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EN
The aim of the study is the inclusion in the ongoing debate among theoreticians and practitioners in the creative sector and the presentation of its state of development in Poland. Used for this data from the Local Data Bank for the period of 2015 years, and made a critical analysis of the literature. Differences were found not only in the definition and classification but the available data sources.
EN
This article examines the cultural practice of effecting an independent marketplace for reissued music in the United States, based on ethnographic fieldwork in Austin, Texas with independent record labels and consumers. As the music industry is not a homogenous entity (Williamson and Cloonan, 2007), I argue that the practice of legitimising an independent marketplace requires the formulation of a ‘mainstream’ market to which the independent is opposed, and the erecting of marketplace myths (Arsel and Thompson, 2010) to substantiate the independent marketplace’s claims to differ from the mainstream. Legitimising strategies (Strachan, 2007) protect the investments made by producers and consumers of goods in their marketplace. To overcome the anxiety that commodified culture is inauthentic culture, the independent marketplace for reissued music is idealised as a realm of soft capitalism that enables the commodification of cultural goods without the stigmatisation of profiteering, exploitation and ‘inorganic’ music associated with the mainstream (Negus, 1992).
EN
With the more and more important roles of creative economy, its research has become one of the major fields in economic development. The creative economy has the potential to generate income and jobs while promoting social inclusion, cultural diversity and human development. As a developing country, China is also in need of developing the creative economy to adjust the economic structure and realize the sustainable development. In this paper, we examined the factors which influence the growth of creative industries in China through the cross-section analysis of 23 regional data in 2007. Four main factors were examined in this multi-regression model, that is, GDP per capita, the number of higher education institutions, the number of students enrolled in higher education institution and the number of patents.The statistical analysis found that the model's fit is quite good and 69% of dependent variable (the ratio of value-added of creative industries to the GDP) is explained by the model. Specifically, there are three sub-conclusions. Firstly, there is not a positive relationship between GDP per capita and dependent variable; on the contrary, there is a weak negative relationship in this model. We infer that it is because of the stage of economic development. China heavily depends on the development of the second industry in the process of industrializing. Secondly, there is no linear relationship, in this model, between the number of higher education institutions and the dependent variable. We infer that it is mainly due to the differences between the higher education institutions, such as scales and qualities, etc. Thirdly, there is enough evidence to conclude that the number of students enrolled in higher education institution and the dependent variable are linearly related; the number of patents and the ratio of creative industries are linearly related, as well. They represent the important roles of talents and technology in the development of creative industries.
EN
Our study contributes to a limited body of literature and aims to examine the type and frequency of linkages between creative industries and higher education institutions (HEIs). The objective of our study is to investigate the extent to which various types of linkages contribute to enhanced innovative capabilities in creative industries. Based on a qualitative research design and a case study carried out in a peripheral south-western Norwegian county, our empirical analysis shows that HEIs are generally not very relevant partners and that other actors are mainly involved in innovation dynamics. As clarified and discussed in the paper, this finding largely depends on some specific characteristics of HEIs, the form of knowledge primarily employed by creative firms (symbolic knowledge base), and the cultural divergence between the two spheres.
EN
regionalny, sektor kreatywny, kreatywne przedsięwzięcia] Abstract: Territorially oriented development policy (place-based approach ) is a new model, addressed mainly to the regions NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 in EU countries, including Poland. In building of the competitive advantage, the regions make use of the so-called smart specialization, and creative sector is one of the components. The territorial capital is being built primarily based on existing development potentials of the cities. Building territorial cohesion, based on regional development requires a long-term strategy, because it is a complex process and burdened with a certain risk. The Rural Manifesto, adopted in 2015 by the European Rural Parliament, pointed to the need to redefine the objectives of EU policy on development of regions due to the unbalanced treatment of rural areas compared to cities. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the lack of balancing in regional development both in the assumptions of the program, and operational activities. Exploiting the potential of the creative sector in rural areas is conditioned by the change of awareness of regional decision-makers, undertaking research, the activities aimed at the development, and by the support, also in an international context. Cited cases: the of Puszcza Mariańska Commune and the County Leitrim in the West of Ireland are examples of different approaches to the development of the creative sector in rural areas.
PL
Polityka rozwoju ukierunkowana terytorialnie (place-based approach) jest nowym modelem, adresowanym głównie do regionów typu NUTS 1 i NUTS 2 w krajach Unii Europejskiej, w tym i w Polsce. W budowaniu przewagi konkurencyjnej regiony wykorzystują tzw. inteligentne specjalizacje, a sektor kreatywny jest jednym z ich komponentów. Kapitał terytorialny budowany jest przede wszystkim w oparciu o posiadane potencjały rozwojowe miast. Budowanie spójności terytorialnej, opartej na rozwoju regionów wymaga długofalowych strategii, gdyż jest procesem złożonym i obarczonym określonym ryzykiem. Przyjęty w 2015 roku przez Europejski Parlament Wiejski Manifest Obszarów Wiejskich wskazał na konieczność zweryfikowania założeń polityki UE odnośnie rozwoju regionów ze względu na niesymetryczne traktowanie obszarów wiejskich w porównaniu z miastami. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na brak równoważenia rozwoju regionalnego tak w założeniach programowych, jak i działaniach operacyjnych. Wykorzystanie potencjału sektora kreatywnego na terenach wiejskich warunkowane jest zmianą świadomości decydentów regionalnych, podjęciem jego badań, działaniami ukierunkowanymi na rozwój oraz wsparcie, również w kontekście międzynarodowym. Przytoczone przypadki: gminy Puszcza Mariańska oraz Hrabstwa Leitrim w Zachodniej Irlandii są przykładami różnych podejść do rozwoju sektora kreatywnego na terenach wiejskich.
EN
The experience of leading world economies shows that cluster organization is fully in line with the requirements of the creative economy. A particular form of cluster organizations are creative clusters, which directly affect the development of innovative cities and regions. The application example for undertaken consideration is Lower Silesia.
EN
The concept of creative industries is becoming popular in recent years. Therefore, many publications deal with this topic. Nevertheless, fewer of them are dedicated to managerial issues. Most publications concentrate on the scope of creative industries and their influence on economy and society. The first aim of this paper is to present the specificity of management of organization in creative industry and its activity. The second aim is to collect and cite different definitions of knowledge replication to explain the meaning of the notion of knowledge replication. The third aim is to show the role of knowledge replication for organization’s activity in creative industries. The article also contains an introduction concerning different approaches to definition and classification of creative industries.
EN
The goal of this article is to present a discussion about the critical success factors in creative industries and recommendations for the managers within them. In the article we positively verify the thesis that sectors in creative industries have general as well as sector-specific critical success factors. Additionally, we formulate the thesis that organisations in creative industries, due to their nature, are specifically managed. This has justified an increase in the number of research on management in organization on creative industries, which enable us to raise the knowledge about those sectors and formulate recommendations for their managers.
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2016
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vol. 2
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issue 320
EN
The paper aims to present changes in the structure of activities undertaken in Lodz, oriented towards the development of the service sector, including creative industries. A well-developed service sector provides a city and its residents with a long-term income increase and – in the case of Lodz – it creates opportunities to overcome industrial monoculture. The paper will present the dynamics of the service sector development in Lodz during Poland’s economic transformation. The conducted analysis will be based on the available statistical data. Many publications and reports related to the socioeconomic situation of the city will be also used for the purpose of the paper. Conclusions will allow to indicate the role and importance of the service sector in the city economy and to determine the competitive position of the city in the European dimension.
10
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Problemy metodologiczne badania sektora kreatywnego

89%
EN
The paper aims to identify and characterise the major methodological problems of the research on the cultural and creative industries. In the first part attention is paid to the problems associated with the semiotic issues, especially with the definitions, classification and translation. In the second part of the paper, the results of empirical research is presented. Body of work on cultural and creative industries were examined in detail. Focus was made on the methodologies used by various studies on cultural and creative industries. The outcome of this investigation have helped to characterise the main methodological features of research on the cultural and creative industries, such as the subject of the study, level of analysis, spatial scale, research methods, the type and source of the data used and the type of knowledge generated by this research.
PL
W artykule dokonano identyfikacji i charakterystyki głównych problemów metodologicznych badania sektora kreatywnego. W pierwszej części uwagę poświęcono zagadnieniom semiotycznym związanym z podstawowymi pojęciami, zwłaszcza z ich definiowaniem, klasyfikacją i tłumaczeniem. W drugiej części artykułu przedstawiono wyniki empirycznego badania zbioru prac dotyczących sektora kreatywnego. Pozwoliły one scharakteryzować najważniejsze cechy metodologiczne dotychczasowych badań nad sektorem kreatywnym, takie jak przedmiot tych badań, poziomy analizy, skala przestrzenna, stosowane metody naukowe, rodzaj i źródła wykorzystywanych danych oraz charakter wiedzy o sektorze kreatywnym wytworzonej w efekcie tych badań.
EN
Since the accession of the Visegrad Group of countries (V4) to the European Union, the importance of clusters has increased. With growing global competitiveness and EU 12 trends, a gradual awareness of creative industries is observed in V4 countries. Therefore, this article analyses creative clusters and factors conditioning their establishment and development. On the basis of a literature review and a questionnaire survey, a mapping of creative clusters was conducted. In addition, catalysts, main motives and key factors in the process of their establishment were identified, as were the activities and factors hampering their development. The scheme of cluster development is presented as the outcome of the qualitative analysis, along with a comparison to findings of other studies. Research findings show that trust building and administrative obstacles are among the main barriers, especially for design clusters and cultural clusters.
EN
Research background: In order to achieve systematic development and growth of creative industries, instead of its being a random process, effective cultural policy tools need to be implemented. This task is greatly burdened by the fact that creative industries are a heterogeneous concept. Evidence suggests that indirect state aid is one of the most effective ways to stimulate growth and development of audiovisual segment. Lithuanian indirect state aid case suggests that there is still a great deal of confusion and misconception with the implementation and exploitation of this tool. Purpose of the article: To analyze how effectively indirect state aid is constructed to stimulate growth and development of the Lithuanian animation industry. Methods: This paper uses two methods to gather data. The first one is a quantitative questionnaire design to evaluate the overall situation of Lithuanian animation industry. The second method involves qualitative semi-structured interviews to collect specific data about Lithuanian film tax incentive from representatives of government institutions that administrate local fiscal incentive scheme and representatives of audiovisual industries. Findings & Value added: Results show that although Lithuanian film tax incentive can be considered as a successful cultural policy tool that brought a noticeable inward investment to the local film industry and economy in general, it had no positive effect on the local animation industry. The gathered evidence suggests that indirect aid tool should be constructed with more of surgical precision for each industry, rather than a fit-for-all cultural policy tool.
EN
This article describes current production practices taking place in the sound industry, concentrating on the process of implementation and popularization of Creative Commons. Existing studies have considered the role of classical copyright in the creative industries, pointing at its functions in regulating the creative process, but so far have not extensively examined its relationship to alternative intellectual property frameworks. This paper uses the empirical example of the largest sound repository to describe the change occurring in cultural production. The article posits that mass popularization of Creative Commons provokes transformation within three key and intersecting areas of production, including the subjects of property (creators), objects of property (creations) and articulation of usage (source information). The paper theoretically frames and expands our understanding of change provoked by open licensing and its relationship to the creative production process.
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2020
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vol. 27
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issue 1
105-125
EN
Collaborative places nurture creativity and efficiency of cultural and creative industries. Research in collaborative places revealed they are essential for networking and cooperation in the creative ecosystem. The results of studies focusing on competitiveness of coworking spaces and their effect on boosting entrepreneurship are rather vague. Furthermore, an awareness of how coworking spaces stimulate coworkers to engage in urban regeneration through local community initiatives is limited. Hence, this study seeks to provide an insight into coworking spaces from the organizational perspective devoted to entrepreneurship and competitiveness. Simultaneously, the paper aims to reveal synergies between creative communities and local development. The method of data gathering consists of semi-structured in-depth interviews with managers and entrepreneurs from selected countries of the EU applying the grounded theory for their analysis. The results suggest that coworking spaces indicate a boosting of the entrepreneurship of the creative class through collective projects. These activities tend to stimulate knowledge creation and open innovation in the creative ecosystem that benefit local development. Coworking spaces also represent a driving force to initiate and maintain a dialogue between the creative ecosystem and local authorities for culture-led urban development.
EN
Fundamental to an understanding of the creative economy – what it comprises and how it functions in the economies of both developed and developing countries – are the concepts of “cultural industries” and “creative industries”. This article provides an overview of the development of the concepts of “creativity” throughout this decade leading to what became known as the “creative economy”. The author’s intention is not to reach a final consensus about concepts, but to understand its evolution. It also considers the emergence of the associated concepts of “creative class”, “creative cities”, “creative clusters”, as well as the most recent innovative notions relating to the “experience economy” “creative commons” and “creative ecology”. The major drivers of the growth of the creative economy and its multiple dimensions are examined in the light of recent developments including the world economic crisis. This article also provides evidence on the economic contribution of the creative industries to the economies of various advanced countries.
EN
The value of key firms’ assets in a global competitive economy has a crucial role in their development. In creative industries, these assets mainly have a non-physical character. The paper presents the results of research in 223 firms in the IT sector in Kraków. The research was questionnaire-based and aimed to assess the importance of factors which determine the decision to create a firm in this city. Another aspect of the research is connected with the estimation of the value of factors which, in the opinion of their managers, contribute to their firms’ competitiveness. Kraków is a city where the IT sector is well developed (with research centres of such multinational companies like IBM, Google, Motorola, ABB), and the research studies the nature of interactions among the firms in the sector. The role of institutional environment in the firms’ development as an important factor in their growth is also researched, as are evaluations of the profits made by the firms as a result of cooperation with universities, R & D units, other IT firms, and personal relations. Special attention is paid to institutional aspects of direct government stimulation of innovativeness and knowledge transfer.
PL
Wartość kluczowych zasobów firm w warunkach globalnej gospodarki odgrywa zasadniczą rolę w ich rozwoju. W przemysłach kreatywnych zasoby te posiadają głównie niematerialny charakter. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań 223 firm sektora technologii informacyjnych w Krakowie. Badania te przeprowadzono przy wykorzystaniu kwestionariuszy, a ich celem było określenie znaczenia zasobów determinujących decyzje o zakładaniu firm w tym mieście. Innym zamierzeniem było zbadanie roli poszczególnych czynników, które w opinii menedżerów determinują poziom konkurencyjności zarządzanych przez nich firm. Kraków jest miastem charakteryzującym się wysokim poziomem rozwoju firm sektora technologii informacyjnych. To tam między innymi zlokalizowane są centra badawcze takich firm jak IBM, Google, Motorola, ABB. W badaniach uwzględniono również kwestie dotyczące znaczenia otoczenia instytucjonalnego oraz rolę współpracy przedsiębiorstw z uniwersytetami, jednostkami B+R, innymi przedsiębiorstwami z branży technologii informacyjnych, jak i znaczenie bezpośrednich relacji osobowych. Szczególna uwaga została poświęcona kwestiom dotyczącym instytucjonalnych aspektów stymulowania innowacyjności i transferu wiedzy.
EN
The aim of this paper is to examine the emergence of the idea of the creative industries in a particular former socialist country – Estonia. Instead of regarding the creative industries as an economic sector, the article (re)conceptualises it as an ‘empty signifier’. The paper borrows its central theoretical concepts (hegemony, empty signifier, floating signifier) from post-Marxist discourse theory and employs them to explore the ways in which the creative industries are instituted within particular social, discursive or political struggles. The article proposes that Laclauian (or post-Marxist) discourse theory can raise some new fruitful methodological problems and challenging research directions among the researchers of the creative industries and cultural policy, especially in the Eastern European context.
18
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Spory o przemysły kreatywne

75%
EN
In the context of the growing importance of the creative industries in the economy and emerging questions about a place of public, cultural, social, economic and innovative policy, an important question appears: what is an essence of the concept of the creative industries? The idea of integration, support and building an identity of the institutions, which activities are based on talented and creative work, has its origins in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is now entering Polish market and arouses interest in policy-makers, academics and practitioners. Still, for many people, the term seems to be vague and arouses a lot of controversy. The article shows the discourse on the creative industries, especially the ongoing debate between: European (mainly British), Australian and American scholars. Furthermore, arguments of critics and defenders of the concept are also presented. The arguments derived from the tradition of the criticism of mass culture which represent the current research on economization of culture are compared in this text. There are three main grounds of the dispute: the definition of the concept, the essence of the concept of a new sector and application in practice. Furthermore, two main phases in the discourse and the pragmatics of the creative industries are also presented: the transition from cultural industries to creative industries and emphasizing the importance of innovation and networking. The study used a critical analysis of the content of not only Polish but also foreign public documents, industry reports and scientific papers. The methodological conclusions drawn from the emergence of a new interdisciplinary research area are also presented. These findings specifically relate to Poland which is entering a crucial phase of policy development in the field of the creative industries. The need for an action is systematized: definitional, classificational and critical analysis of achievements and mistakes of the countries implementing policies to support the sector, as well as the need to adopt it to the local conditions. In the context of relatively limited academic reflection on the issues in Poland, the need of interdisciplinary analysis is also emphasized.
PL
Innowacje w sektorach kreatywnych różnią się od innowacji produktowych i procesowych znanych w ekonomii z teorii Schumpetera. O ile wskaźnikiem innowacyjności przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych są wydatki na działalność badawczo-rozwojową , to miernik ten nie znajduje zastosowania w przypadku sektorów kreatywnych. Przedsiębiorstwa z tych sektorów wydają znacznie mniej na działalność badawczo-rozwojową niż przedsiębiorstwa przemysłowe, co wcale nie oznacza, że nie są innowacyjne. Innowacje w sektorach kreatywnych są efektem indywidualnej i zbiorowej kreatywności, która nie musi być wynikiem inwestowania w B+R. Są one także trudniejsze w pomiarach i mniej dostrzegalne niż tradycyjne innowacje.
EN
Innovation in creative industries differs from product and process innovations known from Schumpeter’s theory. While expenditures on research and development (usually in relation to the achieved profit) are the measure of innovativeness in manufacturing enterprises, they do not apply to the creative industries. Companies in creative industries spend much less on research and development (R&D )than industrial companies, which does not mean that they are not innovative. Innovation in the creative industries are the result of individual and collective creativity, which does not have to be the result of investment in R & D. They are also more difficult to measure and less visible than traditional innovation in manufacturing.
PL
Przemysły kreatywne są jednym z najbardziej dynamicznych sektorów gospodarki. Komisja Europejska w Strategii lizbońskiej przemysły kreatywne uznaje za najbardziej konkurencyjną i dynamiczną gospodarkę opartą na wiedzy, zdolną do podtrzymania wzrostu gospodarczego oraz zapewnienia miejsc pracy i spójności społecznej. Potencjał tego sektora gospodarki jest coraz częściej wykorzystywany w procesie rewitalizacji zespołów poprzemysłowych. Fabryki, dzielnice i całe fragmenty miast, w erze przemysłowej stanowiące infrastrukturę przemysłową, dziś stają się centrami kreatywności, generującymi rozwój gospodarczy, społeczny i kulturowy. Dziś zamiast zasobów naturalnych, jak węgiel czy gaz, ludzka kreatywność jest nowym źródłem rozwoju europejskich miast. Artykuł prezentuje cztery europejskie studia przypadków rewitalizacji zespołów poprzemysłowych związanych z rozwojem przemysłów kreatywnych. Zaprezentowane przykłady pokazują, że holistyczne podejście do rozwoju, wykorzystujące potencjał przemysłów kreatywnych, może przywrócić harmonię ekonomii, kultury, społeczności i miejsca, torując drogę do równoważonego rozwoju.
EN
Creative industries are one of the most dynamic economic sectors. In the Lisbon Strategy the European Commission identifies the creative industries as “the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy, able to sustaining economic growth and providing jobs and social cohesion”. The potential of this sector is more and more often exploited in the process of the revitalisation of post-industrial facilities. Factories, districts and entire fragments of cities, which in the past industrial era represented industrial facilities, today, have become centres of creative industries. Today, instead of natural resources such as coal or gas, human creativity is a new source of power European cities. The paper presents four case studies of revitalisation of former industrial complexes associated with the development of creative industries. Presented examples demonstrate that the creative industries can be an important tool in revitalization of degraded industrial areas. A holistic approach to development can bring economy, culture, community, and place back into harmony, paving the path to sustainable development.
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