpoczyna się od krótkiej prezentacji ekonomicznej analizy prawa jako dyscypliny naukowej, podane są przykłady różnic między ekonomiczną analizą prawa i tzw. analizą doktrynalną. Następnie omówione zostają dwa najważniejsze nurty badawcze w dziedzinie będącej przedmiotem szczególnego zainteresowania autora - wykorzystywanie pojęć zaczerpniętych z ekonomii behawioralnej do analizy prawa oraz rozwój empirycznych badań przepisów prawa. Po wyjaśnieniu, dlaczego są one tak ważne, autor przedstawia przykłady znaczących różnic między wnioskami, do których dochodzą przedstawiciele nowych nurtów myślenia, a interpretacjami proponowanymi przez zwolenników bardziej tradycyjnego podejścia do zagadnień prawa, a także omawia ich wpływ na politykę prawną i regulacyjną.
EN
The author starts his essay with a brief overview of law and economics as a research discipline and offers examples of how its analysis differs from that of doctrinal analysis, an older style of legal analysis. Next, he focuses on what he considers to be the two most important developments in the area - the incorporation of behavioural economics into the analysis of law and the emergence of empirical legal studies. After explaining why he considers them to be of such importance, he gives examples of how the legal and regulatory policies suggested by these developments significantly differ from the previous ones.
EN
Every lawyer knows the Latin maxim Summum ius summa iniuria. You can pass an arbitral award that is consistent with the law but it is unfair. Public policy is a ground for refusal of recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, which is inter alia distinguished by the Polish Code of Civil Procedure and the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention). The institution of ruling on the basis of the principles of fairness and of equality in arbitration proceedings as well as public policy have fundamental importance for the arbitration proceedings, because of their functions. From many years, in the doctrine and in the practice, a number of doubts about the rules of these institutions have been opened. This article aims to attempt to establish a mutual relationship between these two institutions in arbitration proceedings.
PL
Każdy prawnik zna łacińską maksymę Summum ius summa iniuria. Można wydać orzeczenie arbitrażowe, które jest zgodne z prawem, ale niesprawiedliwe. Porządek publiczny jest podstawą odmowy uznania i wykonania orzeczeń arbitrażowych, zawartą m.in. w Kodeksie postępowania cywilnego oraz w Konwencji o uznawaniu i wykonywaniu zagranicznych orzeczeń arbitrażowych (Konwencji nowojorskiej). Instytucja orzekania na podstawie zasady słuszności w postępowaniu arbitrażowym oraz klauzula porządku publicznego mają fundamentalne znaczenie dla postępowania arbitrażowego ze względu na swoje funkcje. Od wielu lat w doktrynie i praktyce istnieją liczne wątpliwości co do zasad funkcjonowania tych instytucji. Celem artykułu jest próba określenia wzajemnej relacji między tymi dwiema instytucjami w postępowaniu arbitrażowym.
PL
Chociaż prawo konsumenckie dotyczy umów zawieranych przez podmioty prawa prywatnego, często uważa się, że jest instrumentem zasady sprawiedliwości dystrybutywnej, zgodnie z którą instytucje społeczne powinny wspierać członków społeczeństwa znajdujących się w gorszej sytuacji. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie, że pogląd tak jest niewłaściwy. Odwołuje się on do tzw. „argumentu status quo”, wedle którego wykładnia prawa konsumenckiego, jako instrumentu sprawiedliwości dystrybutywnej, może ugruntować obecny, niesprawiedliwy stan rzeczy, a w konsekwencji wzmocnić, aniżeli zlikwidować niesprawiedliwość dystrybutywną. W tym zakresie, prawo konsumenckie jest traktowane jako prawne urzeczywistnienie kultury konsumenckiej, która, nawet jeśli nie niesprawiedliwa z natury, stwarza zagrożenie dla jednostek i ich dobrobytu. Oprócz przedstawienia abstrakcyjnego argumentu, artykuł obrazuje to również żywym przykładem z popkultury – filmem Johna Carpentera – Oni żyją.
EN
Even though consumer contract law concerns voluntary agreements between private parties, it is often considered to be an instrument of the principle of distributive justice, according to which the design of social institutions should benefit the worse-off members of society. The article claims that such a view is mistaken. It appeals to the so-called status quo argument, according to which interpreting consumer law as an instrument of distributive justice may entrench the current, unjust state of affairs, and therefore compound, rather than eradicate, distributive injustice. Within that framework, consumer law is treated as the legal instantiation of consumer culture, which, even if not inherently unjust, poses several risks for individuals and their overall wellbeing. Apart from presenting the abstract argument, the article illustrates it with a vivid example from popular culture – John Carpenter’s iconic film They Live.
EN
The development of factoring in continental Europe took place only in the late 1950s, later than in the countries of the common law tradition. The presented in the article genesis of factoring confirms a large evolution of this legal institution, the legal framework of which was (and still is) built through years of practice. At present, the dominant tendency is the penetration, or even the adoption, of the contemporary common law system into continental law. An example is inclusion into continental contract law of new types of legal relations, developed in American economic practice, such as factoring. The repeatability of factoring transactions in turnover and the systematic unification of the practice of concluding factoring transactions by custom, and then its analysis based on jurisprudence and legal doctrine, resulted in a separate type of contract – factoring contract.
PL
Rozwój faktoringu w Europie nastąpił dopiero w późnych latach 50. XX w., później niż wykształcił się on w państwach tradycji common law. Przedstawiona w artykule geneza faktoringu potwierdza dużą ewolucję tej instytucji prawnej, której ramy prawne były (i nadal są) budowane poprzez lata praktyki. Aktualnie dominującą tendencją jest przenikanie, wręcz recypowanie, współczesnego systemu common law (prawa powszechnego) do prawa kontynentalnego. Przykładem jest właśnie włączenie do kontynentalnego prawa kontraktowego nowych typów stosunków prawnych, wykształconych w amerykańskiej praktyce gospodarczej, takich jak faktoring. Powtarzalność w obrocie transakcji faktoringowych i systematyczne ujednolicanie się praktyki zawierania transakcji faktoringowych drogą zwyczajów, a następnie jej analiza na gruncie orzecznictwa i doktryny prawa, wykształciło na odrębny typ umowy – umowę faktoringu.
13
58%
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
|
2017
|
vol. 60
|
issue 3
485-495
EN
Effectiveness of every contract lies in the center of interest of the parties, especially in contracts between professional entrepreneurs. Despite this law in books rarely acknowledges effectiveness as a category. Organization and functioning of the judiciary has influence on the transaction costs of contracts. This influence can be divided into two broad categories, the influence of instability or divergence of court decisions, and the influence of access to justice. It is generally concluded, that stability of court decisions influences access to justice as it minimizes incentives for disputes. A different view is proposed by E. Posner in his thought experiment, in which radically incompetent courts still compel contractual parties to perform – mainly by deterring them from using the judicial system. This paper discusses the validity of this thought experiment by questioning its assumptions and its ability to explain empirical observations.
PL
Efektywność prawa umów leży w centrum zainteresowania stron umowy, w szczególności w przypadku umów pomiędzy profesjonalistami. Pomimo tego, litera prawa rzadko odnosi się do efektywności jako kategorii prawnej. Organizacja i funkcjonowanie wymiaru sprawiedliwości wpływa na koszty transakcyjne stosunków umownych. Ten wpływ można podzielić na dwie szerokie kategorie, wpływ niestabilności lub rozbieżności w orzecznictwie i wpływ dostępu do wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Powszechnie uznaje się, że stabilność orzecznictwa wpływa pozytywnie na dostęp do wymiaru sprawiedliwości poprzez zmniejszanie pobudek do wytaczania powództw. Odmienny pogląd proponuje E. Posner w eksperymencie myślowym, w którym rażąco niekompetentne sądy mają mimo wszystko prowadzić do wykonania umowy przez strony – poprzez wywołanie w stronach umowy niechęci do procesu. W niniejszym tekście przeprowadzono polemikę z powyższym poglądem kwestionując zarówno jego założenia jak i jego wiarygodność w stosunku do obserwacji rzeczywistości.
EN
In 1952 Witold Czachórski posited as a general principle of Polish contract law that legal actions leading of a transfer of wealth require for their validity a proper cause; the rule was construed as a mandatory one and precluded the creation of abstract obligations unless expressly permitted by law. Czachórski’s theory was underpinned by an in-depth analysis of the entire body of civil law, as well as axiological considerations that emphasized the need to control contractual fairness (Section 1). After 40 years of largely uncontroverted acceptance the rule was abruptly abandoned by the Supreme Court on grounds of freedom of contract (Section 2). Despite its fundamental nature, this change was not accompanied by any in-depth discussion in legal doctrine (Section 3). While unsatisfactory on a theoretical level, it seems in retrospect that this was, at a time of systemic transformation to a liberal market economy, a pragmatic and perhaps inevitable approach that served to further the newly re-established principle of freedom of contract. Paradoxically, however, with the contemporary shift to a more control-oriented approach to freedom of contract it would not be entirely surprising to see a rebirth of the role of cause and of Czachórski’s theory some time in the future (Section 4).
EN
The ongoing civilization changes have an overwhelming impact on contract law. The transformations of domestic private law cause a reevaluation in the continental (positivist) sphere of legal thought. This applies in particular to legal structures that protect individual interests. This state of affairs is mainly influenced by Anglo-Saxon origin’s institutions, which introduce pragmatism into continental, including domestic, private law, in the form of, inter alia, widespread use of contracts by accession (in the form of regulations, templates, etc.) and the so-called economic analysis of law, emphasizing the economic effectiveness of legal regulations (economization of law). In practice, this means the emergence of a new European legal culture, which essence is the abandonment of formal and dogmatic structures in favour of pragmatic and flexible formulas (‘adherence to reality’) and the growing importance of the law-making role of courts.
PL
Zachodzące przemiany cywilizacyjne wywierają przemożny wpływ na prawo umów. Transformacje krajowego prawa prywatnego powodują przewartościowania w sferze kontynentalnej (pozytywistycznej) myśli prawniczej. Dotyczy to w szczególności konstrukcji prawnych, chroniących interesy jednostkowe. Na ten stan wpływają głównie instytucje o anglosaskim rodowodzie, które wprowadzają do kontynentalnego, w tym krajowego, prawa prywatnego pragmatyzm w postaci m.in. powszechnego już stosowania umów przez przystąpienie (w postaci regulaminów, wzorców itd.) oraz tzw. ekonomicznej analizy prawa, akcentującej efektywność ekonomiczną regulacji prawnych (ekonomizacja prawa). W praktyce oznacza to powstawanie nowej europejskiej kultury prawnej. Jej istotą jest rezygnowanie z konstrukcji formalnych i dogmatycznych na rzecz formuł pragmatycznych i elastycznych („przyleganie do rzeczywistości”) oraz wzrost znaczenia prawotwórczej roli sądów.
EN
The primary purpose of the legal considerations herein is to indicate the direction of the modernization of the legality of control mechanisms in modern legal transactions.At the base of these transactions there is still the traditional, dogmatic sanction of nullity (invalidity) regulated by law (ex lege), and the legal effects of a defective legal action (contract), i.e. an action contrary to law or moral norms. In consideration of disproportionality and ineffectiveness of the nullity sanction under new conditions, jurisprudence and legislation have directed their attention to the limited judicial sanction (structured discretion) originating from the common law tradition as a proportional and flexible response to the defectiveness of legal action (contract). The statutory judicial sanction, which became the basis of the reform on the concept of illegality in common law countries, have found expression in the model rule of European private law. The Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), the latter of which revises and updates the PECL, are the primary references for the model rules of contract law in the EU. The PECL and the DCFR have affected the concept of the defective sanction of legal action (contract) in the new Civil Code, drafted by the Polish Civil Law Codification Commission.
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