Search results

1

Antonymous frameworks in Serbian written discourse: Phrasal contexts of antonym co-occurrence in text

100%

Kostić N. a.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2011

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vol. 47

509

EN

This paper presents the results of a study that analyzes antonym co-occurrence in written texts in a corpus of contemporary Serbian language. It adopts the metalexical approach to paradigmatic semantic relations, which posits that semantic relations among words are represented as part of what we know about the words. Antonymy is within this theoretical framework viewed as a conceptual relation, derivable by a single relational principle. Contexts of antonym use in the sentence seem to be structured and can be explained if conceptual approach to antonymy is adopted. Two major, and four minor, functions of antonyms have been identified in discourse, matching the results of similar analyses in other languages, such as English, Japanese, Swedish and Dutch. Antonyms in Serbian written discourse are predominantly used with an aim to either maximize contrast or annul its existence. This “paradox” can be explained if we postulate that antonyms are minimally different (i.e. similar but for one relevant difference) which makes it possible for the language users to focus on either of these two properties when they use them in discourse. This paper describes the notion of antonymous framework and the roles that antonyms can have in these phrasal contexts. The conclusions provide support to conceptual approach to antonymy and contribute to investigations of antonyms from pragmatic perspective using corpus data.

2

Aspectos de la traducción al español del lexema polaco „trzeba”

88%

Głowicka M.

Estudios Hispánicos

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2016

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vol. 24

63-76

EN

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the Polish impersonal verb trzeba (one must) and to compare it with corresponding Spanish equivalents. We examine this verb in terms of translation study: we search for this Polish lexeme in the original texts (Polish novels of prominent writers), then we search for its equivalents in translation and describe them with the objective to present some comparative observations. We try to analyze the expression of necessity in both languages and semantic values of the lexeme trzeba since it has an interesting structure and use and is considered a problematic verb.

3

Do they understand more? Turkish EFL speakers perception of sentence stress in English

88%

Buczek-Zawiła A.

Linguistics Beyond and Within

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2016

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vol. 2

27-43

EN

As one of the most prominent elements of intonation sentence stress frequently contributes to the meaning expressed by speakers. It most typically signals details of an utterance information structure, but it also performs a contrastive or emphasizing function, thus expressing focus in the spoken discourse. In English and many other languages its location, while exhibiting certain regularities it additionally determined by extra relevant or relative information. As such, either alone or in combination, it may communicate certain additional shades of meaning that, similarly to the contribution of sentence intonation, may escape the attention of EFL speakers. The paper explores the comprehension sensitivity of Turkish speakers of English when it comes to identifying meaning details contributed by sentence stress. It investigates their awareness as detected through perception of variable sentence stress location. The target group are Turkish advanced speakers of English, with various levels of competence, and only sporadic phonetic training in English for part of them. In a perception-based experiment they were asked to identify the details they perceive. Their results were then compared and analysed, also in relation to what their native language (with a distinction into sentential and focal stress) adds in terms of this module of utterance intonation. Finally, their results were correlated with those achieved by Polish advanced speakers of English as investigated in a similar study conducted earlier. The interpretation of the results reveals that Turkish EFL speakers are more sensitive to the highlighting or contrastive function of sentence stress, achieving overall better result here than when they are to judge its contribution to notion such as politeness or impatience. They are also rather competent at detecting the prominent element in an utterance.

4

POETYKA KONTRASTU. WOKÓŁ HISTORII MANIAKÓW ROMANA JAWORSKIEGO

75%

Koczor D.

Rocznik Przemyski

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2015

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vol. 51

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issue 2(19): Literatura i Język

13-23

EN

The aim of the article is to study the mechanism of creating grotesque in Roman Jaworski’s collection of short stories titled Historie Maniaków (Stories of Madmen). The analysis of the structure of Jaworski’s work (plot, character construction, metaliterary passages) has shown that the contrast between the figure of fulfilment and its degeneration is the semantic category which constitutes the grotesque world of his stories. Meaningful with regard to ontology, epistemology and axiology negative categories such as nothingness, deformation or ugliness, within the historical-literary context function as an opposition to dominant at that time poetics of symbolism. Simultaneously, they become an expression of the typical of modernist awareness crisis of the subject, and of the doubt in the cognitive and representative potential of language.

5

Oniryczne ekspresje w "Sonatach Mol" Marii Grossek-Koryckiej

75%

Poleszak N.

Jednak Książki. Gdańskie Czasopismo Humanistyczne

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2015

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issue 4/2015 O Młodej Polsce mniej znanej

103-120

EN

The article focuses on the literary aspect of dream in Maria Grossek-Korycka's Sonaty mol. The poetics of dream is realized within selected works in the series through the use of the word 'sen' ('dream') or by introducing a romantic encrustation aura. The term 'senne ekspresje' ('dreamy expressions'), appearing in the title of this article, indicates a specific way of shaping the imaginative projections. The characteristic properties of the oneiric visions: the aesthetics of contrast, anthropomorphism, handling a wide range of colours, synesthesia as the main means of expression, deformation in the cause-and-effect relationship lead to a dreamy expressionist technique in the context of the individual sonatas. 'The texts' of verbalised phantasma activate an array of symbolic references and analogies. The poet goes back to the tradition of Kabbalah - a dream often manifests itself to the dreaming entity and becomes its peculiar emanation or attribute. This interpretation makes an attempt to read the contents of literary visions and includes the description of the general rules governing the oneirology of The Young Poland poet.

6

„Strasznie żywa jest ta śmierć” – o Wierszach dośmiertnych Zofii Zarębianki

71%

Jakubowska-Ożóg A.

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2018

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vol. 13

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issue 8

122-128

EN

Pre-death poems / Wiersze dośmiertne are the poet’s personal confessions, but also an attempt to tackle the topic of death experienced through the passing of relatives and friends. The crucial issues while encountering the problem of death are considerations on time and places that are, have been and will be important for a human being. The author, similarly to her earlier collections of poems, convinces the readers that every human action is imbued with meaning, sense as we are all searching for and incessantly trying to establish the aim of our activities. What is essential is that for the heroine who is a believer, death is not the end but it is the stage leading to salvation. The poet as an outstanding specialist in literary studies employs in those poems well-known motifs, uses paradox, contrast, she combines a naïve nursery rhyme with metaphysical dread, nevertheless, in all of those parts she remains authentic.

7

On Driving Forces behind Lyrical Discourse

63%

Zeldowicz G.

Slavia Orientalis

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2021

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vol. LXX

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issue 1

8

Гротескні форми ІІ частини роману Джонатана Свіфта «Мандри Гуллівера»

51%

Tikhonenko S.

Path of Science

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2017

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vol. 3

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issue 11

1009-1015

UK

Статтю присвячено дослідженню гротескних форм у романі Джонатана Свіфта «Мандри Гуллівера» з опертям на текст ІІ частини роману «Подорож до Бробдінгнегу». На підставі дібраного фактичного матеріалу простежено вияви гротеску в смисловому полі тексту твору. Гротескний світ роману є авторською моделлю людства, у якій Дж. Свіфт подає свій погляд не тільки на державний устрій сучасної йому Англії, а й на природу людини взагалі, розкриває особливості психології людського єства, особливості соціалізації людини. У ІІ частині автор продовжує розгортати перед читачем складну та суперечливу картину людського існування, світ велетнів постає як амбівалентна система, в якій дивним чином поєднані риси ідеального суспільства та ідеального правителя, на погляд автора, із потворним обличчям людини та соціуму.

EN

The article is devoted to the study of grotesque forms in Jonathan Swift's novel "Gulliver’s Travels" based on the text of part II of the novel "A Voyage to Brobdingnag". On the basis of the selected actual material, displays of the grotesque elements in the semantic field of the work’s text are traced. The grotesque world of the novel is the author's model of mankind, in which J. Swift presents his view not only on the state of the modern system of England, but also on the nature of man in general, reveals the peculiarities of the psychology of human nature, especially human socialization. In part II, the author continues to develop a complex and contradictory picture of human existence in front of the reader, the world of giants appears as an ambivalent system in which the features of an ideal society and ideal ruler, in author’s opinion, with the ugly face of man and society, are marvelously combined.

9

Obraz Boga wyłaniający się z konfrontacji bezbożnego i sprawiedliwego w wybranych księgach Starego Testamentu

51%

Rams J.

Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne

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2017

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vol. 26

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issue 3

23-31

EN

Justice is a difficult concept. Its description is present in almost every chapter of the Bible. It has various aspects. However, the basic message is that justice comes from God and it leads towards Him. The purpose is to become a righteous man who is formed by God’s Justice. By repeating this adjective, the Bible defines this attitude and contrasts it with the picture of a wicked man and impiety itself. This can be observed mainly in the Book of Proverbs and in the Book of Psalms. A simple structure of proverbs allows us to notice the contrast between a wicked and pious man. A similar structure of psalms makes it possible to compare both concepts. Selected parts of the Books define those contrasting attitudes. This leads us to predictable conclusions. Some interesting phrases can be observed in the Book of Ezekiel. The author avoids static concepts and the final classification of a righteous man who will never become a sinner. The prophet knows those attitudes. He is interested how man can change. He wants to know if man can hold on to such attitude. The narration of the Book does not contrast both attitudes but it challenges and evaluates them.

10

Kontrasty i syntezy. Retoryczne obrazy miast ogrodów

51%

Szurek A.

Literatura i Kultura Popularna

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2017

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vol. 23

169-185

EN

Ebenezer Howard’s book Garden Cities of To-Morrow is not only a treatise on urban planning or a modern utopia, but also a rhetorical case, using carefully built argumentation scheme. The aim of this article is to show how Howard’s ideas are presented and supported, and how his whole work is centered around the romantic notion that “extremes meet”. Both Howard and Polish interpreters of his ideas presented garden cities as a remedy for urgent problems (Lloyd F. Bitzer’s “exigence”). Their opinions on what exactly these problems are were, however, different. For Howard the most important aim was to draw people back to the country and provide them with cheaper, more comfortable houses. For Władysław Dobrzyński, the chief propagator of garden cities in Poland, the main problem were health conditions in Warsaw. The city is presented as ultimate evil, so the “marriage” between the country and the town is not possible and in fact not desired. Thus, Polish journalists and activists who tried to make Howard’s idea attractive to popular public, reversed his course of reasoning. In their visions extremes not only do not meet, but are radically separated. The city and the country, work and free time, gardens and industry are polar opposites. They can be reconciled not in actual, physical space, but only by leading a “double life”, shared between working in a city and living in an idyllic country refuge.

11

Twórczość Gianlorenzo Berniniego – specyfika rzymskich fontann barokowego mistrza

51%

Liwoch B.

Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk

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2014

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issue 4

557-565

PL

Rzymskie fontanny Gianlorenzo Berniniego są znakomitym przykładem dzieł sztuki okresu pełnego baroku. Na podstawie ich hermeneutycznej analizy dowodzę, że woda zawiera w sobie cechy, które są kluczowe dla stylu barokowego. W artykule omawiam sylwetkę Gianlorenzo Berniniego, historię zaprojektowanych przez niego fontann, a także cechy, które pozwalają mi utożsamić wykorzystaną w dziele sztuki wodę z istotą baroku: zestawienie natury i kultury, ideę nieskończoności oraz ruch.

EN

Gianlorenzo Bernini’s fountains in Rome are tremendous examples of late baroque works of art. In this article I am going to prove that water incorporates characteristics of the late baroque, on the basis of hermeneutic analysis. Firstly, the article presents Bernini as an artist. Further on, a brief story of his fountains is introduced, and finally the characteristics which enabled me to connect the idea of water with the essence of baroque, a juxtaposition of nature and culture, the idea of infinity and motion, are explored.

12

Walczące komunikaty (?)

51%

Żmijowska P.

Świat i Słowo

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2015

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vol. Świat i Słowo 2015, nr 1 (24)

215-218

EN

Is the juxtaposition of two contrasting messages, can lead to internal conflict? Or maybe it is a form of marketing communications, in which each element is building a completely new quality represented by the image? Today's plane exchange of information leads to the continued greater reflection not only on what you see, but above all, what to choose.

13

Est locus… The Grotteschi of Giovanni Battista Piranesi and the Ancient Topos of Locus Horridus

51%

Pypłacz J.

Biuletyn Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej

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2015

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vol. 65

181-197

EN

The present article discusses Piranesi’s use of the ancient topos of locus horridus on the example of his four Grotteschi. The analysis of particular ingredients of Piranesi’s loci horridi has shown that, in order to understand them, the onlooker must be not only familiar with the Greek and Roman mythology and literature, but also, must have the patience to detect even those details which, despite being too tiny or obscure to be noticed at the first glance, are crucial to the meaning of the whole picture. In his sophisticated game with the onlooker, Piranesi employs optical illusion and pareidolia. The article also reveals that the aesthetics of the Grotteschi consists, to a large extent, in bringing together motifs that originally belong to the opposite realms: that of a locus horridus and that of a locus amoenus. As a result of such a fusion, the locus horridus becomes even more frightening and hostile, whereas the traditionally ‘idyllic’ elements acquire a sinister hue.

14

Компаративізм як структуротворчий чинникв літературній критиці Лесі Українки

51%

Korbicz H.

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2018

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vol. 66

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issue 7: Słowianoznawstwo

75-88

EN

The present paper is devoted to the meaning of comparative aspects in literary criticism works by the Ukrainian poet Lesya Ukrainka (1871-1913). It stresses the significant role that the author herself, along with her erudition and character traits, plays in her comparative studies. In the discussion, it is observed that the research methods used by Lesya Ukrainka resemble contemporary comparative studies. It is also shown how the author draws analogies and brings out contrasts. The paper contains an analysis of comparative optics, which allows presenting the profound contexts of the cultures and literatures of both Western Europe, as well as those typical of the Central and Eastern parts of the continent, which are characteristics for Lesya Ukrainka’s literary criticism.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony znaczeniu komparatywnych aspektów w krytyczno-literackiej twórczości ukraińskiej poetki Łesi Ukrainki (1871-1913). Zaznaczono przy tym istotną rolę, którą w dociekaniach komparatywnych odgrywa sama autorka, jej erudycja oraz cechy charakteru. W przeprowadzonych badaniach zauważono, że wykorzystane przez Łesię Ukrainkę metody badawcze są zbliżone do współczesnych studiów porównawczych, pokazano także, w jaki sposób autorka tworzy analogie i wywodzi kontrasty. Artykuł zawiera analizę optyki komparatywnej, co pozwala odsłonić charakterystyczne dla krytyki literackiej Łesi Ukrainki głębokie konteksty kultur i literatur zarówno zachodnioeuropejskich, jak i należących do regionu Środkowej i Wschodniej Europy.

15

Czy nauka wyklucza istnienie osobowego Boga i czy wiara w Niego jest kompatybilna z ewolucją?

51%

Haught J. F.

Roczniki Filozoficzne

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2020

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vol. 68

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issue 4

21-49

EN

This text lays out three distinct ways in which people who have been exposed to science are now responding to the following questions: “Does science rule out a personal God?” and “Is faith compatible with evolution?” The first kind of response claims that the natural sciences and religious faith are mutually exclusive. This is the conflict position. Its representatives include two main subgroups: (1) skeptics who believe that the natural sciences have made all religious claims unbelievable, and (2) people of faith who refuse to accept certain scientific ideas such as Big Bang cosmology and biological evolution. However, in the present text conflict refers only to scientific skeptics, those who claim that scientific method and discoveries now make religious faith and theology obsolete. A second type of response to the questions listed claims that science and faith are each concerned with different levels or dimensions of reality. Science and theology, according to this approach, ask completely different kinds of questions, and so it makes no sense to place them in competition with each other. The contrast approach, as we call it, maintains that there can be no real conflict between the claims of natural science and those of faith and theology. Contrast insists that faith and science are not competing for some common goal, so they cannot come into conflict with each other. A third approach is that of convergence. It might also be called “consonance,” “cooperation,” “contact,” or “conversation.” Convergence agrees with the contrast approach that religious faith and natural science are distinct ways of understanding the world, but it argues that the two inevitably interact. Convergence promotes this interaction. Its objective is to arrive at a synthesis in which both science and faith keep their respective identities while still relating closely to each other in a shared pursuit of intelligibility and truth. Convergence assumes that scientific discoveries matter to faith. In other words, scientific findings can make a significant difference in how we think about God and the meaning of our lives. Convergence wagers that science and faith, as long as they are not confused with each other, can together continue to a richer view of reality than either can achieve on its own.

PL

Ten tekst przedstawia trzy różne sposoby, w jakie ludzie, którzy mieli kontakt z nauką, odpowiadają na następujące pytania: „Czy nauka jest zgodna z wiarą religijną?” oraz „Czy nauka nie wyklucza istnienia osobowego Boga?”. Pierwsza odpowiedź zakłada, że nauki przyrodnicze i wiara religijna wykluczają się wzajemnie. To jest sytuacja konfliktu. Jej przedstawiciele należą do dwóch głównych podgrup: (1) sceptyków, którzy wierzą, że nauki przyrodnicze uczyniły wszystkie twierdzenia religijne niewiarygodnymi, oraz (2) ludzi wiary, którzy odmawiają przyjęcia pewnych naukowych idei, takich jak kosmologia Wielkiego Wybuchu i ewolucja biologiczna. W obecnym tekście konflikt dotyczy tylko naukowych sceptyków, którzy twierdzą, że metody i odkrycia naukowe zdezaktualizowały wiarę religijną i teologię. Drugi typ odpowiedzi na wymienione pytania utrzymuje, że nauka i wiara dotyczą różnych poziomów lub wymiarów rzeczywistości. Zgodnie z tym podejściem, nauka i teologia stawiają zupełnie inne rodzaje pytań, dlatego nie można ich traktować jako konkurencyjnych obszarów. W stanowisku kontrastu podkreśla się, że nie może być prawdziwego konfliktu między twierdzeniami nauk przyrodniczych a twierdzeniami wiary i teologii. Wiara i nauka nie rywalizują o jakiś wspólny cel, więc nie mogą wchodzić ze sobą w konflikt. Trzecim stanowiskiem jest konwergencja. Można je również nazwać „współbrzmieniem”, „współpracą”, „kontaktem” lub „konwersacją”. To stanowisko zgadza się z tezą „kontrastu”, według którego wiara religijna i nauki przyrodnicze są różnymi sposobami rozumienia świata, ale argumentuje zarazem, że te dwa obszary nieuchronnie oddziałują na siebie. Konwergencja promuje tę interakcję. Celem zwolenników konwergencji jest osiągnięcie syntezy, w której zarówno nauka, jak i wiara zachowują swoją tożsamość, a jednocześnie pozostają w ścisłym związku ze sobą we wspólnym dążeniu do inteligibilności i prawdy. Konwergencja zakłada, że odkrycia naukowe mają znaczenie dla wiary, innymi słowy, odkrycia naukowe mogą znacząco wpłynąć na to, jak myślimy o Bogu i sensie naszego życia. Konwergencja zakłada, że nauka i wiara, o ile nie są ze sobą mylone, mogą razem prowadzić do bogatszego spojrzenia na rzeczywistość.

16

La polyfonctionnalite des connecteurs : la relation de contraste dans les textes juridiques comparables relatifs au domaine de la boulangerie-pâtisserie

51%

Dolata-Zaród A.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

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2019

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vol. 67

|

issue 8: Lingwistyka korpusowa i translatoryka

155-169

EN

The aim of the analysis is to investigate how connectors contribute to the relations of contrast in the texts concerning one of the fields of handicraft, i.e. baking and confectionery. We will examine the characteristic features of selected connectors and compare these mechanisms in French and Polish texts. The first part of the study contains a short overview of the current research on connectors in French and Polish literature. In the second part, we present a comparable corpus including original French and Polish texts: collective labour agreements and statutes in the field of baking-confectionery. In the final, third part of the article, we conduct a comparative analysis of selected connectors showing the relation of contrast (French mais and Polish ale).

PL

Celem niniejszej analizy jest sprawdzenie, w jaki sposób konektory przyczyniają się do powstawania relacji kontrastu w tekstach dotyczących jednej z dziedzin rękodzieła to jest piekarstwa-cukiernictwa. Zbadamy cechy charakterystyczne wybranych konektorów i porównamy te mechanizmy w tekstach francuskich i polskich. Pierwsza część pracy zawiera krótki przegląd dotychczasowych badań nad konektorami w literaturze francuskiej i polskiej. W części drugiej przedstawimy korpus porównywalny obejmujący oryginalne teksty francuskie i polskie: zbiorowe układy pracy i statuty z dziedziny piekarstwa-cukiernictwa. W ostatniej, trzeciej, części pracy przeprowadzimy analizę porównawczą wybranych konektorów tworzących relację kontrastu (francuskie mais i polskie ale).

FR

L’objectif de cette analyse est d’observer comment les connecteurs participent à la relation de contraste dans les textes relatifs au domaine de la boulangerie-pâtisserie, en d’autres termes, d’examiner ce que leurs caractéristiques intrinsèques confèrent à la création de ces types de relations et de comparer ces phénomènes dans les documents français et polonais. Premièrement, nous allons décrire brièvement l’état des recherches sur les connecteurs dans la littérature française et polonaise. Deuxièmement, nous allons nous pencher sur notre corpus comparable constitué de textes originaux français et polonais : les conventions collectives et les statuts. Puis, nous allons mener l’analyse comparative des connecteurs choisi concernant de la relation de contraste (français mais et polonais ale).

17

The Reinterpretation of Biblical Images in Katrya Grynevycheva’s “On the Way to Sykhem” and Other Stories

45%

Tkachenko T.

|

2020

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vol. 28

|

issue 1

25-36

PL

W artykule przedstawiono cechy opowiadań Katri Grynewyczewej, odkrywając ich dominanty symboliczne, specyfikę budowania postaci przez autorkę oraz ich orientacje filozoficzne, a także określając zarysy biblijnych obrazów zawartych w książce „Po dorozi v Syxem” ta inshi opovidannya [„Na drodze do Sychem” i inne opowiadania]. Pisarka reinterpretuje w niej tekst Pisma Świętego. Nadaje mu nowe znaczenia i zawartość semantyczną, rozwijając obrazy religijne, np. postaci główne (Pan Bóg, Jezus Chrystus, Maryja), inne postaci (apostołowie, król Salomon, królowa Saby), flora i fauna (baranek, pszczoła, wilk, mak, tarnina), żywioły (woda, ogień, wiatr) itd. Katria Grynewyczewa zestawia ze sobą zjawiska takie jak gleba, ziemia, ziemia ojczysta i ojczyzna. W rezultacie Ukraina nabiera charakteru substancji duchowej. Artykuł bada główne cechy indywidualnego stylu autorki ( metaforyzacja życia, symbolika kolorów, asocjatywizacja). Zbiór opowiadań reprezentuje rozmaite gatunki literackie (legenda, baśń, przypowieść, podanie). Całość narracji przenika intertekst chrześcijański. Katria Grynewyczewa przedstawia artystyczną ekspresję Bożego świata, akcentując stałość jego prawd duchowych – wiary, miłości i pokoju.

EN

Paper deals with the peculiarities of the small prose by Katrya Grynevycheva. It clarifies the symbolic dominants, means of character creation, and the author’s world outlook. The article identifies biblical images in her book “Po dorozi v Syxem” ta inshi opovidannya [“On the way to Sykhem” and Other Stories]. The writer uses paraphrases for citation of the Biblical text. She adds new meanings and extends the semantics of religious images. The images include: Heroes, Characters, Flora and Fauna, and the Elements. Katrya Grynevycheva correlates such concepts as ground, terra, earth and Homeland. Thus, Ukraine is spiritual substance. The investigation reveals the main features of the author’s individual style. The book represents a variety of genres (legend, fairytale, parable, storytelling). The Christian intertext pervades all stories. Katrya Grynevycheva builds the artistic God’s world and insists on basic truths (love, faith and peace). The paper proves the uniqueness and significance of the writer’s heritage in the development of Ukrainian literature.

18

Znaczenie i styl tekstu poetyckiego (na przykładzie tomiku "Chwila" i innych wierszy Wisławy Szymborskiej)

38%

Grzeszczuk B.

Stylistyka

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2008

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vol. 17

77-97

EN

The article deals with the problem of meaning of a poetic text of economic, lapidary form devoid of linguistic metaphors, where the construction of expression directly reaches the sense. The style of ostensible redundancy is functional in analytical sentences and repetitions, which is connected with the title Chwila. The intention of stopping the time is expressed by the excess of text form, whose function is global meaning. In the analyzed poetry, the meaning is formed by the style; there is not a subject of description in an ontological sense. The elements of the represented world are incompatible and involve a number of choices or options. The meaning lies beyond the scope of reference of text elements. In Szymborska’s poetry, the meaning is not independent. It is not that she chooses appropriate means of expression for already prepared content; for example, when a lofty style is adapted to serious content, or trivial things are spoken playfully about. In Szymborska’s poetry, it is the other way round; a joke, a witticism is the material of her poetry, but the content is serious and concerns the fundamental problems of existence. The lack of loftiness is balanced by omnipresent irony, and the genius of this poetry is underlain by the simplicity and subtlety of medium, the brilliance of expressions and amazing grammar and style as far as linguistics is concerned.

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