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1

Przestępczość w spółdzielczości Polski Ludowej

100%

Łukasiak P.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2020

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vol. 23

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issue 1(86)

92-109

PL

Juliusz Makarewicz twierdził, że „jeśli chodzi o zasadnicze pytanie o to, co dla danego społeczeństwa jest szkodliwe, to teoretycznie rozstrzyga o tym ogół, praktycznie zaś jego silniejsza część, która nie zapomina przy tym o własnych interesach, utożsamiając je z interesami całego społeczeństwa”. Kolejny (drugi) z cyklu artykułów na temat historii prawa spółdzielczego prezentuje odpowiedzialność za czyny zabronione w spółdzielczości Polskiej Republiki Ludowej. Czas socjalizmu przewartościował znacząco nie tylko idee ruchu spółdzielczego, ale także przedmiot ochrony prawa karnego. Autor poddaje analizie przepisy prawa karnego materialnego, które odnosiły się do zachowań prawnie relewantnych w spółdzielczości Polski Ludowej. Z woli ustawodawcy prawo karne zaczęło chronić przede wszystkim mienie uspołecznione, którym bym majątek spółdzielni. W tym czasie na dalszy tor zeszły czynniki osobowe, a prawidłowość funkcjonowania kooperatyw została poddana nadzorowi administracyjnemu. Przemodelowanie ruchu spółdzielczego w dobie PRL-u, odbija się głębokim echem do dnia dzisiejszego. Przepisy karne, utraciły już moc obowiązującą, ale stanowią dowód tego, co w ocenie ustawodawcy w epoce socjalizmu „było dla społeczeństwa szkodliwe”.

EN

Juliusz Makarewicz argued that "when it comes to the basic question of what is harmful to a given society, theoretically it is the general public that decides it, and practically it is its stronger part, which does not forget about its own interests, identifying them with the interests of the whole society" . The next (2nd) in the series of articles on history of Polish cooperative law presents responsibility for prohibited acts in the cooperatives of the Polish People's Republic. The time of socialism significantly revalued not only the ideas of the cooperative movement, but also the subject of protection of criminal law. The author examines the provisions of substantive criminal law, which referred to legally relevant behaviors in the cooperatives of Polish People's Republic. By the will of the legislator, criminal law began to protect primarily socialized property, which was the property of a cooperative. At that time, personal factors were rendered secondary, and the proper functioning of the cooperatives was subjected to administrative supervision. The remodeling of the cooperative movement in the Polish People's Republic era reverberates deeply to this day. Criminal provisions have already lost their binding force, but they constitute evidence of what, in the opinion of the legislator in the era of socialism, "was harmful to the society".

2

THE CRIME OF THEFT WITH BURGLARY

84%

Janik D.

International Journal of Legal Studies (IJOLS)

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2017

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issue 1(1)

51-77

PL

W artykule omówiono treść i zakres pojęcia włamania. Artykuł został wzbogacony, omówieniem przestępstwa włamania na przykładzie wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej.

EN

The article discusses the content and scope of the concept of burglary. The article has been enriched, discussing burglary on the example of selected EU countries

3

Neutralizacja normy „nie kradnij” w genezie przestępczości nieletnich

73%

Stańdo-Kawecka B.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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1994

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issue XX

21-51

EN

The paper discusses the findings of a study aimed at an empirical verification of a well-known criminological concept: the Sykes and Matza concept of neutralization techniques from the classical trend of positivist criminology. What Sykes and Matza see as the factor of juvenile delinquency are mechanisms of justification of one’s own delinquent behavior. Reverting to functionalim, the authors assume a social consensus on the basic values and norms of behavior. Juvenile delinquents generally recognize the same values and norms as non-delinquent youth but, unlike that youth, they grow proficient in neutralizing those norms so as to prevent them from influencing their behavior. According to Sykes and Matza, norms are neutralized through finding and accepting justifications for one’s own deviant behavior. Five types of such neutralization techniques heve been distinguished according to the contents of those justifications: denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties. In their conception of neutralization techniques, G.M. Sykes and D. Matza mainly describe and classify the ways of excusing one’s own deviant behavior and provide but a perfunctory discussion of the mechanizm of neutralization itself. L. Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance proves useful in explaining the psychological mechanizm of neutralization of recognized norms. Assumptions of the conception of neutralization techniques and the theory of cognitive dissonance provided the grounds for hypotheses which were subsequently submitted to empirical verification. The subject was limited to neutralization of the rule “do not steal” interpreted as a ban appropriation on theft and a rule of respect for another person’s property. Criminologists have long questioned the desing of empirical study where achool youth are treated as non-delinquent and examined as a control group oppesed to juvenile delinquents in houses of correction or educational institutions. In the present study, three groups were examined: ‒ juvenile delinquents confined to a reformatory or home for detained juveniles by a judicial decision as perpetrators of offences against property (84 persons); ‒ school youth not involved in acts against another person’s property, called non-delinquent youth (70 persons); ‒ school youth involved in acts againts another person’s property, called actually delinquent (37 persons); The groups of “non-delinquent” and “actually delinquent” persons were distinguished from school youth by means of a self-report survey. Of the original hypotheses, only one was confirmed by the findings. The exemined groups appeared to differ significantly in their approval of the techniques of neutralization of the norm of honesty, the differences trending as expected. The lowest approval of statements expressing various excuses for breaches of another person’s property was found among the non-delinquent youth. The group that most often approves ot such excuses are wards of reformatories and juvenile homes; however, they do not differ much in this respect from the actually delinquent youth. All of the examined groups have similar priorities as to the separate types of excuses. The type accepted most often is “condemnation of the condemners”. In particular, a statement that “the police and judges are corruptible and malicious”enjoys great popularity. The types accepted least often, instead, are excuses consisting in “denial of injury” and “appeal to higher loyalties”. What could not be conformed are hypotheses as to absence of differences between the groups with respect to appraisal of one’s own honesty and acceptance of the rule “do not steal”. Non -delinquent youth appraise themselves much higher in terms of honesty than the remaining two groups. Wards of reformatories and juvenile homes, instead, appraise themselves somewhat lower than the actually delinquent youth. The non-delinquent youth show the strongest acceptance of the norm of honesty. The degree of acceptance of that norm among wards of reformatories is similar to that among actual delinquents, the former showing a somewhat stronger acceptance of the rule “do not steal” than the actually delinquent group. Another hypothesis that was not confirmed concerned a tendency to neutralize the rule “do not steal” once it has been violated; the method used here was projection where the respondents were to complete unfinished stories. Against expectations, the tendency to neutralize that norm once it has been violated appeared to occur much more often among school youth than among wards of reformatories and juvenile homes. Of the various methods of reducing the anxiety resulting from a breach of another person’s property, both groups of school youth most often suggested neutralization of the norm of honesty. Wards of institutions, instead, much more often mentioned methods other than neutralization of the violated norm: e.g., focus on the derived or potential profit, or focus on the absence of threat with any negative consequences from without. The study questioned the role of delinquent neutralizations as conceived by Sykes and Matza in the origin of juvenile delinquency. Unforfunately, the findings could not be interpreted explicitly. According to the theoretical assumptions made, a number of possible explanations of the findings can be suggested which at least party exclude one another. A new empirical study would be necessary to verify those explanations.

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Przestępczość w spółdzielczości Polski Ludowej

THE CRIME OF THEFT WITH BURGLARY

Neutralizacja normy „nie kradnij” w genezie przestępczości nieletnich