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EN
As a result of ongoing globalisation and European integration banking activities are becoming increasingly international. Cross-border banking is one of the possible ways for a bank to get internationally involved and enables banks to render services to residents of another country without the necessity of direct foreign investment. Primary EU law and EU legislation including the principle of freedom to provide cross-border services applies to banking as well. This means that cross-border banking and other modes of rendition of banking products must be treated equally. Pursuant to EU directives a European bank conducting cross-border expansion on the territory of EU may rely on the single passport regime as the authorization of a home state is recognised by the remaining EU members states. The results of a statistical data analysis make it possible to assess the level of financial integration of the European banking market. Indicators of banking activity reveal that interbank markets are closely integrated across borders. Retail cross-border banking (dealing with households and non-financial corporations) is characterised by far lower levels of financial integration. The retail banking services are generally provided by banks established on local markets.
PL
Ze względu na procesy globalizacji i integracji europejskiej bankowość się internacjonalizuje, to znaczy świadczenie usług bankowych odbywa się na międzynarodową skalę. Jedną z form międzynarodowego świadczenia usług finansowych jest bankowość transgraniczna. Pozwala ona na oferowanie usług zagranicznym nabywcom bez zaangażowania kapitałowego w państwie usługobiorcy. Na mocy pierwotnego i wtórnego prawa Unii Europejskiej bankowość transgraniczna jest objęta swobodą świadczenia usług, a zatem jest pełnoprawnym kanałem dystrybucji usług bankowych. Dzięki uregulowaniom prawnym europejski bank prowadzący ekspansję transgraniczną na obszarze Unii nie musi ubiegać się o kolejne zezwolenia lokalnych organów nadzoru – wystarczy zezwolenie uzyskane w państwie pochodzenia. Dzięki wynikom analizy danych statystycznych możliwa jest ocena finansowej integracji poszczególnych segmentów europejskiego rynku bankowego. Uzyskane rezultaty wskazują, że rynek międzybankowy jest wysoce zintegrowany transgranicznie. Z drugiej strony, gdy świadczeniobiorcą usługi bankowej jest gospodarstwo domowe lub przedsiębiorstwo niefinansowe, depozyty i kredyty transgraniczne zdecydowanie ustępują produktom dostarczanym przez banki rezydentów.
EN
Research background: Recent financial crisis of 2007-2008 has influenced global banking system and led to reduction of cross-border bank lending in the EU and worldwide. Global banking network has been analysed extensively in prior or post-crisis periods, but the literature on regionalization is scarce, especially with regard to the banking sector in the EU. Moreover, in previous empirical research evaluation of banking sector regionalization using network analysis methodology has not been yet applied. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to map the EU banking network and to assess its regionalization during post-crisis period. Methods: the paper employs comparative literature analysis and synthesis; BIS bilateral interbank cross-border claim yearly flows matrix data and network analysis method (including network mapping, structural and comparative analysis and the data of intraregional and interregional banking network matrices) to assess the changes in regionalization of the EU banking system. Findings & Value added: The results of the research show that during post-crisis period both, EU 12 and EU 28, banking networks became more clustered and more decentralized; also the level of regionalization within the EU banking network increased. Such results prove that the EU banking network has undergone structural changes with respect to bilateral interbank cross-border claims. This research adds to the knowledge of regionalization processes within the EU banking network during the post-crisis period and intends to be beneficial for market participants, EU level governmental bodies and financial policy makers.
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