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EN
A protocol on corpse inspection and autopsy is prepared and signed by all persons participating in these activities. The lack of a signature can be supplemented after performing the corpse inspection and autopsy. The refusal to sign should be recorded in the protocol. The lack of a signature or such an annotation makes it inadmissible to refer to the protocol in a criminal trial.
Verbum Vitae
|
2022
|
vol. 40
|
issue 3
661-674
EN
The noun nefeš is ascribed the sense of “corpse” in several instances of the Hebrew Bible. All of them are analysed to trace the possible development of the semantic field of this word. It leads to the conclusion that this implied sense arose from the shortening of longer phrases (nefeš 'ādām; nefeš mēt). The noun nefeš used in them, however, retains its basic meaning of “person,” and its reference to a corpse is only apparent from the context. In a similar sense, the author also reads the use of the abbreviated version, which represents a person and not just a corpse (synecdoche) – a person who dies and gradually passes into the hereafter.
EN
Homicide cases in which the perpetrator succeeds in disposing the body or due to the other factors the investigators are unable to locate the victim’s body, its remains can be referred as the most difficult, due to a large number of practical investigative and evidence-related challenges. However, there have been many cases where the perpetrators were not only identified, but successfully sentenced as well. The prosecution in such cases could succeed on the condition that it would manage to establish an impeccable, logical, and coherent line of events. To handle this task, it must be able to prove beyond reasonable doubt that in light of the evidence gathered in the case, murder is the only possible explanation and the defendant, not the other person, committed (was responsible for) this crime. The author provides an overview on the literature and selected criminal cases to systemize valuable experiences and to lay down some basic principles and valuable recommendations which can contribute to a better understanding of the process of proof in such types of criminal cases, its scope and internal logic.
EN
In murder cases, the body of the deceased has practical importance in the criminal investigation of a death. This comparative study considers the position held in legislation concerning the protection of the corpse as an investigation tool. Such protection may relate to the objective protection of the corpse, or to procedural protection aimed at regulating the procedures that must be followed during the examination of the body. The protection must also take into account the body’s right to privacy, including the value it carries for the deceased’s family and loved ones.
EN
The article discusses the issues of death in times of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and burial of the COVID-19 deceased. It also presents some currently binding legal regulations as well as restrictions and obligations for the organizers of the funeral connected with the infection of the deceased with COVID-19. Moreover, it shows the influence of state law on funeral regulations in the denominational form and the cult of memory of the dead.
EN
This paper deals with the names for both living and dead bodies, more particularly OE lic and lichama, OE bodig and finally ME corpse. The main focus will be on the contrast between semantic dynamics and boundedness, together with what we refer to as semantic redeployment. Body proves to be a very dynamic lexeme. In addition, it also contributed to the system of grammaticalized quantifier pronouns. This is in sharp contrast with the boundedness of lic and lichama, which gradually got lost in the course of ME. Initially, the loan lexeme corpse seemed to follow the semantic paradigm of body. However, in present-day English it has only preserved its prototypical meaning of dead body. Interestingly, my data suggest that words related to ‘death’ do not tend to give rise to any metonymical or metaphorical developments. The eventual result of these lexico-semantic changes is a far-reaching redeployment in Modern English in terms of a binary contrast between two lexical items: polysemous body, with a vast array of mostly metaphorical meanings, and monosemous corpse.
EN
In the beginning, the article refers to the examination of the crime scene in the case of a violent death. Later the author presents casuistry and fragments of research papers, thus enabling the reader to get acquainted with a wide range of problems connected with the crime scene examination, corpse examination and various pieces of evidence which can be found there. The article is completed with illustrations showing unusual traces perceived both on the crime scene and the corpse.
EN
“After all — even a fool knows — death does not exist, but there is a decomposition of tissues”: The corporeal aspect of death in the proseof Mikhail Shishkin The dominant theme in Mikhail Shishkin’s fiction is death, presented as considerations about the finiteness of existence, dying of oneself and others, posthumous existence, and immortality. A significant issue is also the description of the dying process and the existence of corpse after death. The article presents the theme of dying and corpse in the novels: The Taking of Izmail, Maidenhair, The Light and the Dark and Shishkin’s short stories. In these works, there is a whole spectrum of thanatological motifs which can be categorized basing on the cause of death. Shishkin describes both death by natural causes and various forms of inflicting death (criminal and ritual murders, executions, killing on the battlefield, suicides). His protagonists recognize that it is the body that makes human life limited in time and death itself is perceived not as a moment of death but an uninterrupted process. Shishkin presents the changing bodies of old and sick people. More­over, he extensively describes corpses with striking naturalist attention to details. The corporeal aspect of death in Shishkin’s prose reveals a contemporary approach to the end of human life: on the one hand, the taboo of death is clear, on the other hand — fascination with corpse is visible in mass culture. Numerous images of dying and corpses in Shishkin’s fiction coexist with joyful themes affirming life, consequently, creating a vision of harmony in the world.
PL
„Przecież śmierci — nawet głupi wie — nie ma, ale jest rozkład tkanek”. Cielesny aspekt śmierci w prozie Michaiła Szyszkina W twórczości Michaiła Szyszkina dominującym tematem jest śmierć, prezentowana jako rozważania o skończoności egzystencji, umieraniu swoim i innego, istnieniu pośmiertnym, nie­śmiertelności. Wiele miejsca zajmuje też opis procesu umierania ciała i jego istnienia po śmierci. W artykule przedstawiono obraz umierającego i martwego ciała w powieściach: Zdobycie twier­dzy Izmaił, Włos Wenery i Nie dochodzą tylko listy nienapisane oraz w opowiadaniach. W utwo­rach tych występuje całe spektrum motywów tanatologicznych, które można wyodrębnić na pod­stawie przyczyny śmierci. Szyszkin opisuje zarówno śmierć naturalną, jak i różne formy zadawa­nia śmierci (zabójstwa kryminalne i rytualne, egzekucje, zabijanie na polu walki, samobójstwa). Bohaterowie jego utworów dostrzegają, że to ciało sprawia, iż życie człowieka jest ograniczone w czasie, a samą śmierć postrzegają nie jako moment zgonu, a nieprzerwany proces. Pisarz przed­stawia także zmieniające się ciała ludzi starych i chorych. Wiele miejsca poświęca też opisom martwych ciał, przy czym uderza w nich naturalistyczna detalizacja. Cielesny aspekt śmierci w prozie Szyszkina ujawnia współczesne podejście do zakończenia życia ludzkiego: z jednej strony wyraźna jest tabuizacja śmierci, z drugiej — fascynacja martwym ciałem, widoczna w kulturze masowej. Liczne obrazy umierania i trupów pozostają w utworach pisarza w równowadze z elementami radosnymi, afirmującymi życie, tworząc z nimi wizję har­monii w świecie.
EN
The image of mass death in Mykola Khvylovy’s novellas Barracks Outside the Town and I (Romantica) The author of this article analyzes two novellas by Mykola Khvylovy as examples of the literary representation of the subject of mass death. Khvylovy, who belonged to The Executed Renaissance generation, committed suicide at the age of 33 in 1933 to protest against Stalinism and the new reality. Death in the name of “superior necessity” is also a motif that appears in some of his works, especially in the novella I (Romantica), which is the main subject of this article. The shocking image of mass death also appears in Barracks Outside the Town.
UK
Зображення масової смерті в новелах Миколи Хвильового Бараки, что за містом і Я (Романтика) Для зображення теми масової смерті в літературі авторка обрала дві новелі українського письменника, представника Розстріляного Відродження Миколи Хвильового. Його самогубство у 33 році, яке було протестом проти сталінізму і виразом відчаю перед обличчям нової реальності, само по собі вписується в проблематику масової смерті, що зумовлена політичним контекстом. Масове умертвлення, яке відбувається в ім’я „вищої необхідності” є темою, яка з’являється в деяких творах Хвильового, особливо в новелі Я (Романтика), яка буде основним об’єктом мого аналізу. Шокуючу картину масової смерті, ми також знаходимо в новелі Бараки, что за містом.
EN
The article discusses the role of vermin in the vanitas discourse in the Polish poetry from the late 16th until the 18th centuries. The introduction, using the example of Żale nagrobne by Sebastian Fabian Klonowic, shows the change in the manner of discussing death, which came about soon after the death of Jan Kochanowski, making it possible to return to the medieval visions of decomposition, enriched by that poet by a broad range of hideous things, symbols of vanity. The second part of the paper discusses Baroque paintings of worms eating away the corpse based on selected works, and presents major poetic devices which are meant to convey the vanitas message. There are descriptions of metaphysical nature and ones showing the nothingness of existence in a purely earthly dimension. The paper closes with remarks on exhausting the vanitas discourse using the worms imagery, the example of which are poems using the coffin hideousness in an erotic context.
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