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1

Tourism Product as a Tool Shaping Cross-cultural Approach in Marketing

100%
Marciszewska B., Grobelna A.
Journal of Intercultural Management
|
2015
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vol. 7
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issue 2
125-134
EN
One of the earlier definitions of cross-cultural management focuses on its behavioral aspects and underlines an importance of interaction of people from different cultures. “Cross-cultural management is the study of the behavior of people in organizations located in cultures and nations around the world” [Adler 1983, p. 226]. This definition is based on the description of organizational behavior within countries and cultures on one hand and of organizational behavior across countries and cultures on another. Peoples from different countries often work together in the same environment creating specific interactions but they can also built special relationships during their leisure time. Looking at the particular subject of management from this perspective it is possible to notice that tourism products have quite big potential for creating cross-cultural interactions when services are produced in different cultures or/and consumed in different cultural context. It is mainly connected with a simultaneous production and consumption on the one hand and consumer’s participation in both processes on the other hand. Tourism products posses an additional feature which creates a cross-cultural dimension in both production and consumption: movement (traveling) between different cultural environments which is a source of different cultural experiences; they have to be recognized a priori to be placed on the market with the tourism product. On the other hand tourism services have to be produced according to identified consumer expectations in different cultures. The aim of the study is to present selected aspects of tourism products which can create cross-cultural interactions and require a special managerial marketing approach. This article discusses an impact of cultural diversity on organizational behavior in international tourism and on consumer behavior in cultural tourism with a special focus on cross-cultural interactions in consumption of tourism products. This is connected with the fact that tourism products are produced and consumed by tourists in different cultures; this relationship can create specific interactions of many types. The main research method applied is a literature review on cultural tourism and marketing.
2

The sphero-conical vessels from the Lower Danube in the light of new discoveries from Isaccea, Tulcea county, Romania

88%
Stănică A.-D., Szmoniewski B. S.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2016
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vol. 68
327-344
EN
So-called sphero-conical or grenade vessels are one of the more unusual archaeological finds in Eurasia and beyond dating to the period between the 8/9th to 15th centuries AD. They have been found in many sites located in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus as well as in Central Asia. These are small vessels, usually sphero-conical and spherical in shape, well-made by hand with rounded, short necks and small openings. In the literature the exact function of these wares is still under debate. The finds from the Lower Danube, especially from Dobruja (Isaccea and Nufăru) are the largest deposits in Europe. They are a good example of the special role of the Dobruja as an important network for commercial, cultural technological exchange between Europe and Asia in the Middle Ages. In this paper we will present new discoveries of the sphero-conical vessels from Isaccea and discuss the current state of research on these types of ‘exotic’ vessels in Europe.
3
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Pozytywne aspekty interakcji międzykulturowych w środowisku wielokulturowym

75%
Małgorzata Rozkwitalska M.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej we Wrocławiu
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2013
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issue 4(36)
203-214
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę interakcji międzykulturowych, akcentując ich pozytywne strony, zgodnie z aktualnym kierunkiem badań w literaturze światowej, w których coraz częściej ukazuje się korzyści płynące z kontaktów zawodowych z przedstawicielami innych kultur. Na początku dokonano przeglądu literatury, wskazując zarówno na lukę badawczą, jak i obecny dorobek badań. Następnie przedstawiono metodykę i wyniki badań własnych na temat pozytywnych aspektów interakcji międzykulturowych. W zakończeniu ujęto najważniejsze wnioski, podkreślając istotny wpływ kontaktów z obcokrajowcami dla rozwoju zasobów ludzkich.
EN
The paper analyses the phenomenon of cross-cultural interactions. The emphasis is put on their positives, which is in conformity with a current research stream of the world field literature that more and more often tries to reflect the beneficial effects of contacts with representatives of different cultures as well. Initially, the author provides the literature reviews indicating a research gap and the results of existing studies. Then, the research methodology and the empirical findings are portrayed from the author’s study on the positive aspects of cross-cultural interactions. The closing section summarizes conclusions, emphasizing that contacts with foreigners may contribute to the development of human resources.
4
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Cross-cultural negotiations between expatriates and local managers – research findings from Poland

63%
Chmielecki M., Sułkowski Ł., Rozkwitalska M., Przytuła S.
Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy
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2014
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vol. nr 4
19--36
PL
Globalny rynek wymaga dziś od organizacji częstych relokacji pracowników. Zwiększa to ilość interakcji międzynarodowych, w których uczestniczą polscy menedżerowie. Negocjacje są integralną ich częścią. Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie, jak polska kultura negocjacji postrzegana jest przez zachodnich menedżerów działających w Polsce. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki 39 unikalnych wywiadów z przedstawicielami 7 krajów, takich jak: Stany Zjednoczone, Niemcy, Wielka Brytania, Hiszpania, Holandia, Irlandia i Szwecja. Artykuł ten stanowi również wkład w toczące się debaty na temat negocjacji między emigrantami a lokalnymi menedżerami. Chociaż istnieje wiele badań porównujących kultury negocjacyjne, obecność Polski w nich jest raczej rzadkością. Ponieważ Polska szybko staje się ważnym miejscem, gdzie wielu zagranicznych menadżerów wykonuje swoje codzienne operacje, istnieje coraz większe zapotrzebowanie na tego typu badania.
EN
Today’s global marketplace requires organizations to relocate staff to foreign locations in order to establish business activity abroad. In recent years, the number of international interactions in which Polish managers are engaged has increased significantly. Since negotiations are an integral part of them, the purpose of this article is to present how the Polish managers negotiation style is perceived by Western expatriate managers operating in Poland. This article presents the unique results of 39 in-depth semi-structured interviews with representatives of 7 countries, such as the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands, Ireland and Sweden. This paper also contributes to the ongoing debates on negotiation between expatriates and local managers. While there is a lot of research that compares national negotiations styles, Poland’s presence in them is rather scarce. Since Poland is rapidly becoming an important place where a lot of expatriate managers perform their daily operations there is a strong need for that type of research.
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