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Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2012
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vol. 17
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issue 4
63–77
EN
Research findings have documented that coping of individuals with mild intellectual disability depends on social and psychological factors (Kościelska, 1998; Zigler, 1999; Switzky, 1999; Kurtek, 2009). The aim of the empirical research was to verify the regulatory role of individual experiences (conscious representation of parental attitudes) in coping of youth with mild intellectual disability in confl icts with parents. In the study of a group of 60 students (age: 14–20) from a special school, psychological methods belonging to a cognitive paradigm were used: te PCR Questionnaire (Parent-Child Relation Questionnaire) by A. Roe and M. Siegelman (1963) and RTSS Questionnaire (Coping in Difficult Social Situations) by Danuta Borecka-Biernat (2003). Both methods were adapted to low reading and understanding skills of the population (shorter items without abstract words). The results of multiple regression confi rmed the model of tendentious perception of object by R.H. Fazio (1986) in regulating coping strategies. Problem-oriented responses in confl icts with parents are explained in 30% of variance by individual experiences of Love (from mother and father as well) and not Demanding (rather Casual) mother. The predictors of aggressive coping tendency were experiences of father’s Rejection and lack of mother’s Attention (15% of variance). Finally the avoidance coping was explained in 10% by the experience of lack of mother’s Love. Obtained data comply to the holistic model of social rehabilitation of mildly intellectually disabled youth.
EN
The aim of the study is to investigate the ever referent for any society sociocultural and socio-psychological problem: how do people in Russia survive nowadays in transforming culture and family? Multigenerational families` gap and resources are analyzed. The authors are trying to give an answer to difficult questions: do couples cope with emotional problems nowadays: cheating, jealousy, loneliness? What coping strategies do families choose and how productive they are.
EN
The objective of this study was to identify coping strategies that infl uence body attitudes in women with anorexia nervosa (n = 34). We used the BAT, the FRS and the Brief COPE. Coping strategies based on focus on and venting of emotions, positive reframing and seeking instrumental social support were predictive factors for the negative appreciation of body size. Seeking emotional social support, positive reframing and use of instrumental support constituted a risk profi le for development of lack of familiarity with one’s body. Denial, focus on and venting of emotions, seeking instrumental social support positive reframing and humour are predictors of general body dissatisfaction. Emotion-oriented coping had an adverse effect on body attitudes and body experience among patients with anorexia
EN
This paper presents results regarding the relationship between emotional and social intelligence and coping strategies. Emotional intelligence was assessed as ability (Situational Test of Emotional Understanding) and as a personality trait (Trait EI questionnaire-Adolescent Short Form). Social intelligence, as a similar concept to EI, was examined by Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS). Coping strategies were measured by using the Children’s Coping Strategies Checklist (Ayers, et al., 1999). The research sample consisted of 104 children at an early age of adolescence. Our results revealed some significant relationships between emotional intelligence and coping strategies. The distinctiveness of both constructs of EI was manifested.
SK
Príspevok prezentuje výsledky výskumu týkajúceho sa vzťahu emocionálnej inteligencie (EI) a sociálnej inteligencie (SI) k zvládaniu záťaže. EI sme zisťovali jednak ako schopnosť (SIT-EMO) a jednak ako osobnostnú črtu (TEIQ-ASF). Chápaním príbuzná sociálna inteligencia bola zisťovaná TSIS. Copingové stratégie boli merané dotazníkom CCSC. Výskumnú vzorku tvorilo 104 detí v období ranej adolescencie. Výsledky poukázali na niektoré signifikantné vzťahy emocionálnej inteligencie a copingových stratégií. Prejavila sa špecifickosť dvoch konštruktov EI.
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EN
Goal of the research was analysis of the relation between personality styles and coping strategies. We examined coping strategies on three hierarchical levels which refers to R.S. Lazarus’s model of coping with stress and personality styles, which derived from J. Kuhl´s PSI theory. We analyzed data of 139 university students (55 males and 84 females). We found out, that the most frequent coping strategy was social support and problem focused engagement strategies, highest appearance showed optimistic, loyal and willing personality style. Main purpose of this research was investigation of the relation among personality styles and coping strategies. Personality styles characterized by positive emotivity (participating on production of certain behavior) correlated with engagement (active) coping strategies. Personality styles characterized by negative emotions (dampening volition and behavior) correlated above all to disengagement (insulative, avoiding) coping strategies.
SK
Cieľom výskumu bola analýza vzťahu medzi osobnostnými štýlmi a zvládaním záťaže. Skúmali sme copingové stratégie na troch hierarchicky usporiadaných úrovniach, ktoré vychádzajú z modelu zvládania R. S. Lazarusa a osobnostné štýly, ktoré vychádzajú z teórie PSI J. Kuhla. Analyzovali sme údaje 139 vysokoškolských študentov (55 mužov a 84 žien). Zistili sme, že najčastejšie využívanou copingovou stratégiou bola sociálna opora a príklonové stratégie zamerané na problém, najvyšší výskyt dosahovali optimistický, lojálny a ochotný osobnostný štýl. Hlavným cieľom výskumu bolo skúmanie vzťahu osobnostných štýlov a copingových stratégií. Osobnostné štýly, pre ktoré je charakteristická vysoká kladná emotívnosť (podieľa sa na tvorbe daného správania), korelujú s príklonovými (aktívnymi) copingovými stratégiami. Osobnostné štýly, pre ktoré sú charakteristické negatívne emócie (tlmia voľné procesy a správanie), korelujú predovšetkým s odklonovými (izolačnými, vyhýbajúcimi sa) stratégiami zvládania záťažových situácií.
EN
The author reviews the publications on positive psychological topics on the basis of 6 important professional journals and books published in the last 10 years..
EN
Obesity is one of the major health problems in adolescents. Health-detrimental lifestyle (i.e. lack of physical activity, inappropriate nutrition) as well as maladaptive styles of coping with stress are regarded as belonging among determinants of obesity. The aim of the study was to establish factors mediating between anxiety and diet-related health behaviors. Participants in the study were 113 adolescents with obesity whose body weight was over 97th centile. They were examined using a set of self-report questionnaires to measure anxiety, coping styles and health behaviors. Emotion-focused coping and seeking social contacts (social diversion) were found to act as mediators between adolescents’ trait anxiety and their health behaviors. The findings suggest that to enhance obese adolescents’ health-promoting behaviors appropriate conditions should be ensured that would not only enable them to express their emotions, but also promote their socializing with peers.
EN
There is a vast amount of literature on similarities and differences of women and men experiencing (close) relationships and using different strategies for coping with daily stress and significant life events. Western folk psychology expects women to be generally more anxious and men to be more avoidant when solving close-relationship conflicts and experiences in long term relationships. We used the Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire that is based on the Attachment-style theory distinguishing four distinct attachment styles - secure, anxious/ambivalent, disoriented/disorganized and avoidant.
EN
Online learning is nothing new, but during the COVID-19 pandemic, this form of education has become the preferred and sometimes the only option available as a result of social distancing and nationwide lockdowns. This unprecedented change has triggered a number of previously unknown problems and has forced students to find ways of coping with them. This study investigates the dark sides of online education and coping strategies developed by students by drawing on insights from coping theories to explain students’ adaptive responses. The study is based on qualitative data collected in an online survey of 27 students of tourism from a public university in Poland. The most frequent problem reported by the respondents were technical issues occurring during classes, followed by the lack of motivation and commitment, difficulties with sustained attention and the lack of contact with peers. The majority of students coped with stress caused by the negative aspects of technology in online education by engaging in physical activity. The findings of the study could contribute to guiding the direction for effective and student-friendly adoption of online education.
EN
The study focuses on the quality of psychological well-being of college students, identifying gender differences in areas of psychological well-being such as autonomy, environmental management, personal growth, positive relationships, meaning of life and self-acceptance. Simultaneously, the study verifies the relationship between psychological well-being and coping, which is understood as the dispositional ability to deal with life situations (Carver, Scheier, Weintraub, 1989). Psychological well-being is understood in accordance with Ryff’s concept (1995). According to the author, the concept is multifactorial determined and influenced by the humanistic psychology, by the theory of psychological development of Erikson, Allport’s conception of maturity, the concept of Jung and Rogers, Bühlers theory of basic life tendencies (Ryff, Keyes, Hughes, 2003; Blatný, 2010). To determine the quality of psychological well-being was used Ryff’s multidimensional scale (1989), and to discover the adaptive/maladaptive strategies of coping management was used the COPE questionnaire (Carver, Scheier, Weintraub, 1989). The study sample consisted of (N = 120) adolescents, 68 women AM women = 22.78; 52 men, AM men = 23.50. The research results point to differences in psychological well-being among male and female students. It occurs, that men have higher rate of autonomy and women interpersonal relationships. The total rate of psychological well-being of both men and women have the average psychological level of psychological well-being. The relationship between psychological well-being and coping strategies point to the significance of a protective factor that can be considered on the basis of research findings the positive reinterpretation. The risk factor can be considered a strategy of distraction, withdrawal (resignation). Women underlie more social pressure of the environment. The reason may be the different definition of the social role of man and woman where from a man is expected to be the provider oriented to a career of success, while the role of a woman is to maintain harmonic relationships in the family. The need to create social relationships is the reason for their efforts to establish confidential and satisfactory interpersonal relationships. Male students against female students are more able to withstand social pressure, their behavior is subject to more assessment according to their own criteria and values. In the overall of psychological well-being we not found any gender differences, which can be attributed to a high degree of motivation and volunteer activity as well as for male and female students, the development of their needs related to professional practice in selected professions. It can be said that gender differences between male and female college students refer only to specific areas of psychological well-being, not its overall quality.
EN
This paper reports on the results of a pilot study focusing on research into coping strategies against the background of attitudes to faith, spirituality and religion. The aim of the study was to verify the possibilities for measuring coping strategies on a general level; the author also discusses specific categories of spiritual coping. The paper outlines theoretical and methodological starting points and presents interim results gained using the NEO-FFI inventory, the SVF 78 coping strategies questionnaire, and the RCOPE questionnaire. A gender-based approach was applied to the data analysis.
EN
The study focused on the relationships between dimensions of attachment and strategies of solving quarrels in romantic relationships. Sample of 224 respondents living in romantic relationship answered Experience in close relationship questionnaire (ECR-R) and Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) for measuring attachment as well as Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) adapted for measuring strategies used during quarrels in romantic relationship. The results showed that secure attachment correlated positively with constructive strategies of coping with quarrels as problem solving and cognitive restructuring. On the other hand, insecure attachment styles was related to non-constructive ways of coping with quarrels as escape, problem avoidance of searching for social support in other people but partner. The results contributed to understanding of attachment as important factor of communication in romantic partnership.
EN
It was supposed that emotional intelligence (EI) influences process of coping with stressful situations in direction of using effective coping routines. We carried out research in which we studied the relation between emotional intelligence and coping in specific situations. The sample consisted of 6th and 7th graders of public elementary school (125 children, 72 girls, 53 boys). EI was measured as an ability with STEU test (Situational test of emotional understanding). Coping was measured with PBSS Scale (Possibilities of behavior in stressful situations), which contents 6 situations from school and family context and 13 variants of coping behavior in these situations. Results point out that relation between emotional intelligence and coping is determined by specific contextual situations. This means it differentiates in dependency to content of events and situations and it doesn´t have a universal character.
EN
The paper deals with the possibility of operationalization and review process of self-control in dealing with stressful situations. This verifies an alternative of indirect identification of self-control in coping through by us selected indicator of suppression of selected forms of coping. Based on the definition of self-control, we sampled the suppression by the difference between the wanted (under consideration) and then realized behavior (coping) in the background of simplified questionnaire of coping and model stressful situation. The sample consisted of 153 college students. Self-control has been shown mainly in strategies 7. Express negative emotions, 8. Stop fighting and 13. Show that this all is ridiculous. These strategies are socially undesirable, which further supports the suitability of the chosen indicator of suppression. It is also documented by a positive correlation of these strategies with Scale of Self-control self-report questionnaire.
EN
Objectives. The study aimed to reveal the level of burnout syndrome, coping strategies and selfefficacy and their mutual relationships among teachers at elementary schools in the Czech Republic. Sample and setting. The sample comprised 2,394 teachers (85% of females and 15% of males). The variables were measured by Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure, SVF 78 (coping strategies) and USE (teacher selfefficacy). Hypotheses. Authors hypothesized that teachers with higher self-efficacy would prefer positive coping while teachers with lower self-efficacy would prefer negative coping. Then, it was assumed that teachers with higher self-efficacy and positive coping would report less burnout syndrome. Because positive coping is a part of professional competencies, it was hypothesized that self-efficacy would predict burnout syndrome stronger than coping strategies. Statistical analysis. The main analyses consisted of correlation, linear regression and multinominal regression. Results. The analyses showed the high prevalence of burnout syndrome (19% with perspicuous manifestation and 65% in risk of burnout). Teachers with higher self-efficacy preferred positive coping over negative coping and vice versa. Teachers with higher self-efficacy and positive coping reported lower burnout syndrome. The link between coping and burnout was significant. The association of negative coping with burnout syndrome was stronger. Study limitation. Correlational research; distinction between positive and negative coping assessed by the SVF 78; not-random research sample.
CS
Cíle. Cílem výzkumu bylo zjistit míru projevů syndromu vyhoření, copingových strategií a profesní self-efficacy u vyučujících základních škol a dále vzájemné vztahy mezi nimi. Výzkumný soubor a nástroje. Dotazník vyplnilo 2394 vyučujících ZŠ (85 % žen a 15 % mužů). Dotazníková baterie zahrnovala Shirom-Melamedovu škálu vyhoření, dotazník na copingové strategie SVF 78 a škálu učitelské self-efficacy USE. Hypotézy. Analýzy ověřovaly předpoklad, že vyučující s vyšší self-efficacy budou preferovat pozitivní copingové strategie a vyučující s nižší self-efficacy negativní copingové strategie. Dalším předpokladem bylo, že u vyučujících s vyšší self-efficacy a pozitivním copingem bude nižší výskyt projevů vyhoření než u vyučujících s nižší self-efficacy a negativním copingem. Protože pozitivní coping je součástí profesních kompetencí, autoři předpokládali, že self-efficacy bude silnějším prediktorem vyhoření než copingové strategie. Statistické analýzy. Data byla zpracována korelační analýzou, regresní analýzou a multinominální regresní analýzou. Výsledky. Analýzy ukázaly vysokou míru vyhoření (19 % se zřetelnými projevy a 65 % ohrožené vznikem syndromu vyhoření). Navzdory tomu vyučující disponovali přiměřenou self- -efficacy a preferovali pozitivní copingové strategie. Vyšší self-efficacy souvisela s pozitivním copingem. Vyučující s vyšší self-efficacy a pozitivními copingovými strategiemi reportovali slabší projevy vyhoření. Vztah mezi copingem a vyhořením byl signifikantní – pozitivní coping souvisel s nižší mírou vyhoření, zatímco negativní coping souvisel s vyšší mírou vyhoření. Souvislost syndromu vyhoření a negativního copingu byla robustnější. Limity. Korelační design; hrubé dělení pozitivního a negativního copingu v dotazníku SVF 78; sestavení výzkumného souboru bez náhodného výběru.
EN
This research is focused on life satisfaction and coping strategies of women undergoing their first IVF treatment. The aim was also to find coping strategies which are adaptive or non-adaptive for this situation. The sample of 139 women filled in two questionnaires: Life satisfaction questionnaire (Fahrenberg, Myrtek, Schumacher, & Brahler, 2001) and COPE Inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989) at the beginning of their treatment. Results show that women are most satisfied with their partnership, housing and sexuality in compared with other aspects of life satisfaction, and they are at least satisfied with their leisure time and financial state. From coping strategies they use the most often Planning, Positive reinterpretation and active coping. As adaptive coping strategies we found Seeking of social support and Positive reinterpretation, on the contrary we found coping strategy Denial not adaptive. There are some useful implications forms this research for psychological counseling for women undergoing IVF treatment.
CS
Výzkum je zaměřen na životní spokojenost a copingové strategie žen, které podstupují své první umělé oplodnění. Cílem bylo také vytipovat strategie, které se ukazují pro tuto situaci jako adaptivní nebo neadaptivní. Výzkumu se zúčastnilo celkem 139 žen, které vyplnily Dotazník životní spokojenosti (Fahrenberg, Myrtek, Schumacher, & Brahler, 2001) a Cope Inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989) v době začátku své léčby. Z výsledků vyplývá, že ženy jsou ve srovnání s ostatními aspekty životní spokojenosti nejvíce spokojené se svým partnerstvím, bydlením a sexualitou, nejméně spokojené pak se svým trávením volného času a finanční situací. Z copingových strategií užívají tyto ženy nejčastěji strategie Plánování, Pozitivní reinterpretaci a Aktivní coping. Jako adaptivní strategie pro situaci neplodnosti a její léčby se ukázaly strategie Vyhledávání sociální opory a Pozitivní reinterpretace, naopak strategie Popření se ukázala jako neadaptivní. Výzkum také naznačuje možné implikace do psychologického poradenství ženám, které se v této situaci nacházejí.
EN
The study is focused on relationships among frequencies of three coping styles (active, discounting, helplessness), perceived frequency of daily hassles, and perceived control beliefs. These relationships were analyzed separately for specific social context (school, parents, self, peer context, opposite sex, leisure time, future career, future expectations). A sample of 563 respondents (average age 15,6 years old) included students of different high schools. As results revealed, the significant relationships between the passive coping strategy (helplessness) and a low level of perceived control beliefs were found in regard to school problems, problems with parents, problems with peers, and to problems regarding future career. The active coping and the coping strategy of discounting were not related to perceived control beliefs. On the other hand, the strategy of helplessness as well as a using of the active coping (in regard to school problems, problems with the opposite sex, problems regarding future career and future expectations) were related to the frequency of perceived daily hassles.
CS
Studie ukazuje souvislosti mezi frekvencí různých stylů zvládání (aktivní, znevážení, bezradnost), percipovanou četností každodenních problémů adolescentů a jejich přesvědčením o vlastním vlivu. Tyto vztahy byly zjišťovány zvlášť v několika sociálních kontextech (škola, rodiče, problémy se sebou samým, vrstevníci, opačné pohlaví, volný čas, volba povolání, představy o budoucnosti). Výzkumný soubor tvořilo celkem 563 respondentů (průměrný věk 15,6 let) z různých středních škol. Výsledky ukázaly významný vztah mezi bezradností (pasivní coping) a nízkou percepcí vlivu, a to zejména pro problémy ve škole, s rodiči, s vrstevníky a pro oblast volby povolání. Aktivní přístup k řešení problémů a strategie znevažování problémové situace nesouvisí s přesvědčením o vlastním vlivu. Na druhou stranu, používání pasivních strategií a v některých sociálních kontextech (škola, vztahy s opačným pohlavím, volba povolání, představy o budoucnosti) i frekvence aktivního copingu souvisí s četností problémů.
EN
The group of professional drivers belongs to high demanding jobs with high risks in health status and psychical wellbeing. Drivers are daily exposed to high demands and stressors they have to face. The situation of coping with stress is described by the transactional model of driver stress and coping strategies while driving. These strategies influence driving performance and their identification could be one of the possible interventions for stress reduction. This study focuses on the group of bus drivers, which is a significant subgroup of professional drivers. The main stressors for them are time pressure, high work demands, high environmental stimulation, problematic interactions with other road users, lack of social support and irregular shifts. The most important preventive strategies are elimination or modification of stress-producing situations, the adaptation of work organization to the individual characteristics of the driver and strengthening the driver’s resilience to stress. We describe some programs using the principles of stress reduction by professional drivers, which increase wellbeing and decrease negative health consequences.
CS
Povolání profesionálního řidiče patří mezi vysoce stresující zaměstnání s negativními dopady na zdravotní a psychickou stránku. Řidič je denně vystaven celé řadě náročných požadavků a stresorů, se kterými se musí vyrovnávat. Situace vyrovnávání se se stresem při řízení je popisována pomocí transakční teorie řidičského stresu spolu s copingovými strategiemi při řízení, které mají vliv na kvalitu řízení, a jejichž identifikace a náprava ukazují na možnosti intervence. Důležitou skupinou profesionálních řidičů jsou řidiči autobusů. Významnými stresory pro tyto řidiče jsou časový tlak, nadměrná pracovní zátěž, vysoká environmentální stimulace, problematická interakce s dalšími účastníky dopravního provozu, nedostatek sociální opory a nepravidelné směny. Mezi nejdůležitější preventivní opatření na snížení míry stresu patří eliminace nebo modifikace situací vytvářejících stres, přizpůsobení organizace práce individuálním charakteristikám řidičů a posílení osobní odolnosti řidičů vůči stresu. Jsou zde uvedeny některé konkrétní příklady realizovaných programů, ve kterých jsou použity principy vedoucí ke snížení míry stresu u těchto řidičů, zvýšení životní pohody a snížení negativních zdravotních důsledků.
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