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1

Bureau of Antiterrorist Operations — The Polish Police Counter Terrorist Unit as Compared to European Units

100%
Jaloszynski K., Wlodkowic P.
Internal Security
|
2010
|
vol. 2(1)
53-64
EN
The article features the Polish police antiterrorist unit. It tells the story of the terrorist attack at the Munich Olympics on 5 Sept. 1972, which is regarded as the beginning of counter-terrorist squads’ history. The article also gives the historical background to creating such units in Poland and discusses the first Polish antiterrorist unit established in 976. Readers’ attention is drawn to the social and political transformations initiated in Poland and introduced in the Eastern Bloc countries in the early 1990’s, which resulted in totalitarian regime being replaced by democracy. The developments at the beginning of the 21st c. - the WTC terrorist attack in New York and the Pentagon attack in Washington - drastically changed the approach to fighting terrorism worldwide and started the analysis of the existing solutions. Following the analysis a decision was taken in Poland to reorganise in 2003 the Warsaw antiterrorist unit into two departments of the Central Bureau of Investigation at the National Police HQ as a functional equivalent of the Central Antiterrorist Unit. At the end of 2006 next steps were taken to rationalise the existing system and to create a strong and efficient antiterrorist unit capable of tackling the challenges and threats from contemporary terrorism. For over two years new solutions were sought for to establish a central antiterrorist unit, and the only reasonable solution turned out to be the Bureau of Antiterrorist Operations at the National Police HQ formed in 2008 as a central counter-terrorist unit.
2

The External Dimension of EU Intelligence Cooperation: in Search of Euro-Atlantic Synergies

100%
Gruszczak A., Rakowski P.
Internal Security
|
2012
|
vol. 4(2)
7-32
EN
The article deals with the issue of the European Union’s external cooperation as regards information and intelligence exchange. The specific emphasis is placed on the possibility to emerge hypothetic “Euro-Atlantic” synergies in this area. The paper is based strongly on the consequences of the global war on terror, although it is not limited to this aspect only. In the Article the authors with the great degree explain and analyse such issues like chosen legal and procedural aspects of Euro-Atlantic cooperation in relation to information exchange, from the perspective of its legal basis (both EU treaties and implementing laws) and the political one. It is of a particular importance, because currently the difficulties in describing the scope of the cooperation still exist. The cooperation between the EU and the US is also influenced by the historical developments, especially due to the fact that the anti-terrorism cooperation is still relatively new aspect of European integration processes as a whole. Therefore, the Authors describe also main instances of cooperation which were undertaken by the US and Member States authorities outside the scope of European integration. In particular, such initiatives as Alliance Base and G-6 cooperation were discussed. The paper also presents so-called EU perspective which embraces the most important and newest laws and instruments regulating the information and intelligence exchange, and which are either adopted already or still being discussed within EU decision-making processes. In this respect, such topics as cooperation to exchange data covered by the Passenger Name Records (PNR) and preventing the financing of terrorism activities (like TFTP/Swift model) were presented. In the conclusion, the Authors state that the EU and the US are mutually and indispensably connected, and the “exchange of cooperation instruments” – disregard sometimes serious formal and procedural differences – is the stable, permanent and usually not disrupted process.
3

Concept of Combating Terrorism in Ukraine. Organizational and Legal Aspects

100%
Butkevich S.
Internal Security
|
2013
|
vol. 5(2)
141-152
EN
The article presents the formulation and implementation of the Concept of combating terrorism in Ukraine. In the paper, the author analyses the administrative and legal aspects of the formation and development of the national antiterrorism legislation, the objectives and principles of combating terrorism, criminal and administrative responsibility for offenses of terrorist nature, law enforcement and other state agencies authorized to participate in combating terrorism, etc. Through the prism of national security problematic issues of preventing and combating terrorism in Ukraine are studied. Emphasis is placed on strategic programs of combating terrorism, as well as the legal framework of the organization and conduct of antiterrorist operations by law enforcement agencies. Based on the conducted analysis, the ways to further improvement of certain provisions of anti-terrorism legislation of Ukraine were proposed. Such areas of implementation of the concept of combating terrorism in Ukraine, as a warning of terrorist activity; detection and suppression of terrorist activities, elimination and minimization of consequences of terrorist activities, informational, scientific and other support to fight against terrorism, international cooperation on combating terrorism were characterized in detail. Based on this analysis, the real and potential threats of terrorist nature to the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, legitimate interests of society and the state were determined. In addition, the author proves the priority of preventive actions and measures to combat terrorism, the need to eliminate (minimize) the effects of terrorist activities, the importance of preventing and combating the financing of terrorism. This scientific paper has not only theoretical, but also considerable practical importance for the further development of the national anti-terrorism legislation. The research provides a holistic view of the existing problems in the doctrine of preventing and combating terrorism in the context of the current political and economic development of Ukraine, existing threats to national and international security.
4

Organisation of Police Negotiations in the Polish Police Service

100%
Jałoszyński K.
Internal Security
|
2013
|
vol. 5(2)
153-162
EN
The role of the state is to ensure the safety of citizens through the creation of organizational structures aimed at realization of the tasks in this regard. The organization of police negotiators in Poland is based on a system which includes a section of negotiators in the Anti-Terrorist Operations Bureau of the National Police Headquarters and irregular negotiating teams in cells and units of the police organization around the country. Police negotiators do not operate in isolation from the processes of European integration: they are also of interest to the European Union. Terrorism and related crime have long been recognized by the European Union as the greatest threat to individual countries and the world. Therefore, at a meeting of EU Police Chiefs on 30 and 31 October 2001, it was decided to appoint a group of experts in order to create a network for the exchange of information between police counter-terrorist units. The initiator of the ATLAS interface was the Belgian counterterrorism unit DSU. The Polish police counter-terrorist unit was invited to participate in ATLAS as an observer before the official accession of Poland to the European Union. Polish activities in the ATLAS project are not limited to the implementation of the tactical combat aspects of policing, but also involve active participation in various projects, for example, in organizing a conference attended by negotiators within ATLAS, and Polish police negotiators are trained in such a way that they can undertake joint negotiations with ATLAS partners.
5

Experimental and Numerical Simulation Activities for the Assessment of Explosion Effects in a Train Station

88%
Solomos G., Larcher M., Casadei F., Giannopoulos G.
Internal Security
|
2011
|
vol. 3(1)
49-62
EN
Recent terrorist attacks in biggest cities of the world revealed the vulnerability of transport network as a whole and rail transport in particular. A particular role in improving the safety situation may play architecture alleviating the consequences of such attacks. The behaviour of structural materials and components at higher strain-rates, and experimental techniques and facilities for relevant studies has been considered. Numerical simulation tools, suitable for fast dynamic phenomena, have also in parallel been developed. Using these tools the authors attempted to assess the physical vulnerabilities of rail transport infrastructures to explosion loads, mainly due to terrorist bombing attacks. The source term, the air medium and the structure are properly modeled using the computational framework of the explicit finite element code Europlexus. Particular attention has been focused to the modeling of glass failure, which may be the cause of extended injuries. A case study of a rail station has been conducted, whose geometry has been reconstructed using a laser scanning technique. For several explosion scenarios the structural response is reliably determined, and through appropriate probit functions, the associated risk of human injuries has also been calculated. The potential of the technique to serve as a scene reconstruction tool for forensic purposes is outlined.
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