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EN
During the period of the prime minister's office by Józef Piłsudski, agricultural policy focused on activities aimed at protecting the consumer's interests. As a result, it focused on activities aimed at regulating the prices of agricultural commodities, mainly cereals. Such regulation by means of export restrictions contributed to a sharp fall in cereal prices. Regulation of trade in agricultural products did not positively affect the amplitude of price fluctuations. The reason for this was the undecided government export and import measures. Frequent changes caused anxiety among sellers and buyers, which caused that the price differences paid by producers and consumers significantly increased. Therefore, this policy encountered serious resistance from the landowners' spheres, merchants, as well as grain millers, who were also trade with grain. The attempt to develop a comprehensive plan of aid to agriculture was undertaken only at the turn of 1929 and 1930. The government's actions aimed at intensifying agricultural production did not bring good results. Eventually, they were stopped by the economic crisis.
PL
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EN
The first difficulty in liberalization agricultural trade stemmed from his position as the United States and the application of ny quantitative restriction. But then the main reason for the exclusion of agriculture from the negotiations was the first position of the EWG, and then of the European communities. Community countries already in the mid-sixties introduced protectionist common agricultural policy (CAP: Common Agricultural Policy). Generally speaking, liberal trade policy brings benefits in comparison with protectionism. This was reflected in the main principles of the international trade policy in the framework of the WTO and the EU. Also the introduction and opening of the Polish economy was made possible thanks to the progressive liberalization of this policy. The most important were tariff reductions resulting from the agreements of the WTO and of the Europe agreement with the EU.
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań autora jest strategia rozwoju administracji celnej w okresie poprzedzającym przystąpienie Polski do Unii Europejskiej, jaką polska administracja celna musi kontynuować, i działań, które należy podjąć w najbliższym czasie. Strategia ta została zawarta w dokumencie "Europa Środkowa. Strategia przedakcesyjna dla cła i podatków", przygotowanym przez Dyrekcję Generalną XXI Komisji Europejskiej w 1997 roku. Strategia ma na celu osiągnięcie zarówno pełnej zgodności ustawodawstwa, jak i pełnej sprawności organizacyjnej i operacyjnej służb celnych.
EN
In this paper the author analysis legal, organisational and operational conditions of our customs services and contrasts it with requirements included in the document of General Board of XXI European Commission called "Central Europe. Pre Access Strategy for Customs and Taxes". Poland – according to the author – has to concentrate mainly on adjusting its legal regulations to requirements set by the Union. Particular attention should be paid to the staff recruitment and its training. Constant upgrading of its qualifications and professional ethics of customs officers, their executive skills and effectiveness becomes a necessary requirement needed for creating modern customs services which is indispensable for future protection of the Union's border. Polish customs administration must be prepared in advance to new tasks in changed conditions of its operations like: transferring customs incomes to the Union's general budget, increasing its control effectiveness and using at the same time simplified procedures, implementing electronic checkpoints, developing those services which refer to a secondary control (post import one) and forming of customs investigation services, as well as using techniques of market analysis, creating a nation-wide laboratory which would make expertise on commodities for the whole country, and on Union standards; implementing nation-wide information systems which will lead to efficient co-operation within the Union. Poland should already use all transit procedures that are required by the European Union to improve customs clearance and at the same time to combat crime. To make the trade more flexible, customs administration should develop its co-operation with trade sectors and economy and at the same time is should monitor their development with foreign exchange of goods and services.
EN
The final phase of the Napoleonic Wars was associated with rapid changes in Central Europe. Apart from the border changes, the thorough reforms of state management carried out in the Russian Empire were also valid. One of the important elements of these changes was the determination of the status of the Duchy of Warsaw in relation to the Empire. The article presents a short, but turbulent and hesitant process of organizing the custom administration on the western land border of the Russian Empire. The Board of Russian Customs and Trade Affairs in Warsaw, practically unknown in Polish historiography, is a testimony to the first attempt to incorporate this territory into the Russian customs area, which finally took place in 1851.
PL
Końcowa faza wojen napoleońskich wiązała się z gwałtownymi przemianami w Europie Środkowej. Poza zmianami granic równie ważne były gruntowne reformy zarządzania państwem przeprowadzone także w Imperium Rosyjskim. Jednym z ważnych elementów tych przemian było określenie statusu Księstwa Warszawskiego w stosunku do Imperium. Artykuł przedstawia krótki, ale burzliwy i pełen wahań, proces organizacji administracji celnej na zachodniej lądowej granicy Imperium Rosyjskiego. Praktycznie nieznany w polskiej historiografii Zarząd Rosyjskich Spraw Celnych i Handlowych w Warszawie jest świadectwem pierwszej próby włączenia tego terytorium do rosyjskiego obszaru celnego, co ostatecznie dokonało się w 1851 r.
RU
Końcowa faza wojen napoleońskich wiązała się z gwałtownymi przemianami w Europie Środkowej. Poza zmianami granic równie ważne były gruntowne reformy zarządzania państwem przeprowadzone także w Imperium Rosyjskim. Jednym z ważnych elementów tych przemian było określenie statusu Księstwa Warszawskiego w stosunku do Imperium. Artykuł przedstawia krótki, ale burzliwy i pełen wahań, proces organizacji administracji celnej na zachodniej lądowej granicy Imperium Rosyjskiego. Praktycznie nieznany w polskiej historiografii Zarząd Rosyjskich Spraw Celnych i Handlowych w Warszawie jest świadectwem pierwszej próby włączenia tego terytorium do rosyjskiego obszaru celnego, co ostatecznie dokonało się w 1851 r.
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