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PL
Leff to instytucja prawa zwyczajowego stosowana do zawierania sojuszy i aliansów politycznych. Przyjmuje się że powstała ona w okresie wczesnego średniowiecza w XI w. n.e. Autor artykułu wykazuje, że dzięki analizie tekstu źródłowego z kroniki el- Bekriego można znaleźć na obszarze istniejącego we wczesnym średniowieczu emiratu Nekôr ślady stosowania tego prawa zawierania sojuszy już w IX w. n.e.
EN
Leff is the institution of custom law which was applied to conclude political partnerships and alliances. It is assumed that it was established in the early Middle Ages in the 11th c. AD. The author of the article demonstrates that thanks to an analysis of a source text from al-Bakri one may find traces of the use of this law of concluding alliances as early as in the 9th c. AD in the Nekôr emirate that existed in the early Middle Ages.
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EN
Financial law is an autonomous and non-codified branch of public law of the legal system of the Slovak republic. This fact is accepted not only by theorists of financial law but it follows from the literature dealing with the theory of low. The Slovak financial law provides for legal relations of various characters. For this reason financial law is obviously divided into independent parts, or, sub-branches, such as: budget law, monetary law, custom law, charge law, law of financial market and tax law. Social, economic and political changes result in consequent adjustments of financial - legal relations. Several principal changes took place during last period. Especially the transfer from centrally regulated to market economics, constitution of the Slovak republic, its integration into European Union and afterwards into euro-monetary area. The goal of this paper is to point out the existing characteristics of financial law, its content and structure in historical context with emphasis on the last political and socio-economical changes. Results of this review are reflected in the definition and structure of financial law, as autonomous legal branch. This paper provides a sketchfor possible orientation in financial law of Slovakia for the future, including the facts that could influence its content.
SK
Súčasťou právneho systému Slovenskej republiky je dlhodobo aj finančné právo ako samostatné a nekodifikované právne odvetvie verejného práva. Na uvedenej skutočnosti sa zhodujú nielen teoretici finančného práva, ale vyplýva to aj z odbornej právnickej literatúry, ktorá sa zaoberá teóriou práva. Slovenské finančné právo upravuje finančno-právne vzťahy rozmanitého charakteru. Z tohto dôvodu sa finančné právo zvykne členiť na samostatné celky, respektíve pododvetvia, a to rozpočtové právo, menové právo, devízové právo, colné právo, poplatkové právo, právo finančného trhu, prípadne aj daňové právo. Spoločensko-ekonomické, ale aj politické zmeny, väčšinou znamenajú následné zmeny v právnej úprave finančno-právnych vzťahov.V poslednom období došlo k viacerým takýmto, dá sa povedať zásadným zmenám, ktorými boli najmä prechod z centrálne riadenej ekonomiky na ekonomiku trhovú, vznik Slovenskej republiky, vstup Slovenskej republiky do Európskej únie a následne do eurozóny.Cieľom článku je zamyslieť sa nad existujúcimi charakteristikami finančného práva (ktoré sú výsledkom nielen slovenskej, ale aj českej teoretickej obce), jeho členením, prípadne obsahom, a to všetko v kontexte historických súvislostí s dôrazom na nedávne politické a spoločensko-ekonomické zmeny.Výsledkom skúmania sú úvahy o vymedzení a štruktúre finančného práva ako samostatného právneho odvetvia v súčasnom období. Článok obsahuje aj náčrt možného budúceho smerovania finančného práva na Slovensku, vrátane skutočností, ktoré môžu mať vplyv na jeho obsahovú stránku.
EN
The first Sejm of the Renascent Republic of Poland — the Legislative Sejm — performed not only the legislative function, but also other systemic functions: oversight over the executive, creative function and the function of the guardian of Deputies’ immunity. In order to perform those functions, the chamber applied various detailed parliamentary procedures — variants of the so-called motion proceedings. The sources of law of these procedures contained norms rudimentarily included in the Small Constitution of 20 February 1919 and principally, in the Standing Orders of the Sejm, although there predominated legal-customary norms, partially implemented from Western European parliamentarism, and partially established domestically, on the basis of parliamentary practice. The majority of extra-legislative procedures and proceedings commenced on their basis, were those within the oversight function of the Sejm (including proceedings related to government investments, interpellations and proceedings involving investigative committees), and further, proceedings related to immunity, including mostly proceedings in matters to express the chamber’s consent to waive a Deputy’s immunity and interventions related to infringement of a Deputy’s immunity by organs of administration. The proceedings established by the Legislative Sejm in relation to immunity proceedings, in the scope of bringing Deputies to extra-immunity accountability, applied eight times before the intra-chamber peer courts — Marshal’s Court and Court of Honour — were an originality in all of the European parliamentarism of the time.
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