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EN
The subject of the study is the minutes of meetings preserved in manuscripts from  thesecond half of the 19th century. The article describes factors associated with the stylistic multiplicity of these texts: a complex system of communication intentions, references toother genres, minutes-specific configuration of stylistic features. This is followed by a description of diverse origins of the used stylistic means, collision of stylistic registers, as well as the typical selection limits. The analyses lead to the conclusion that the scope of the nineteenth-century minutes of meetings stylistic multiplicity is: 1) predictable, determined by the situational and cultural context (society’s profile, its aims and functions, historical determinants); 2) limited, but clearly wider than the one resulting from the minutes stylistic appurtenance and one provided for the genre (as well as forthe sub-genre) by authors of contemporary normative studies.
EN
Folklore phraseology was a inexhaustible source of linguistic measures for Ivan Kotliarevsky, as it allowed him to build humorous and satirical effects through introducing into his literary works colloquial, dialectal and jocular set phrases. The aim of this paper is to undertake comparative analysis of set phrases in the original and in the Polish translation of Eneyida in order to point out similarities and differences in these two languages. The author focuses on the translation strategies implemented to translate set phrases, and analysing particular non-phraseme word connections which very often replace set phrases in the target text.
EN
This paper attempt to define and classify contemporary television series produced in China (chin. dianshiju); (eng. Chinese drama) in terms of its genre, ori-gin, audience, structure, function and meaning, placing the phenomenon in a broader theoretical, cultural and historical context. The major textual study subject and exem-plification are reduced to melodrama, domestic drama, family drama, history drama, idol drama—representing the main types of dianshiju in the 21st century.
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse culture-bound units that appear in German travel catalogues. The following German travel catalogues constitute the research material: “Chamäleon” and “Gebeco”. Selected examples of the culture-specific expressions from the above-mentioned catalogues are subjected to the analysis, assigned to the corresponding type and subsequently discussed. The paper focuses also on the methods of rendering techniques of the selected culture-bound units, which encounter translations problems while being translated into Polish. The paper’s conclusions point out the importance of cultural background understanding for both the source and the target language, in order to accurately render the culture-specific items. Country- and culture-specific foreign terms appearing in the travel offers refer to the places all over the world and are available in great numbers for people interested in excursions. It can thus be noticed that different countries and cultures constantly bring with them new culture-specific words or expressions. Hence, a certain world knowledge is required while reading holiday offers. Even though readers interested in travels do not need to know the exact meanings of the culture-specific expressions, they should have a general idea of country-specific foreign terms. Besides, at least a basic knowledge of the English language is indispensable, because the travel catalogues contain a plethora of Anglicisms. Tourist offers also contain short slogans in English, which are usually translated neither into German nor into the other language. Some words that are commonly used, such as pizza or safari, do not require translation or additional explication. However, there are some expressions that are not comprehensible for most of the readers because of the fact that they are less common or conceal very specific, complex meanings. Therefore, this paper aims to present the best potential translation solutions for such culture-specific expressions into Polish.
EN
Piotr Kupryś was the first Polish translator to fully translate two classical works fundamental for Ukrainian literature. These were: Kobzar by Taras Shevchenko and Eneida by Ivan Kotliarevsky. Kotliarevsky’s Eneida is a vivid example of adapting diverse elements of oral folklore culture in modern Ukrainian literature. The article analyses types of translation procedures the translator applied when dealing with cultural context. Generally speaking, Kupryś followed two strategies of rendering cultural elements: domestication – in order to adapt the target text to target readers’ knowledge; as well as foreignisation with explanation – thanks to which he enriched target readers’ knowledge about reality and culture of the source text.
EN
The study aims at an analysis of Romani immigrants’ position in Western European countries with a special emphasis on the selected countries’ policies. The author focuses on Romani immigrants in Italy and France, noting that as a result of the internal diversification of the Romani community, it is impossible to develop a single strategy and policy. Due to that fact, the author is of the opinion that it is necessary to follow a diversified approach which considers social and cultural contexts, as well as economic, geographic and legal issues.
EN
Current demographic trends indicate that the process of ageing is more and more advanced in Western societies. While the available literature addressing this issue concentrates most often on developing effective tools for socio-economic policy, this paper aims at exploring the dominating assumptions of economics and culture to find how they may influence the demographic process that was mentioned. The purpose of the analysis undertaken here is to verify the thesis which claims that basic anthropological assumptions present in neoclassical economics and modern culture somehow ignore or underestimate such essential aspects of human life as old age and the helplessness or weakness connected with it. The conclusions of the paper indicate that there is a need for intergenerational balance within society, which, e.g., facilitates socio-economic development. Some of the most important factors influencing this may or may not be present within the economic theory and culture it is based on. It means that without the adequate vision of man and the phases of human life, the process of building a mentally healthy and vibrant society where everyone has his or her place is hardly possible.
EN
The detailed studies conducted in the article are based on the issue of heroic narrative. Heroic narrative is a type of writing concerning serious subjects significant to the Polish identity, cultural context and national history. These notions are implemented in language through linguistic features showing pathos and loftiness, uncommon tragedy, violence and vividness of the presented characters and historical events. The aim of the study was to establish a set of features determining the way heroic narrative is written. These features are mainly implemented by literary works and by texts which are strictly literary, but their author was the direct participant of events which were crucial for a given community. The basis of the article is Oblê¿enie i obrona Saragossy w latach 1808 i 1809, ze wzglêdem szczególniejszym na czynnoœci korpusu polskiego. The text can be classified as fiction because its author, Józef Mroziñski, was not a writer but a soldier (a captain) taking part in the military actions described in the text. The idea of “linguistic picture of the world” has been used in the article. It has allowed showing how a direct participant of the battle interprets the reality through the language, which features of people and things he notices and emphasizes and to what extent the linguistic features he uses are typical of heroic narrative. The main tool of description was the notion of attribution, which is understood as a semantic category covering different kinds of features ascribed to the analysed object. The conducted studies have shown that when talking about heroes and crucial historical events one does not always use the features of heroic narrative typical of literary tradition and Polish culture. Józef Mroziñski depicts heroism by using non-traditional features such as: in the subject matter – a deep reflection on the tragic situation of both people who lived in a besieged city and the besieging soldiers, in the language – meticu
EN
The paper reports a study addressing influence of learning strategies on academic achievement in mathe matics, reading and science internationally, with comparisons between Poland’s neighbouring countries. Data from the PISA 2009 study was used to build multiple multilevel hierarchical regression models, with control variables for student, school and at country level. Based on the model developed by Chiu, Chow and McBride-Chang (2007), prior achievement, student family background, school environmental characteristics and national economic and cultural contexts were controlled for, allowing assessment of the effects of learning strategies. Higher dependency on memorisation was associated with lower scores in all domains, elaboration was a negative predictor of reading and positive of mathematics and science, while use of metacognitive strategies was associated with higher scores in all domains investigated. The effect of metacognitive strategies was particularly strong in Poland, as compared with neighbouring countries.
EN
Thick description, thin description. Cultural way of understanding disability The aim of this article is to present disability from the cultural point of view. Special attention will be paid to Clifford Geertz and his thick description. The phrase thick description is borrowed from Gilbert Ryle. In the classic example one boy’s eye involuntairly twitches while at the same time another boy winks. The physical phenomena are the same but the meaning is different. In understanding disability we have to take into consideration not only the medical, social or biopsychosocial model but cultural context as well.
EN
The article is a historical and literary reflection on Ignacy Krasicki’s book Around Chocim’s War (Wojny chocimskiej). The possible discourses of Jerzy Winiarski’s cultural writings, are the first monographic attempt to explain the complexities of interpretation and reception of the underestimated poem XBW. Some possible reasons for this work’s omission by writers from the circle of “Thursday dinners” were pointed out, even though it was commissioned by King Stanisław August Poniatowski, as well as unjust comments by the critics especially those of the Romantic and 20th century. The cultural contexts of the epic were discussed using a metalinguistic key and the tools of negative poetics.
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EN
It is the editorial review of the thematic monograph by Wojciech J. Cynarski, Wojciech Blazejewski and Wojciech Pasterniak entitled “New Paradigmatic Pedagogy. In search of new inspirations and educational applications” (”Pedagogika nowoparadygmatyczna. W poszukiwaniu nowych inspiracji i aplikacji pedagogicznych”, Rzeszow University Press, pp. 174), written by Prof. Dr hab. Andrzej Szyszko-Bohusz.
PL
Jest to recenzja wydawnicza monografii tematycznej prof. Wojciecha J. Cynarskiego, doc. Wojciecha Błażejewskiego i prof. Wojciecha Pasterniaka zatytułowanej „Pedagogika nowoparadygmatyczna. W poszukiwaniu nowych inspiracji i aplikacji pedagogicznych”, Wyd. UR, ss. 174), pióra prof. zw. dra hab. Andrzeja Szyszko-Bohusza.
EN
The article presents the cultural conditions of regulation and compliance with prudential regulations in the banking sector and the consequences for bank development. The focus is on the references to the Polish market. It is crucial to analyze the national culture (e.g. uncertainty avoidance index of G. Hofstede) in front of the Polish legal culture and the banking industry. The author underlines the role of cultural differences with respect to the regulation. It is done for banks controlled by foreign and national capital, based on the analysis of publicly available information and the survey among members of management boards of banks in Poland.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie kulturowych uwarunkowań stanowienia i przestrzegania regulacji ostrożnościowych dotyczących sektora bankowego oraz wynikających stąd konsekwencji dla jego rozwoju. Uwaga skoncentruje się na odniesieniach do rynku polskiego, ale również szerszego kontekstu europejskiego. Kluczowe znaczenie ma charakterystyka kultury narodowej pod kątem indeksu unikania niepewności, opracowanego przez G. Hofstede, i jego powiązaniu z polską kulturą prawną oraz sferą bankowości. Na to spojrzenie nakłada się kwestia struktury właścicielskiej sektora bankowego w Polsce i dominacji banków z udziałem kapitału zagranicznego. Autor wskazuje na różnice w tej dziedzinie oraz elementy hazardu moralnego stosowanego przez kierownictwa banków, obserwowanego w różnym stopniu w podziale na podmioty kontrolowane przez kapitał obcy i krajowy (państwowy, prywatny i spółdzielczy).
EN
In the article, the author considers cultural factors which affect the reading of literary work by Swedish and Polish audiences. The piece in question is Underdog by Torbjörn Flygt (2001, translated into Polish by Elżbieta Jasińska-Brunnberg, 2006). Analyzing the setting of the novel in historical narrative about the Swedish welfare state, the authors poses questions regarding universal or hermetic nature of Flygt’s novel.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba rekonstrukcji ogólnych założeń kulturowych, które w czasach nowożytnych ukształtowały i rozpowszechniły w społeczeństwach Zachodu przekonanie o wyjątkowo pozytywnej roli wolnego rynku w ekonomii i społeczeństwie.
EN
In this article the major interest lies in common beliefs in free market’ positive role in economy and society. The main goal is to reconstruction of general cultural assumptions that grounded this beliefs.
EN
Folklore studies as a discipline has become interested in modern colloquial narratives because it has redefined its own focus. If folklore is subject to the same transformations as the whole of culture, and is a socially and historically differentiated phenomenon, then higher precision is needed in defining its fundamental notions, such as orality, cultural context, the folklore-generating situation, the reception of the content being passed on from one generation to the next. Orality indeed cannot be narrowed down to the spoken (direct) mode of transmitting the relevant content, since it is also a way of human existence, a way of cognizing and understanding the world. It has thus become necessary to analyze in detail the changes that occur in the socio-cultural space, primarily the functioning of the media. The media do not only cause the appearance of colloquial relations, but also determine the character of contemporary folklore-generating situations, which often – in a natural way – inspire everyday narrative activity. Popular media texts, convergent with the needs and interests of receivers, enter broad circulation, popularizing general knowledge and consolidating the system of values. Moreover, a vital culture-generating role is played by the Internet in determining a new paradigm of folklore. Therefore, contemporary folklore studies has already found its place within the research domain of media anthropology: it shows how information is received and how people engage in self-creation and self-understanding of the content they deal with. This also proves that the traditional forms of creativity can successfully thrive within the new range of possibilities.
PL
Zainteresowanie folklorystyki współczesnymi narracjami potocznymi wynika z przedefiniowania przedmiotu badań folklorystycznych. Uznanie folkloru za część kultury, która podlega takim samym przemianom jak cała kultura i jest zjawiskiem społecznie oraz historycznie zróżnicowanym, wymaga doprecyzowania podstawowych pojęć: oralności, kontekstu kulturowego, sytuacji folklorotwórczej, procesu odbioru przekazywanych treści. Oralności nie można bowiem sprowadzać tylko do ustnego (bezpośredniego) sposobu przekazywania treści, ponieważ jest ona także sposobem egzystencji człowieka, poznawania i rozumienia świata. Należy zatem dokładnie przeanalizować zmiany zachodzące w przestrzeni społeczno-kulturowej, a przede wszystkim funkcjonowanie w niej mediów, które nie tylko inspirują powstawanie relacji potocznych, ale także determinują charakter współczesnych sytuacji folklorotwórczych, często w sposób naturalny wpływających na potoczną aktywność narracyjną. Popularne teksty medialne, zbieżne z potrzebami i zainteresowaniami odbiorców, mają szansę zaistnieć w obiegu potocznym, popularyzując określoną wiedzę o otaczającej nas rzeczywistości i utrwalając określony system wartości. Ponadto ważną kulturotwórczą rolę odgrywa Internet, przesądzając o nowym paradygmacie folkloru. Tym samym współczesna folklorystyka znajduje się już w przestrzeni badawczej antropologii mediów, eksponuje proces odbioru przekazów medialnych i angażowania się ludzi w samotworzenie i samorozumienie przekazywanych treści, dowodzi, że tradycyjne formy tworzenia z powodzeniem odnajdują się w nowych możliwościach zaoferowanych człowiekowi.
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PL
W artykule na bogatym słowiańskim materiale egzemplifikacyjnym rozpatrywane są różne zakresy zadań i pola dociekań współczesnego etymologa oraz badacza językowego obrazu świata. Wnioski końcowe prowadzą do stwierdzenia, iż badania etymologiczne mają zdecydowanie diachroniczny charakter. Rekonstrukcja, do której dążą etymolodzy, dotyczy czasów możliwie jak najbardziej odległych, zaś wykryta (bądź suponowana) motywacja semantyczna sprowadza się najczęściej do jednej cechy kojarzonej z nazywanym obiektem. Rekonstrukcja językowego obrazu świata w najpełniejszy sposób dokonuje się natomiast na płaszczyźnie synchronicznej (poprzez ankiety i badania współczesnych tekstów, a także w oparciu o fakty językowe znane badaczowi z jego własnego języka). Przy rekonstrukcji faktów dotyczących przeszłości badacz językowego obrazu świata powinien jednakże zdawać sobie sprawę z tajników warsztatu etymologa i historyka języka, a tym samym: wnikać w genezę i historię wyrazu, brać pod uwagę czas powstania wyrazu oraz środowisko, w którym zrodziła się konieczność jego utworzenia. Te dwie różne – choć w szczególny sposób sobie bliskie – dyscypliny naukowe, winny się wzajemnie wspierać, lecz niezależnie budować swój warsztat badawczy.
EN
The paper draws on abundant exemplifying material and deals with various areas of investigation of the modern etymologist who inquires into the nature of the linguistic worldview. The following conclusions are reached. Etymological research is of diachronic nature. Etymological reconstruction pertains to the earliest possible point in time and the uncovered (or alleged) semantic motivation is usually limited to one feature associated with the object being named. A reconstruction of the linguistic worldview is best carried out on the synchronic plane (through questionnaires, analysis of current texts, as well as by considering the researcher’s knowledge of his or her own language). While reconstructing facts relating to the past, the researcher should have mastered the craft of the etymologist and that of the language historian, which means that the origin and history of a word should be investigated against the context in which the need for its emergence arose. These two distinct, though also related disciplines, should contribute to each other’s findings and thus facilitate an emergence of a new quality in linguistic inquiry.
EN
This article analyses issues about organisational leaders who have an impact on behaviour internationally. According to leadership categorisation theory, social identity and leadership theory, the expectations of employees are the result of many different processes which come out during the process of socialisation. People have some ideas about what constitutes a successful leader, which they compare with different managers’ behaviour and image created in, for example, international organisations. The article presents ideas from and results of different international studies presented in the literature about this issue as well as my own pilot studies on expectations towards global organisational leaders which exist on the Web. The article presents circumstances of formed leadership relationships on a global scale. In conducting my research I sought to determine the significance of socio-cultural changes in the process of creating a model of expectations towards global organisational leaders, and also to illustrate the similarities and differences brought about by the context of the occurrence of a leadership relationship.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą diagnozy i analizy kwestii dotyczących przywódców organizacyjnych, którzy mają wpływ na zachowania w przestrzeni międzynarodowej. Oczekiwania pracowników zgodnie z teorią kategoryzacji przywództwa i teorii tożsamości społecznej i przywództwa są wynikiem wielu procesów, które pojawiają się w trakcie procesu socjalizacji. Ludzie przechowują w pamięci idee skutecznego przywódcy, które odnoszą do różnych zachowań i wizerunku menedżerów kreowanych m.in. w międzynarodowych organizacjach. W artykule zaprezentowano idee i wyniki różnych badań międzynarodowych istniejące w literaturze podejmującej taką problematykę oraz wyniki pilotażowych badań własnych na temat oczekiwań wobec globalnych liderów organizacyjnych funkcjonujące w Internecie. W uwarunkowaniach przedstawionych w artykule tworzone są relacje przywódcze o globalnym zasięgu. Prowadzone badania są próbą określenia znaczenia zmian społeczno-kulturowych w procesie tworzenia modelowych oczekiwań wobec globalnych przywódców organizacyjnych i pokazania podobieństw i różnic zależnych od kontekstu występowania relacji przywódczej.
EN
The article discusses links between Tomasz Różycki’s Bestiarium [Bestiary] and Bruno Schulz’s texts. Special attention is paid to the motif of wandering (both physical and mental) that can be traced in those works. Another important issue is onirism, inter-textual references and ways of creating the depicted world (mythology of reality, particular motifs, props, schemes). Różycki presents himself as an artist aware of his own work and cultural achievements. He creates an original novel which, at the same time, is strongly rooted in tradition.
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