Search results

1

Politicians, media and society’s perception of crime

100%

Buczkowski K., Klaus W., Kossowska A., Rzeplińska I., Woźniakowska-Fajst D.

Studia Prawnicze

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2012

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issue 2 (191)

103-134

EN

One of the more important effects of the political transformation in Central and Eastern Europe is the emergence of the problem of criminality in the social awareness of the inhabitants of these countries. After a long period in which information on the risk of crime was controlled (unless it concerned crimes against the Socialist state) the societies of this part of Europe were deluged by information on criminal incidents and by opinions and discussions on the subject of criminality. Crime in itself became an article “sold” in the media and a political football. Fear of crime, which had scarcely existed prior to the transformation, appeared as a phenomenon in the social consciousness. Influencing the heightened fear of crime to a certain extent was a rise in criminality and a change in its nature, but more importantly a general state of uncertainty brought about by the deconstruction of life as it used to be and the established rules on which society functioned. Criminality and the related feeling of danger is already probably a permanent element in the public face of politicians mainly, but not exclusively, from populist parties. In light of the tough attitudes manifest in Polish society, supporting harsh punishment, it is unsurprising that politicians are quick to include punitive slogans in their election programs in hopes of boosting their opinion poll ratings. Their calls for the toughening up of criminal responsibility are founded on related public expectations. It is not a new phenomenon. It was also present in the communist years when the will of society, to which communist politicians referred to when justifying their increasingly absurd ideas about penal policy, was to a significant degree a propaganda creation made by the media they themselves controlled. It is still the same today, the only thing that has changed is how the media is “controlled” or shall we say “influenced” by the politicians. While there are many differences between the countries that in the last twenty years experienced the transformation from communism to democracy, they are starting to be subject to the same rules as “mature” Western European democracies. The same processes can be seen in the behavior of politicians with regard to troubling social phenomena and similar reactions by the media to crime and the reported fall in the fear of crime.

2

Przestępczość osób starszych jako nowy problem polityki kryminalnej?

80%

Hryniewicz-Lach E.

Forum Prawnicze

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2018

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issue 6 (50)

31–49

EN

This article addresses the problem of crime among the elderly and selected is- sues that may arise in case of their imprisonment. Research and statistics show that, apart from limiting the number of crimes committed with violence as a consequence of the general weakening of the organism, crimes of older people do not differ fundamentally from crimes of younger people. Therefore, it seems sufficient to apply to the eldery the general requirement of individualization of criminal responsibility instead of creating separate grounds for their liability. In the sphere of reaction to crime, however, especially in case of imprisonment, there are significant problems related to adapting its conditions to the needs of eldery (especially due to the state of their health) in order to avoid any accusation of their inhumane treatment. Polish legal regulations do not differentiate the way in which eldery are treated in prisons. Therefore legal amendments are postulated, that would enable them seeking, after reaching a certain age, the possibility of applying for early release on special conditions and the possibility of adapting the prison regulations to the special needs of such persons.

3

Roma criminality in Slovakia. An introduction to the problem

80%

Mlýnek J.

Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem

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2016

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vol. 38

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issue 1

5-25

EN

The article concerns the problem of crime related to the Roma minority in Slovakia. The text presents the most important socio-cultural issues that affect the occurrence of crime perpetrated against Roma. It also discusses crime committed by Slovak Gypsies. The paper also comprises photographic documentation.

4

The Statistical Analysis of Criminality in Podkarpackie Voivodeship in the years 2010–2019

80%

Żołyniak K.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2021

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vol. 36(36)

174-198

EN

There is no society free from a criminality. There is also no level of social and economic development, level of affluence or philosophical and ethical system which may ensure total elimination of criminality from the social life. The aim of this article is presentation of the scale of criminality phenomenon in Podkarpackie Voivodeship in the years 2010–2019 with the consideration of criminality among minors on the basis of data included in the reports of The Regional Police Headquarters based in Rzeszów and The Metropolitan Police in Warsaw concerning security situation as well as public order in Podkarpackie Voivodeship, taking into account the juvenile delinquency in this area. In this article the sociological theories explaining the reasons and factors that influence criminality are discussed.

5

Zjawisko przestępczości wobec osób starszych w województwie podkarpackim w 2020 roku

80%

Szczypta-Kłak B., Pobuta K.

Współczesne Problemy Zarządzania

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2020

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vol. 8

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issue 1(16)

23-36

EN

Presented in the article statistics encourages reflection on the elders’ social security problem in the conditions of limited contact and isolation. The total loss sustained by the elders as the result of various kind of frauds was over quadruply higher than in 2020 (the specific year for the whole world because of the Covid-19 pandemia) in comparison to the last years.

PL

Przedstawione w artykule dane statystyczne skłaniają do refleksji nad zagadnieniem bezpieczeństwa społecznego osób starszych w warunkach ograniczenia kontaktów i izolacji. Suma strat poniesionych przez osoby starsze w wyniku rożnego rodzaju oszustw była ponad czterokrotnie wyższa w 2020 roku (w roku szczególnym dla całego świata przez pandemię Covid-19) w porównaniu z poprzednimi latami.

6

LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC CYCLE AND CRIME IN POLAND

80%

Zubrzycki B.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2014

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vol. 16(16)

511-520

EN

Over the years 1996-2012 clear co-variation between criminality and economic indicators in Poland, e.g. unemployment rate, was visible. The paper describes criminals’ incentives for criminal activities during economic recessions and recoveries. Using the concept of cointegration, econometric analysis of relation between the general crime rate, unemployment rate and Gross Domestic Product growth rate was conducted. The long run relationship combining these three variables was found. During the periods of sluggish economy, when unemployment rate increased and GDP growth decreased, Polish crime rate was higher.

7

Czy kar jest za dużo? Wokół Douglasa Husaka koncepcji kryminalizacji

71%

Peno M.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2018

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vol. 16

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issue 2

177-201

PL

The author endeavours to make a critical reflection on the concept of criminalization as formulated by Douglas Husak. D. Husak’s views on criminal policy are presented in a wider philosophical context and juxtaposed with assumptions of basic critical trends in criminal law science. Also, some suggestions are formulated to supplement Husak’s concept, who points out, above all, when punishment should not be applied. A supplement to Husak’s idea is a somewhat perverse attempt to collect model situations, in which recognition of an act as a crime can be justified (which the author himself tried to avoid). In addition, the article attempts to combine the philosophy of law with criminal policy and indicates the need to take into consideration philosophical foundations of criminal law policy.

8

Rules and scope of applying means of witnesses and victims protection and assistance according to the victims and witnesses protection and assistance bill

70%

Żylińska J.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

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2015

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vol. 38

93-102

EN

Combating crime using conventional methods is not always sufficient. Witnesses concerned about their life, health, or other goods do not always want to testify. Therefore, it is very important to ensure the sense of safety and mental comfort while they fulfil the role of a witness. Unfortunately, there are still no comprehensive solutions concerning the means and manner of support which would be regulated within the framework of a legal act aimed at protecting the witness and victim in a situation of risk derived from the provision of testimony charging the offender. Under these circumstances, the fact that on 15th July 2014, at its meeting, the Council of Ministers adopted a draft Act on protection and aid to victims and witnesses whose purpose is to establish comprehensive legal regulations concerning the victims and witnesses whose life and health may be at risk, should be regarded as a positive phenomenon. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the regulations contained in the said Act. The paper focuses on the presentation and evaluation of the means ensuring protection and help which may be applied in the situation of risk to life and health of the witness and the victim. It also discusses the premises and manner for granting the aid as envisaged in the newly drafted act.

9

Social work in probation

70%

Jaros M.

Praca Socjalna

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2018

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vol. 33(6)

165-179

EN

The article aims to present the possibilities of using the potential of social work in the activities of a probation officer. The probation officer widely regarded as a „control” institution in relation to persons subject to criminal sanctions implements measures to improve their quality of life. My goal was to show how effective and useful knowledge of social work can be in achieving the goals of a probation officer. In the final part, the article shows how graduates of social work can apply for a job as probation officers, along with showing the benefits and consequences of exercising this profession.

10

Związki terroryzmu dżihadystycznego z handlem narkotykami. Casus Hiszpanii

70%

Kosmynka S.

Historia i Polityka

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2019

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issue 27 (34)

41-56

EN

Militant Islam is presumed to be an increasingly potent force in Europe. The radical ideology, which stands behind it, has been creating many challenges to the international security. Jihadi terrorism is one of the most dangerous phenomena that has threatened different Western societies and its impact on the European security is severe. To understand the challenges for the international and regional security it is necessary to analyze the financing of terrorism: legal and illegal activities that provide financial support for extremist organizations or individual terrorists. The article explores the link between jihadi terrorism and organised crime, especially when it comes to drug trafficking in Europe (Spain) and in Maghreb. It focuses on the character of the symbiotic relationship between organized and common crime groups and the jihadi network. The paper examines the security threats and some important issues of counter-terrorism strategy.

11

Przestępczość narkotykowa w Polsce w latach 1985-1996 w świetle danych statystyki policyjnej i sądowej

61%

Krajewski K.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2000

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issue XXV

81-121

EN

In many countries of Western Europe, and of Northern America in particular, drug crime is a most serious problem both in the quantitative and the qualitative terms. This means that oflences of this type engage a considerable portion of the forces and means put at the disposal of law enforcement and criminal justice in those countries. Against this background, the question arises about the recent situation in this respect in Poland. The problem is that for many years after World War II, drug addiction was a problem of minor importance, also from the viewpoint of the police and courts. It was only in the latter half of the seventies, that a considerable drug subculture emerged in Poland, which resulted from propagation of homemade Polish heroin. And yet there was in Poland no "real'' black drug market or the division into dealers and consumers, as the addicts usually manufactured Polish heroin for themselves. Bigger changes only took place in the nineties, when Poland became a significant manufacturer of amphetamine for Western markets and an important transit country, especially for heroin smugglers from the so-called Balkan route. What remains unclear, instead, is the impact of those phenomena on the internal drug market. The extent of opiates subculture does not seem to have grown considerably, and Polish heroin still plevails, the "real" one being too expensive. What did go up, and significantly at that, is consumption of other drugs, especially amphetamine and marihuana. Yet against the general "moral panic" related to amphetamine, few epidemiology surveys indicate the greatest popularity of marihuana and not amphetamine among the school youth. The analysis discussed in the present paper aims first and foremost at answering the question as to the extent to which the above changes in drug addiction and traffic have been reflected in the functioning of law enforcement and criminal justice in Poland. To this aim, analyzed in the first place have been data on detected drug offences from police statistics, as well as date on convictions for such offences from court statistics. Basically, the analysis concerns the years 1985-1996 when the 1985 Drug Control Act was in force. With respect to the police statistics, analyzed have also been data for 1991-1998, that is the period of operation of the new 1997 Act. The major findings of my analysis can be summarized as follows. First and foremost, it has to be stated that in quantitative terms, the role of drug crime in the daily practice of law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in Poland in 1985-1996 was in fact of minor importance. Thus both detected drug offences shown in police statistics and convictions for such offences shown in court statistics constituted less than 1% of all offences and convictions as a rule. Admittedly, at the end of the discussed period, an upward trend in drug crime could be noticed in the police statistics in particular, and thus in the overall structure of crime; yet its extent is still much smaller compared to most West-European countries. The question remains largely open to what extent the growth in detected drug crime, particularly noticeable starting from 1994, results from an actual growth in the number of offences, as it may well result also from the Polish police forces' growing efficiency in detecting offences of this type. In 1985-1996, there was in Poland a most specific structure of drug crime. Thus two offences prevailed in the structure of both detected offences shown in police statistics and convictions contained in court statistics: illegal cultivation of poppy and illegal manufacture or processing of narcotic drugs. In some years, the two offences together accounted for over 80% of the bulk of drug crime registered by the police, and for even a greater proportion - up to 90% - of all convictions for such offences. Instead, the share in the overall structure of drug crime in Poland of such "classical'' offences as smuggling, trafficking and dealing in drugs was at the minimum level until 1994. It was only after that year that the proportion started to grow: by 1998, the structure was reversed with 65% of all offences detected that year being cases of dealing in drugs. So far, however, this shift is hardly reflected in the structure of convictions for such offences, which remains largely unchanged compared to previous years. This may demonstrate the Polish police forces' much greater efficiency in detecting drug dealers combined with persisting faults in the area of gathering evidence that would make it possible to indict specific persons in such cases. Another problem that can still be hardly called serious in Poland is punitive policy of courts with respect to drug offenders. Quite the contrary: there was a lot to indicate even in the eighties that the policy towards such offenders was even more liberal compared to the treatment received by other offenders. This was demonstrated by the role of fine as a selfstanding penalty, imposed much more often on drug offenders, and also by the more frequent staying of sentences. Of course, this situation resulted chiefly fiom the above-mentioned specific structure of the Polish drug crime. Traditionally prevailing among those guilty of the offence of illegal poppy cultivation were farmers, who whether intentionally ignored or were not aware of the limitations imposed on poppy cultivation by the 1985 Act. Among the illegal manufacturers of drugs, in turn, a considerable proportion were addicts who manufactured the Polish home-made heroin for themselves. Again, one can hardly speak of drug business in such cases. Most of the offenders were not profit-seekers. This means that under the 1985 Drug Control Act, Polish courts most seldom had to do with the "real" and "serious" drug crime - the long-established everyday routine of courts in most of the developed West-European and North-American countries where that crime absorbs a considerable portion of forces, means and energy of the local law enforcement. What is more, transformations of the Polish drug scene - reported by the police and the media - have so far been but slightly reflected in the work of Polish courts and in their penal policy. Again, the question remains open to what extent this situation might change over the next few years.

12

Międzywojenni kasiarze. Analiza środowiskowa na przykładzie Warszawy

61%

Rodak M.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2019

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issue XLI/1

497-536

EN

The interwar period is sometimes described as the golden era of safe-breakers. This era is said to have begun at the beginning of the twentieth century, whereas the second half of the 1930s marks its end. The largest group of safe-breakers was comprised of criminals from Warsaw (over 200 people). This article attempts to analyse this environment with additional elements of prosopography. I would like to answer the question of who these safe-breakers of Warsaw during the interwar period were and to attempt to reconstruct the courses of their ‘careers’ alongside the question of motive. An especially interesting aspect is their social background. The article concludes with thoughts on the connections between the reality at that time and the current idea of an interwar safe-breaker.

PL

Okres międzywojenny bywa nazywany „złotą erą kasiarzy”. Jej początek datuje się na przełom dwóch pierwszych dekad XX w. Jednocześnie druga połowa lat 30. to zmierzch kasiarskiego świata. Najliczniejszą w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej grupę kasiarzy tworzyli przestępcy warszawscy (ponad 200 osób). Artykuł stanowi próbę analizy środowiskowej z elementami prozopografii. Szukam odpowiedzi na pytania o to, kim byli warszawscy kasiarze okresu międzywojennego. Szczególnie interesujące pozostaje zagadnienie dotyczące ich pochodzenia społecznego, a także próba rekonstrukcji przebiegu ich „karier” przestępczych oraz pytanie o motywacje. Artykuł kończą rozważania dotyczące relacji między ówczesną rzeczywistością a funkcjonującym obecnie obrazem międzywojennych kasiarzy.

13

Normy a konflikty. Předbělohorští hudebníci ve světle právních pramenů

61%

Matyášová J.

Folia historica Bohemica

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2013

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vol. 28

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issue 1

29-57

EN

The essay based on juridical sources is concerned with classification of musicians on the lowest and middle levels – it compares the municipal environment with musicians travelling through the Kingdom of Bohemia, who usually lacked the honour, i.e. the full rights. The pitch books captured a large number of offences committed by musicians with the right, thus enabling us a closer look at the share of these artists on the contemporary criminality. The criminal norms, however, were not the only norms that were violated – the standard music operation was clearly documented in instructions issued in the 16th and 17the century for municipal as well as private music ensembles.

14

Sieć teletransmisyjna Interpolu jako narzędzie międzynarodowej współpracy policyjnej

61%

Szumski A.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

|

2012

|

vol. 28

313-324

EN

The Interpol belongs to key international organizations that are engaged in widely comprehended cooperation between police forces. One of the basic forms of activity of this organization is exchange of information between General Secretariat and National Central Bureaus. At present the exchange of data takes place with global police communication network I-24/7, which enables sending information in real-time and also provides an access to other functions that are important to collect criminal information. The possibilities of I-24/7 network enable to increase considerably the effectiveness of actions against criminality.

15

Przestępczość kobiet i wobec kobiet – spojrzenie kryminologiczno-penitencjarne

61%

Machel H.

Resocjalizacja Polska

|

2014

|

issue 8/2014

13-25

PL

Przestępczość kobiet w Polsce, czyli naruszanie przez nie norm prawnych zagrożonych karą, nie jest duża. Liczba skazanych kobiet w więzieniach pozostaje od dłuższego czasu na poziomie 7–10% ogółu populacji skazanych. Z badań wynika, że płeć ma niewielki wpływ na przestępczość. Zauważono jednak, iż takie stany fizjologiczne jak ciąża, karmienie piersią mogą usposabiać do zachowań naruszających prawo. Odnotowano także, iż więcej kobiet niż mężczyzn popełnia przestępstwa wymagające sprytu. Mniejsza liczba przestępstw popełnianych przez kobiety wyjaśniana jest czynnikami wychowania rodzinnego, w którym matki reprezentują większy tradycjonalizm. Kobiety są też ofiarami przestępstw takich jak przemoc w rodzinie, molestowanie seksualne, handel ludźmi, przestępstw związanych z prostytucją. Skazane na karę pozbawienia wolności odbywają karę w odrębnych zakładach karnych, w których mogą rodzić swoje dzieci i pozostawać z nimi w więziennych Domach Matki i Dziecka do ukończenia przez nie 3 lub wyjątkowo 4 lat życia. Skazane kobiety są w więzieniu traktowane ze względów osobowościowych nieco „łagodniej” niż mężczyźni, ale podlegają tym samym rygorom w zależności od rodzaju i typu zakładu karnego w jakim odbywają karę. Są przygotowywane do roli matki, żony lub do samodzielnego życia na wolności.

EN

Female criminality in Poland, that is the violation of legal standards by women, threatened by penalty, is not great. The number of sentenced women in prison has maintained at the same level 7%-10% of the general sentenced population for a long time. Research shows that gender does not have a great impact on criminality. However, there have been some findings physiological states such as pregnancy or breast feeding predispose women to commit crimes. It has also been noted that more women than men commit crimes where cleverness is required. The smaller number of women’s crimes is explained by factors like family upbringing, where mothers present a greater traditional lifestyle. Women are also victims of crimes such as: domestic violence, sexual harassment, human trafficking, crimes associated with prostitution. Sentenced to imprisonment, they reside in separate penitentiary units, where they can give birth to their children and stay with them in prison Homes for Mothers and Children until the child turns 3 or exceptionally 4 years old. Imprisoned women, due to specific personality are treated more softly than men, but are subject to the same rigors as men, depending on the type of prison they are in. They are being prepared to perform the roles of mothers, wives or for an independent life in the free world.

16

Je gender důležitou proměnnou pro pochopení kriminality?

61%

Lucie

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

|

2015

|

vol. 63

|

issue 3

449-458

EN

The anthology edited by Libora Oates-Indruchová Tvrdošíjnost myšlenky. Od feministické kriminologie k teorii genderu (Doggedness of Idea. From Feminist Criminology to Theory of Gender) – published on the occasion of the 70th birthday of Gerlinda Šmausová –, which has as its subject-matter the importance of gender for criminality, focuses on the issue of whether the criminality of women has an ontic nature or whether it is rather the result of labelling, initiated by organs of penal control. The criminality documented by police is seen more as an “artefact” of police investigation, extended into the lifeworld and very often explained by labelling approaches. The anthology points to the contradiction between sociology as an discipline that casts doubt on the naturalness and fixity of social phenomena on the one hand and the simple-minded adoption of a conception of stable homogenous gender identity corresponding to biological gender-difference on the other. For the sake of analysis and advancement of knowledge in the theory of gender, Gerlinda Šmausová aims to abandon dualism and to research into social heterogenity by exploring the theoretical approaches of Sandry Harding, Élisabeth Badinter a Judith Butler

17

Female criminality and crime against women – a criminological-penitentiary view

61%

Machel H.

Resocjalizacja Polska

|

2014

|

issue 8/2014

209-220

EN

Female criminality in Poland, that is the violation of legal standards by women, threatened by penalty, is not great. The number of sentenced women in prison has maintained at the same level 7%-10% of the general sentenced population for a long time. Research shows that gender does not have a great impact on criminality. However, there have been some findings physiological states such as pregnancy or breast feeding predispose women to commit crimes. It has also been noted that more women than men commit crimes where cleverness is required. The smaller number of women’s crimes is explained by factors like family upbringing, where mothers present a greater traditional lifestyle. Women are also victims of crimes such as: domestic violence, sexual harassment, human trafficking, crimes associated with prostitution. Sentenced to imprisonment, they reside in separate penitentiary units, where they can give birth to their children and stay with them in prison Homes for Mothers and Children until the child turns 3 or exceptionally 4 years old. Imprisoned women, due to specific personality are treated more softly than men, but are subject to the same rigors as men, depending on the type of prison they are in. They are being prepared to perform the roles of mothers, wives or for an independent life in the free world.

PL

Przestępczość kobiet w Polsce, czyli naruszanie przez nie norm prawnych zagrożonych karą, nie jest duża. Liczba skazanych kobiet w więzieniach pozostaje od dłuższego czasu na poziomie 7–10% ogółu populacji skazanych. Z badań wynika, że płeć ma niewielki wpływ na przestępczość. Zauważono jednak, iż takie stany fizjologiczne jak ciąża, karmienie piersią mogą usposabiać do zachowań naruszających prawo. Odnotowano także, iż więcej kobiet niż mężczyzn popełnia przestępstwa wymagające sprytu. Mniejsza liczba przestępstw popełnianych przez kobiety wyjaśniana jest czynnikami wychowania rodzinnego, w którym matki reprezentują większy tradycjonalizm. Kobiety są też ofiarami przestępstw takich jak przemoc w rodzinie, molestowanie seksualne, handel ludźmi, przestępstw związanych z prostytucją. Skazane na karę pozbawienia wolności odbywają karę w odrębnych zakładach karnych, w których mogą rodzić swoje dzieci i pozostawać z nimi w więziennych Domach Matki i Dziecka do ukończenia przez nie 3 lub wyjątkowo 4 lat życia. Skazane kobiety są w więzieniu traktowane ze względów osobowościowych nieco „łagodniej” niż mężczyźni, ale podlegają tym samym rygorom w zależności od rodzaju i typu zakładu karnego w jakim odbywają karę. Są przygotowywane do roli matki, żony lub do samodzielnego życia na wolności.

18

The Problem of Organized Crime in the South American Tri-Border Area: Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina

61%

Kosmynka S.

|

2020

|

vol. 25

|

issue 1

9-28

EN

The paper shows mechanisms and manifestations of the challenges for the security in the South American Tri-Border Area (Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina). It analyses the background of the activity of chosen organized crime and terrorist groups in this region. The article refers to some social and economic conditions for the spread of violence and illegal business in the area. It is focused on the most important dimensions of these problems and on the strategy implemented by South American governments to fight and prevent organized crime. The paper shows how the security forces deal with the threat and evaluate the impact of these efforts.

19

The Roots and Specifics of Juvenile Delinquency among Romany People in Slovakia

61%

Hroncová J.

The New Educational Review

|

2005

|

vol. 7

72-78

EN

This contribution deals with the roots and specifics of young Romany criminality in Slovakia after 1989. Among specific features of Romany criminality are a high criminality involvement of children, juveniles, and women. Romany people hold a higher proportion of property, moral, and violent criminality in comparison with the majority of society.

20

Free movement of persons between Switzerland and the European Union and state security

57%

Kraśnicka I., Perkowska M., Wrońska I.

Przegląd Politologiczny

|

2014

|

issue 3

59-75

PL

W artykule przedstawiono etapy wprowadzenia swobodnego przepływu osób, wspólnych zasad lotnictwa cywilnego oraz układu Schengen pomiędzy UE a Szwajcarią. Posługując się metodą analityczną autorki przedstawiły podstawowe regulacje we wskazanym zakresie. Wymienione przepisy mają niewątpliwie wpływ na migrację pomiędzy UE a Szwajcarią. Dlatego też dokonano analizy danych statystycznych dotyczących dynamiki migracji stałych i tymczasowych – jak element badań empirycznych. Kolejna część poświęcona została analizie przestępczości związanej z migracjami tj. 1) nielegalne przekroczenie granicy, nielegalny pobyt, nielegalne zatrudnienie; 2) podżeganie do nielegalnego przekroczenia granicy, nielegalnego pobytu; 3) zatrudnienie cudzoziemców bez zezwolenia; 4) sprzeczne z prawem postępowanie wobec osób pełniących funkcję publiczną wskazane w ustawie o cudzoziemcach. Wskazane czyny zabronione są ściśle powiązane ze zjawiskiem swobodnego przepływu osób, regulacjami Schengen oraz zasadami lotnictwa cywilnego pomiędzy UE i Szwajcarią. Mają również wpływ na dynamikę przestępczości cudzoziemców w Szwajcarii, co również poddano analizie.

EN

The paper presents the phases of introducing free movement of persons, common rules within civil aviation between the EU and Switzerland, and the Schengen Agreement. Analysing this based on the currently applicable Swiss and EU legislation, the authors present the regulations in this area. As those regulations influence migration, the paper also presents statistical data on the permanent and non-permanent foreign population in Switzerland and contains a thorough analysis of that data – as part of the paper’s empirical research. The further empirical part is an empirical analysis of data on the penalties for: 1) unlawful entry, exit, and period of stay and working without a permit, 2) encouraging unlawful entry, exit or an unlawful period of stay, 3) employment of foreign nationals without a permit, and 4) fraudulent conduct towards the authorities penalised under the Federal Act on Foreign Nationals. These crimes mostly concern illegal border crossing, encouraging and helping illegal border crossing and other illegal actions aimed at aiding the activities of illegal migrants. The crimes are strictly linked to the issue of the free movement of persons, the common rules of the EU and Switzerland within the field of civil aviation and the Schengen Agreement between Switzerland and the EU. For this reason, the paper presents statistical data on the criminality of foreigners, related to the problem of migration.

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