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1

Dyrektywa 93/7/EWG z perspektywy dwóch dekad funkcjonowania

100%

Stec P.

Santander Art and Culture Law Review

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2015

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issue Numer 1

103-118

EN

Directive 93/7/EEC created a legal framework for the return of cultural goods illegally removed from the territory of a Member State. The procedure for the return of cultural goods proved to be ineffective for numerous reasons, including a very narrow definition of a cultural good, flawed instruments of administrative cooperation, or risky court proceedings connected with the indemnification of the possessor. Directive 2015/60/EU is a new step towards the creation of an effective European system of return of cultural goods. Pursuant to the new directive each Member State can now define which cultural goods constitute national treasures. The directive has also provided for the creation of new, electronic means of fostering administrative cooperation, while court proceedings have been amended to minimize the aforementioned legal risks. Thus, once the new directive has been implemented by Member States, the result may be a greater number of returns of illegally exported cultural goods, based on adherence to its provisions.

2

Przeciwdziałanie nielegalnemu przywozowi, wywozowi i przenoszeniu własności dóbr kultury – wybrane uwagi w związku z wdrożeniem Konwencji UNESCO z 1970 r. w Polsce

100%

Zalasińska K.

Santander Art and Culture Law Review

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2015

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issue Numer 1

93-102

EN

Forty years after the Convention on Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization gathered in Paris between 12 October and 14 November 1970 is a good occasion to discuss its effectiveness and topicality in today’s world with its threats to the movable heritage. The aim of this article is to discuss the most important provisions of the Convention and their implementation in Poland.

3

The effects of individual internal versus external reference prices on consumer decisions for pay-what-you-want payments

88%

Kukla-Gryz A., Zagórska K.

Central European Economic Journal

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2017

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vol. 4

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issue 51

EN

We empirically investigate the interaction between internal and external reference prices on stated payments in a Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW) scheme. Using results of a vignette experiment with e-books, we show that when an external reference price provided is lower than respondents’ internal reference prices, the average of PWYW payments significantly decreases compared with a situation in which the external reference price is not provided. The relationship is the opposite when the external reference price provided to respondents is higher than their internal reference prices. In such a case, upward pressure is created, thus the average of PWYW payments increases. These results remain true when we control for expected quality of e-books. Additionally, we find that when the external reference price is not provided, the size of PWYW payments depends positively on individual factors such as risk-taking propensity and perceived costs of e-book production.

4

Mity i patologie obrotu dziełami sztuki

75%

Szafrański W.

Santander Art and Culture Law Review

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2015

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issue Numer 1

135-172

EN

The specific conditions of the art market constitute a perfect place in which crime can function well and flourish by making use of increasingly more sophisticated mechanisms used in the international trade in these objects. There are certain myths, such as the myth of the dual market (legal and illegal), the myth of faith in national law and in soft law, or the myth of a young market. However, reality shows a poor understanding of the mechanisms that are present in the art market and a spreading of those myths, which in consequence leads to a further strengthening of the pathologies that do exist in the market, such as, among other things, corruption, price manipulation, or the legalization of stolen or excavated objects. In this paper, the pathologies occurring in the art market are categorized and the case study presented shows the practical difficulty of solving the conflict that arises between a seller (owner) and a buyer in good faith as well as the shortcomings of the new model referred to as an eternal rhombus.

5

Valuation of Cultural Goods: Evaluation of Perspective Methods

75%

Smrčka L., Kislingerová E., Strouhal J., Kubíčková K., Kubíčková M.

International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge

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2014

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vol. 2

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issue 2

45-56

EN

Valuation of cultural assets represents a very actual topic not widely discussed within contemporary accounting and financial research. Main motivation of this paper is therefore to provide an empirical evidence of the methods for valuation of cultural and artistic goods. In general, any method for valuating cultural and artistic goods or institutions cannot bring results as objective as those available to valuate assets in the real market economy. Within this paper we did focused on valuation on a specific case of cultural institutions (theatre, museum) and also we aimed to analyse the economic impacts of cultural organizations.

6

Income Elasticity of Culture Expenses in Polish Provinces

63%

Suchecki A. M.

Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia

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2015

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vol. 15

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issue 2

153-166

EN

Decentralisation of public finance in Poland was an important element of changes in the political system of the country. As a result, some tasks of the state were transferred to the local government level. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the budget expenses on cultural tasks incurred by local government units in Poland in the years 2003–2012 and outlines the legal frameworks of the local government financial management in Poland. Using a model based on the double logarithmic function, the author tests a hypothesis, according to which the broadly understood culture might be regarded as a necessity or luxury good, depending on the value of the coefficient of elasticity of the expenses on culture incurred by local government units in relation to the gross regional product.

7

Straty wojenne zbiorów bibliotecznych w Polsce widziane z państwowej perspektywy. Pomiędzy organizacją, polityką a etyką

63%

Gębołyś Z.

Heteroglossia - studia kulturoznawczo-filologiczne

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2020

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issue 10

207-229

EN

Estimated calculations of the war losses suffered by Poland in the area of cultural goods are about 13,000 paintings, about 1,400 sculptures, about 125,000 manuscripts, 22,000 old prints, 25,000 maps and about 15 million books. Loss of library collections is estimated at around 66%. Many of them were irretrievably destroyed as a result of unplanned and planned actions of destruction and plunder of Polish cultural goods by the German and Soviet invaders. To this day, it is unknown, not only how many goods were lost, but what exactly. The article covers the topic of activities aimed at determining what has been done in this matter so far, starting from 1939 to 2019, broken down into three time periods: 1939-1945; 1945-1989; 1989-2019. Knowledge on this subject has been organized, the most important papers have been pointed out, and published publications. The measurable achievements and neglect of the Polish state in this respect were emphasized. The text focuses on the activities of two institutions: the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, subjecting them to a critical assessment, based on the literature and the report of the Supreme Audit Office. Particular attention was paid to ethical dilemmas related to the registration of cultural goods.

8

Cultural Goods in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland

63%

Frankiewicz-Bodynek A.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

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2019

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issue 6 (52)

299-314

EN

The paper is not intended to be a complex determination of the obligations of the Republic of Poland toward cultural heritage and cultural goods being a part of the world heritage of mankind. Its role is to indicate what has been regulated expressis verbis in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The thesis of the paper is that the Constitution stipulates two – different in terms of their scope – catalogues of “goods of culture”. Article 73 encompasses broadly understood goods of Polish, European and world’s culture. Article 6 sec. 1 encompasses “only” goods of the culture which is the source of identity of the Polish nation, its continuation and development. To make the whole complete, it has been indicated what kind of obligations had been imposed on the bodies of public authorities toward each of the identified catalogues of goods of culture and what kind of concept of nation implicates a wider catalogue of obligations of public authorities toward the “goods of national culture”.

PL

Niniejsze opracowanie nie pretenduje do miana kompleksowego określenia zobowiązań Rzeczypospolitej względem dziedzictwa kulturowego i dóbr kultury światowej. Jego rolą jest głównie wskazanie na to, co zostało uregulowane expressis verbis w Konstytucji RP. Tezą opracowania jest to, że Konstytucja przewiduje dwa – zakresowo różne – katalogi dóbr kultury. Artykuł 73 obejmuje szeroko rozumiane dobra kultury polskiej, europejskiej i światowej. Natomiast art. 6 ust. 1 obejmuje „jedynie” dobra tej kultury, która jest źródłem tożsamości narodu polskiego, jego trwania i rozwoju. Dla dopełnienia całości wskazano, jakiego rodzaju obowiązki nałożone zostały na organy władzy państwowej względem każdego ze zidentyfikowanych katalogów dóbr kultury oraz jakiego rodzaju koncepcja narodu implikuje poszerzony katalog obowiązków władz publicznych względem „dóbr kultury narodowej”.

9

Legally protected cultural goods and bankruptcy proceedings

63%

Adamus R.

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2020

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vol. 18

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issue 2

9-26

PL

Artykuł dotyczy ogólnych problemów prawnych związanych z celami prawnymi postępowania upadłościowego w związku z celami ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego. Obydwa zagadnieniami zbudowane są przez zupełnie inne systemy wartości. Postępowanie upadłościowe ma na celu ochronę interesów majątkowych ograniczonej grupy ludzi, podczas gdy dziedzictwo kulturowe jest chronione dla obecnych i przyszłych pokoleń, bez względu na jego znaczenie handlowe. Niewypłacalność właściciela dóbr kultury jest problemem globalnym, ale krajowe przepisy dotyczące upadłości i przepisy dotyczące ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego różnią się bardzo poważnie. Z tego powodu artykuł nie ogranicza się do żadnego konkretnego porządku prawnego. Omówiono kilka ważnych uniwersalnych kwestii: ograniczenia syndyka/zarządcy w zarządzaniu dobrami kultury będącymi częścią masy upadłości, status prawny dóbr kultury wyłączonych z masy upadłości, konsekwencje sprzedaży masy upadłości w przypadku braku tytułu własności masy upadłości.

EN

This paper deals with general problems of legal aims of bankruptcy proceedings in connection with the aims of heritage protection – issues built by completely different systems of values. Bankruptcy is designed for protecting pecuniary interest of a limited group of people, while cultural heritage is protected for present and future generations, despite its current commercial significance. In the global environment, bankruptcy of a cultural goods owner usually has a cross-border range but national bankruptcy legislations and laws devoted to heritage protection differ in very serious aspects. For this reason the paper is not limited to any concrete legal order. There are discussed some important universal issues: limits for a trustee in managing cultural goods which are a part of bankruptcy estate, legal status of cultural goods excluded from bankruptcy estate, consequences of bankruptcy sale in the case of lack of bankrupt’s ownership title.

10

Zbrodnie przeciwko dziedzictwu kulturowemu przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Karnym – analiza krytyczna

55%

Wierczyńska K., Jakubowski A.

Studia Prawnicze

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2016

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issue 1 (205)

39-63

EN

On 24 March 2016 the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued a decision confirming the charges of committing war crimes by Al Ahmad Al Mahdi (Abu Tourab). He is suspected of war crimes allegedly committed in 2012, in Timbuktu (Mali), through intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion and/or historical monuments (Article8(2)(e)(iv) of the Rome Statute). In fact, this is the first case to be brought before the ICC concerning the destruction of cultural property. By referring to the circumstances of the case, this article analyses the complimentary function of international criminal tribunals in the prosecuting and convicting of individuals liable for grave cultural heritage crimes vis-à-vis the shortcomings of national criminal jurisdiction. First, it reconstructs the normative foundations of prohibiting and prosecuting cultural heritage crimes. Second, it endeavours to critically assess the practice of international criminal tribunals ad hoc in dealing with the destruction of cultural property. In particular, by referring to certain cases adjudged by the ICTY, it aims to demonstrate to what extent the international protective status of a cultural heritage site may constitute a critical factor in imposing criminal responsibility on individual perpetrators (the cases of Blaškić, Čerkez and Strugar). It also analyses whether intentional attacks against cultural heritage sites, whose protection lies in the general interest of all humanity, may have an impact on the gravity of the crime and the penalty imposed for its commission. Third, the paper deals with the limited provisions of the Rome Statute and offers some general conclusions in respect to the evolving system of individual criminal responsibility for cultural heritage crimes.

11

Wzrost sprzedaży płyt gramofonowych w II dekadzie XXI wieku − charakterystyka zjawiska sprzecznego z trendami światowego rynku fonograficznego

51%

Smoleń T.

Handel Wewnętrzny

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2016

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issue 4 (363)

267-276

PL

Celem rozważań jest zaprezentowanie okoliczności występowania interesującego z punktu widzenia marketingu zjawiska dynamicznego wzrostu sprzedaży płyt gramofonowych na świecie, w sytuacji kiedy ta forma produktu muzycznego od 20 lat była uważana za przeżytek. Wskazano przyczyny wzrostu zainteresowania „winylami” oraz bieżące problemy związane z wytwarzaniem i dystrybucją tych produktów. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy.

EN

The aim of the article was to present the circumstances of the occurrence of marketing phenomenon: a dynamic growth in sales of phonograph records in the world, in the situation when this form of music product has been considered obsolete for more than 20 years. The reasons for the growing interest in vinyl and the present problems associated with production and distribution of these products are indicated. The article if of the review nature.

RU

Цель рассуждений – представить обстоятельства выступления интересного с точки зрения маркетинга явления динамичного роста продаж грампластинок в мире в ситуации, когда эта форма музыкального продукта в течение 20 последних лет считалась пережиточной. Указали причины роста интереса к винилам и текущие проблемы, связанные с производством и распределением этих продуктов. Статья имеет обзорный характер.

12

Mezinárodní ochrana kulturních statků z pohledu českého, mezinárodního a unijního práva

51%

Pauknerová M.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2023

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vol. 162

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issue 4

289-307

EN

The protection of cultural heritage and of cultural exchanges has a fundamental importance for promoting understanding between peoples, and the dissemination of culture for the well-being of humanity and the progress of civilisation. This idea introduces the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects; sadly, Czech Republic is not yet a contracting party to this convention. The paper introduces first some cases of the return of works of art which illustrate the problems of the international protection of cultural goods. The purpose of the contribution is to describe fundamental concepts and legal rules which regulate this field, with a special regard to international protection. The first part introduces the legal framework and definitions, pointing out to complicated relations of international conventions, European Union law and Czech law into which the EU legislation was partly implemented. The second part is dedicated to UNESCO and UNIDROIT conventions. The third part critically reflects the EU law and Czech internal legislation. The fourth part deals with private international law, again under a critical viewpoint. In conclusion the author remarks that, up to the present, the Czech literature has not paid to the topic the attention it deserves. She sums up that in the Czech public law the legal regulation should be simplified and made more transparent. Important role is played by the EU legislation and international conventions – the UNESCO convention has been implemented, as well as EU regulations and directives, however, the accession of the Czech Republic to the UNIDROIT convention for which the prerequisites have already been created in the internal law, is being delayed. As for the private substantive law, the starting point is the Civil Code which should be supplemented by the Act on return of illegally exported cultural goods as a lex specialis, the latter currently being rather neglected by Czech civilians. Within private international law, a special conflict-of-law rule would clear up the determination of the applicable law for a claim of restitution of illegally exported cultural goods and for a potential compensation of the owner or possessor being in good faith.

CS

Ochrana kulturního dědictví a kulturní výměna mají zásadní význam pro podporu porozumění mezi národy a šíření kultury pro blaho lidstva a pokrok civilizace. Touto myšlenkou je uvedena ve své Preambuli Úmluva UNIDROIT o právu na odcizené nebo nezákonně vyvezené kulturní statky, Česká republika bohužel prozatím není smluvním státem této úmluvy. Příspěvek nejprve uvádí některé případy navracení uměleckých děl, které se objevily v České republice i v dalších státech; na nich jsou ilustrovány problémy mezinárodní ochrany kulturních statků. Cílem příspěvku je nastínit vymezení základních pojmů a právních předpisů, jimiž je daná problematika regulována, se zvláštním zaměřením na mezinárodní ochranu. První část uvádí právní rámec a pojmové vymezení, přičemž autorka poukazuje na složité vztahy mezinárodních smluv, unijního práva a českého práva, do kterého byly zčásti implementovány unijní předpisy. Druhá část je věnována mezinárodním úmluvám UNESCO a UNIDROIT. Třetí část se kriticky zamýšlí nad unijním právem a českou vnitrostátní regulací. Čtvrtá část pojednává o mezinárodním právu soukromém, opět v kritickém srovnávacím pohledu. V závěru autorka uvádí, že česká literatura prozatím nevěnovala tématu takovou pozornost, jakou by si zasluhovalo. Shrnuje, že v českém veřejném právu by bylo vhodné právní regulaci zjednodušit a zpřehlednit. Významnou roli hrají unijní předpisy a mezinárodní úmluvy – úmluva UNESCO byla vnitrostátně provedena, stejně jako unijní nařízení a směrnice; stále se však odkládá přistoupení k úmluvě UNIDROIT, pro jejíž přijetí jsou dnes již vytvořeny předpoklady i ve vnitrostátním českém právu. V soukromém hmotném právu je východiskem občanský zákoník, k němu však nepochybně přistupuje jako lex specialis zákon o navracení nezákonně vyvezených kulturních statků, který prozatím zůstává stranou zájmu našich civilistů. V mezinárodním právu soukromém by bylo vhodné zakotvit speciální kolizní normu, která by vyjasnila určení práva rozhodného pro nárok na navrácení nezákonně vyvezeného kulturního statku a pro případné odškodnění vlastníka nebo držitele v dobré víře.

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Dyrektywa 93/7/EWG z perspektywy dwóch dekad funkcjonowania

Przeciwdziałanie nielegalnemu przywozowi, wywozowi i przenoszeniu własności dóbr kultury – wybrane uwagi w związku z wdrożeniem Konwencji UNESCO z 1970 r. w Polsce

The effects of individual internal versus external reference prices on consumer decisions for pay-what-you-want payments

Mity i patologie obrotu dziełami sztuki

Valuation of Cultural Goods: Evaluation of Perspective Methods

Income Elasticity of Culture Expenses in Polish Provinces

Straty wojenne zbiorów bibliotecznych w Polsce widziane z państwowej perspektywy. Pomiędzy organizacją, polityką a etyką

Cultural Goods in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland

Legally protected cultural goods and bankruptcy proceedings

Zbrodnie przeciwko dziedzictwu kulturowemu przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Karnym – analiza krytyczna

Wzrost sprzedaży płyt gramofonowych w II dekadzie XXI wieku − charakterystyka zjawiska sprzecznego z trendami światowego rynku fonograficznego

Mezinárodní ochrana kulturních statků z pohledu českého, mezinárodního a unijního práva