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EN
Creating a cultural identity becomes particularly important issue in the time of global ekumeny, when we are dealing with the intermingling of cultural patterns, mixing cultures, "supermarket of culture." The article presents a category of an identity, factors that determine a position of an individual in a community, identity determinants in different perspectives. The authors try to answer the question: What path of creating its own identity choose young Europeans in a world of axiological chaos? The patterns of creating the identity proposed to young people tended to develop over the years, but the most of them appeared to be unstable devoid of deeper meaning, and certainly not adjacent to the present.
EN
In the world of ancient culture you can find images of corporeality which may be recognised as patterns of the sporting body. They come from Greek sculpture and vase painting. Among the preserved Greek cultural artefacts there can be pointed out three examples of patterns of male corporeality and one example of female corporeality connected with the world of sport. These are Polyclitus's sculptures "Doryphorus" and "Diadoumenos", Myron's sculpture "Discus Thrower", Lysippus's sculpture of "Heracles Farnese" and painting presenting Atalanta. They constitute ancient patterns of the sporting body, which are recognisable in the world of the European culture from the age of Renaissance to the 20th century. Each of those cultural artefacts points out to separate aspects of the world of sport: Polyclitus's sculptures are pictures of beauty of the body, Myron's sculpture expresses sporting movement, Lysippus's sculpture symbolises power and the figure of Atalanta is the first gender pattern in the world of sport. Ancient patterns of the sporting body perform functions of cultural archetypes in the contemporary world of sport. The contemporary sporting body is a corporeal form which is perceived and interpreted through the prism of the symbolic layer of ancient images of corporeal forms. A part of those corporeal patters has lost in European culture their sporting references, which were visible for Greek civilization. It refers to Polyclitus's sculptures and the figure of Atalanta, which was provided by Renaissance and Baroque art with a different semantic context. Research into cultural aspects of sport requires reconstruction of their sporting genealogy making it possible to construct wider interpretative contexts of contemporary corporeality. The notion of the "archetype of the sporting body" in European culture is enriched with a differentiated objective layer, which is composed of ancient patters of the sporting body encountered in social consciousness of the world of European art.
EN
My paper examines how the cultural attitude of teenagers develops in the dual force field of the public pedagogy mediated through the school and that of environmental culture. More precisely. I would like to track the changes and alterations of cultural attitude in a force field defined by several cultural patterns determined by different codes.
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Culture and Authority

100%
EN
Authority – even though the title of this paper may suggest so – is not a phenomenon opposing culture. It is actually a product of culture or, as sometimes said, of the achievements of civilisation. Since authority is a product of culture, it may not be treated as a phenomenon isolated from it, without any ties with cultural patterns, which may – as a result – act as determinants of the institutional and functional qualities of authority. Culture and its products (including knowledge, law, religion, morality, etc.), like other social phenomena, can become factors stimulating the exercise of authority, or act as factors to stabilise or curb this exercise within the framework of the patterns (norms) it has created. Societies make constant choices in terms of adopting, modifying, and rejecting various cultural patterns.
EN
The aim of the article is to show how national leadership is articulated in modern and postmodern social experience and is rooted in current social and political reality. The author constructed types of national leadership and projected duties and entitlements for a national leader role. Th e aim is to present a flexible set of educational duties and entitlements, and not to present the coherent structure of ideas similar to systemic national ideology. On the basis of a national experience project the author presents the national leader role as sensitive to different types of knowledge.
PL
The article discusses the topic of defining femininity in Russia on the basis of cultural patterns existing in society. The subject of the research is a woman in Russian tv series Мамочки. The article also examine the role oft he media in creating new reality. The research tool which has been used in this publication is a TV series – understood as a text of culture. Using the content and visual images included in the tv series, the specifics of gender roles in contemporary Russia have been pointed out.
EN
The beginning of the 19th century brought an absolute domination of women on the ballet stage (although they had to face the challenge of mastering the language of dance created by men and originally intended for them on the professional stage). The process of feminisation, also in this ‘symbolic’ aspect, which theatrical dance was undergoing from the nineteenth century directed the research by dance theorists towards the so-called problem of the male dancer (Burt, 2007). However, the complexities of the code of masculinity can be viewed at all the stages of the development of the forms of choreography, i.e. from the dance intermedia of the Renaissance to the autonomous, in terms of content, action ballets of the Enlightenment (referring, inter alia, to the images of the androgynous figures of the burlesque ballets of the time of Louis XIII, or the phenomenon of cross-casting of the court ballet of the Sun King era).
EN
This article argues for the need of a rapprochement between scholars who study ethnographic and literary ways of knowing minority communities that have limited access to self-representation. While in the past literary critics and cultural anthropologists tended to emphasize their distinctive methodologies and conventions of writing about such communities, this article draws on the work of postmodern anthropologists, critical theorists, literary critics, and historians to demarcate the common ground between ethnography and literature. Through the efforts of Clifford Geertz, James Clifford, Mary Louise Pratt, George Marcus, Michael Fisher, and many others, cultural anthropology has, at least to some extent, come to terms with the limitations of participant observation and the textuality of its product. However, a parallel reckoning has not taken place within literary studies. It is the goal of this article to push the process a step further by emphasizing the mutual indebtedness of literary and ethnographic writing.
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EN
This article argues for the need of a rapprochement between scholars who study ethnographic and literary ways of knowing minority communities that have limited access to self-representation. While in the past literary critics and cultural anthropologists tended to emphasize their distinctive methodologies and conventions of writing about such communities, this article draws on the work of postmodernanthropologists, critical theorists, literary critics, and historians to demarcate the common ground between ethnography and literature. Through the efforts of Clifford Geertz, James Clifford, Mary Louise Pratt, George Marcus, Michael Fisher, and many others, cultural anthropology has, at least to some extent, come to terms with the limitations of participant observation and the textuality of its product. However, a parallel reckoning has not taken place within literary studies. It is the goal of this article to push the process a step further by emphasizing the mutual indebtedness of literary and ethnographic writing.
10
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Władza a kultura

75%
EN
Authority – even though the title of this paper may suggest so – is not a phenomenon opposing culture. It is actually a product of culture or, as sometimes said, of the achievements of civilisation. Since authority is a product of culture, it may not be treated as a phenomenon isolated from it, without any ties with cultural patterns, which may – as a result – act as determinants of the institutional and functional qualities of authority. Culture and its products (including knowledge, law, religion, morality, etc.), like other social phenomena, can become factors stimulating the exercise of authority, or act as factors to stabilise or curb this exercise within the framework of the patterns (norms) it has created. Societies make constant choices in terms of adopting, modifying, and rejecting various cultural patterns.
PL
Władza – choć tak może być odczytane brzmienie tytułu tej pracy – nie jest fenomenem przeciwstawnym kulturze. Jest ona bowiem wytworem kultury właśnie, albo jak się niekiedy twierdzi, osiągnięć cywilizacji. Skoro władza jest wytworem kultury, to nie może być traktowana jako zjawisko od niej odrębne i niemające związków z wzorcami kultury, które wskutek tego mogą być determinantami instytucjonalnych i funkcjonalnych cech władzy. Kultura i jej wytwory (m.in. wiedza, prawo, religia, moralność itp.), podobnie jak inne fenomeny społeczne mogą być czynnikami stymulującymi działalność władzy, albo być czynnikiem tę działalność stabilizującą bądź ją ograniczającą w ramach wzorców (norm) przez nią wytworzonych. Społeczeństwa nieustannie dokonują wyborów w zakresie przyswajania, modyfikowania i odrzucania wzorców kultury.
EN
Linguistic conceptualization of time in Tyniec translation of the Bible This article attempts to characterise various verbal connections with the word time in Tyniec translation of the Bible. Expressions with the word time give ample material, allowing for multi-linguistic analysis, it is more than 800 examples of the word time (684 in the Old Testament and 160 in the New Testament), after taking account of other word units associated with the determination of time, it is more than 4,000 word units. Expressions with the word time in Polish edition of the Bible reflect the mind-set and culture, manifested in the Polish language, of course, inextricably linked with the biblical Semitic motivations. Time in the Bible is thus conceptualized as a measurable physical quantity, synthesizing different units of measure: size, length, but also the weight (e.g. hard times), a certain continuity of religious events focused on eternity and as a sacred cycle. The clearest expression seems to be the right time, understood as a convenient, appropriate moment.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the socio-cultural factors that influenced the differentiation of current models of politeness in the Croatian and Polish language. The analysis has been subject to verbal behaviors and their corresponding non-verbal behaviors and the evaluation of these behaviors by Croatian speakers. Formal and informal greetings, farewells and modes of address were used as examples.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie czynników socjokulturowych, które wpłynęły na zróżnicowanie aktualnych modeli grzeczności w języku chorwackim i języku polskim. Analizie poddane zostały zachowania werbalne i korespondujące z nimi zachowania niewerbalne, a także ocena tych zachowań przez chorwackich użytkowników języka. Jako materiał egzemplifikacyjny posłużyły powitania, pożegnania oraz formy adresatywne w rejestrze oficjalnym i nieoficjalnym.
13
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Culture and Authority II

63%
EN
The subject matter of the second part of the article (the first part was published in issue 1/2019 of the “Critique of Law”) is a continuation of the analysis of the impact of cultural patterns such as integrity, social dialogue, elimination of violence on the formation of the relationships between authorities and members of the state community.
Stylistyka
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2015
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vol. 24
299-317
EN
This article is a contribution to the study of Polish cultural patterns’ sources and their performance in terms of stylistics and sociology. The methodological basis for the article is the idea in accordance to which each linguistic behavior is marked both stylistically and sociologically. Linguistic means abstracted from specific language behaviors are guidelines of stylistic and genre affinity of a text as well as social, pragmatic and genre competence of its creator.An illustration of this idea is the picture of the functioning of lexemes wojna (war) and wojneczka (diminutive of war). Their scope of meaning remains in conflict with respect to the connotation, association and lexicographical shots bundled with designatum of formative base, i.e. the lexeme war. Hence, the main aim of this article has been the question about the functioning of these lexemes in the culturally differential texts and about the scope of meaning depending on the social and functional conditions of use.The source of “unique” functioning of wojenka and wojneczka lexemes proved to be a folk song to be exact, where a large number of both diminutives results: first, from the fact that folk poetry is melic; secondly from typical for rural community point of view, according to which wojna, wojenka, wojneczka mean ‘a faraway place, a vague land’. A different scope of word meaning of the studied lexemes formed in legion songs from the First World War and some uprising songs. It allowed to talk about war with the same gentleness as about women and to emphasize the glorification of the specific kind of life and war deeds, as well as specific kind of joy and excitement in the fight for freedom of homeland, which was enslaved for 123 years.The custom of naming the hostilities wojenka or wojneczka and attributing to themslightly different meanings was recorded in the folk language but it has been gradually vanishing since the Second World War. Nowadays the word wojenka is used in a broader sense than given in dictionaries and refers not only to military conflict but to all types of conflicts, and very often gets ironic or humorous meaning. It is clear however, that the patterns of talking about a war which have achieved status of folkloreor mass, are up-to-date and they play a role of a cultural identifier.
PL
   
PL
Artykuł przynosi omówienie konotacji semantycznych i kulturowych właściwych nazwie barwy zielonej w czterech językach: polskim, ukraińskim, szwedzkim i wietnamskim. W opisie materiału językowego, zebranego w ramach zespołowego tematu badawczego z zakresu porównawczej semantyki leksykalnej, autorka koncentruje się na przedstawieniu zjawisk wspólnych przynajmniej dla dwóch z zestawianych języków. Omawiane w pracy nazwy barw odznaczają się dużą łączliwością, która odzwierciedla poszczególne profile ich znaczenia prototypowego, odnoszącego się do roślinności. Uwidocznione w analizie stosunkowo duże zbieżności w kierunkach rozwoju konotacji znaczeniowych i kulturowych podstawowych nazw barw: polskiej zielony, ukraińskiej zełenyj, szwedzkiej grön i wietnamskiej zanh są interpretowane jako argumenty uzasadniające hipotezę o istnieniu pewnych wzorców kulturowych, podstawowych dla ludzkiej percepcji i konceptualizacji.
EN
The article discusses semantic and cultural connotations of the terms for the colour green in four languages: Polish, Ukrainian, Swedish and Vietnamese. In her analysis of the material, collected by a team of researches working on contrastive lexical semantics, the author focuses on phenomena common to at least two out of the four languages. The terms under investigation exhibit considerable valence reflecting various profiles of their prototypical meaning relating to plant life. The developments of semantic and cultural connotations of the Polish zielony, Ukrainian zelenyi, Swedish grön and Vietname.se xanh are rather diverse, which is taken as corroboration of the hypothesis according to which there exist certain cultural patterns basic for human perception and conceptualization.
EN
“It has been the effort of the author to connect the study of language with the study of other branches of anthropology, for a language is best understood when the habits, customs, institutions, philosophy – the subject-matter of thought embodied in the language – are best known. The student of language should be a student of the people who speak the language; and to this end the book [paper – P.C.] has been prepared, with many hints and suggestions relating to other branches of anthropology.” Powell ([1877] 1880: vi)
PL
“Wysiłek autora został skupiony na połączeniu zgłębiania języka ze zgłębianiem innych gałęzi antropologii, bowiem język jest najlepiej rozumiany gdy nawyki, obyczaje, instytucje, filozofia – esencja myśli urzeczywistnionej w języku – są najlepiej poznane. Badacz języka powinien zajmować się ludźmi, którzy mówią tym językiem; to właśnie było celem napisania tej książki [pracy – P.C.], zawierającej wiele odniesień do innych gałęzi antropologii”.     Powell ([1877] 1880: vi)
PL
Artykuł dotyczy konsekwencji badawczych, jakie dla nauk związanych z językoznawstwem wynikają z podejścia kognitywistycznego. Tłem do ukazania tych konsekwencji jest tradycyjna opozycja indywidualizmu i holizmu. Świadomość istnienia opozycji holizm/indywidualizm przy wyjaśnianiu zjawisk językowych istnieje od czasów de Saussure’a. Jego argumenty na rzecz holizmu nie są jednak przekonujące. Teorie Chomsky’ego pojmują język indywidualistycznie. Teorie socjolingwistyczne, mimo akcentowania kontekstu społecznego, zawierają nieusuwalny czynnik odwołujący się do jednostkowej kompetencji mówienia. Analiza zjawisk kulturowych również nie dostarcza argumentów przeciwko indywidualizmowi, ponieważ kognitywista zakłada, że kultura nie istnieje poza jednostkowymi systemami konceptualnymi. Wzorce kulturowe są tylko efektem ujmowania doświadczenia w odpowiednie schematy konceptualne. Odróżnia się wyjaśnienie indywidualistyczne, odwołujące się do motywów, chęci, obaw jednostek, od wyjaśnienia instytucjonalnego, odwołującego się do żywionych przez jednostkę przekonań o mitach, ideach. Badacz rzeczywistości kulturowej akceptujący kognitywizm musi liczyć się z faktem zmiany przedmiotu badania, z przejściem od badania instytucji społecznej (przedmiotów ponadjednostkowych) do badania jednostkowych systemów konceptualnych, subiektywnych treści umysłu.
EN
The paper, organized around the background of the traditional opposition between individualism and holism, discusses the consequences of cognitivism for the study of language. The validity of the opposition in linguistics has been recognized since the times of the Saussure, whose arguments in favour of holism were, however, unconvincing. Chomsky's theories of language, on the other hand, are individualistic in nature. Sociolinguistic theories, in turn, in spite of stressing the social context, include an irremovable factor of an individual speech competence. An analysis of cultural phenomena does not provide arguments against individualism, either, as the cognitivist assumes that there is no culture beyond individual conceptual systems. Cultural paradigms are merely results of experience being captured into relevant conceptual schemata. A distinction is drawn between individualistic and institutional explication. The former relates to motives, desires or anxieties of individuals, the latter to an individual's convictions about myths, ideas etc. The overall line of argument presented in the paper is that someone studying culture in a cognitivist fashion must be ready to accept a change in the subject matter of his or her research. The focus shifts from social institutions (supraindividual entities) to individual conceptual systems and subjective matters of the mind.
19
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Władza a kultura II

45%
EN
The subject matter of the second part of the article (the first part was published in issue 1/2019 of the “Critique of Law”) is a continuation of the analysis of the impact of cultural patterns such as integrity, social dialogue, elimination of violence on the formation of the relationships between authorities and members of the state community.
PL
Przedmiotem drugiej części artykułu (pierwsza część została opublikowana w numerze 1/2019 „Krytyki Prawa”) pozostaje analiza wpływu wzorców kultury, m. in. takich jak uczciwość, dialog społeczny, eliminacja przemocy, na formowanie stosunków między władzą a członkami społeczności państwowej.
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2021
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vol. 12
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issue 1
93-107
EN
We use the word “rite” or “ritual” especially in relation to religion and myth to indicate those aspects of it that make religious experience possible in the mystical dimension. Rituals are presented as sets of acts or normatively codified practices that form cultural patterns of a given society and are a representation of the cultural values ​​and standards. They are fundamental for the institutionalization of roles, the formation of social identity and social cohesion. We’ll sketch several philosophical perspectives to show conceptual differences and theoretical views concerning the notion of ritual and its normative aspects.
PL
Rytuały: perspektywy filozoficzne i aspekty normatywne Używamy słów „ryt” lub „rytuał”, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do religii i mitu, aby wskazać te aspekty, które umożliwiają doświadczenie religijne w wymiarze mistycznym. Rytuały przedstawiane są jako zbiory aktów lub normatywnie skodyfikowanych praktyk, które kształtują wzorce kulturowe danego społeczeństwa i są reprezentacją wartości i standardów kulturowych. Mają fundamentalne znaczenie dla instytucjonalizacji ról, kształtowania społecznej tożsamości i spójności. Szkicujemy kilka perspektyw filozoficznych, aby pokazać różnice koncepcyjne i poglądy teoretyczne dotyczące pojęcia rytuału i jego normatywnych aspektów.
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