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1
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The threat of cyber attacks in urban conurbations

100%
Bachor M.
Security and Defence Quarterly
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2018
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vol. 20
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issue 3
72-84
EN
This paper investigates the threat of cyber attacks in urban conurbations. The first section attempts to define cyberspace and to identify potential objects of attack in the city. The second section analyses the history of past cyber attacks, and the final section gives an overview of activities performed by states and organisations with a view to countering and eliminating cyber threats.
2
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Zapobieganie i zwalczanie zagrożeń ze strony cyberprzestrzeni

100%
Iskierka I.
Dydaktyka informatyki
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2014
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vol. 9
82-90
PL
W pracy omówiono zagadnienia związane z ochroną przed cyberzagrożeniami. Zwrócono uwagę na wzrost cyberzagrożeń i konieczność skoordynowania działań w zakresie zapobiegania i zwalczania zagrożeń ze strony cyberprzestrzeni. Ukazano działania zespołu CERT.GOV.PL, funkcjonującego w ramach Departamentu Bezpieczeństwa Teleinformatycznego ABW, które szczególnie uwzględniają ataki ukierunkowane na infrastrukturę obejmującą systemy i sieci telein-formatyczne. Wskazano na potrzebę cyberedukacji dla bezpieczeństwa.
EN
The work discusses the issues related to the protection against cyber threats. Attention on the growth of cyber threats and the need to coordinate activities in the field of the prevention and control of risks on the part of cyberspace. Discusses the Team CERT.GOV.PL functioning within the framework of the Security Department of the ABW, which particularly include targeted attacks on infrastructure, including information and communication systems and networks. Indicated the need of education for cyber security.
3
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COMPUTER NETWORK OPERATIONS IN THE LIGHT OF IUS IN BELLO

100%
Kowalczewska K.
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
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2014
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vol. 15(15)
135-143
EN
The paper deals with the legal definition of attack under international humanitarian law, analysed in the context of cyber “attacks”. The armed nature of cyber operation is distinguished from a violent one and therefore special section is devoted to the indirect consequences of cyber attacks. It is also noted that the incremental resort to automated weapon systems, controlled by computer networks still highly vulnerable to hostile malware and interference, challenges the current state of law. Finally, the author attempts to render the linkage between law and IT, both greatly concerned with cyber security.
4
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Cyberbezpieczeństwo w Federacji Rosyjskiej. Zarys problemu

88%
Giebień H.
Wschodnioznawstwo
|
2018
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issue 12
187-204
EN
The article undertakes the issues of cybersecurity in Russia. It shows the scale of cybercrime, their impact on the functioning of the states and attempts to solve the problem. The main thesis of the article states that the Russia Federation seeks to enhance its cyberspace security systems both on the legislative and executive level, trying to protect state’s institutions and critical infrastructure as well as cooperating with other states and international organizations. The articles analyses primary and secondary sources such as legal acts, reports, scientific literature, and Russian press, to present the research problem and draw conclusions. The research shows that the Russian authorities are aware of the multiple challenges they have to face to ensure the eÐ cient security of the cyberspace. Among the key elements are the raise of the level of competence of Russian specialists fighting cybercrimes, creation of the efficient infrastructure and protection against cyber attacks as well as improving the international system of information exchange on threats in the network. Russia faces also the challenge to strengthen multilateral cooperation with other states, based on mutual trust, especially in the face of a negative image of Russia resulting from the activities of hackers, connected to the state, who can paralyze the critical infrastructure of the other states.
5
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Finland in the light of cyber threats in the context of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine

75%
Kaczmarek K.
Cybersecurity and Law
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2023
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vol. 9
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issue 1
204-214
EN
Russia’s attack on Ukraine on 24 February 2022 caused Finland to put an end to its longstanding policy of finlandization and to make a decision to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Intensified Russian-inspired cyber-attacks against Finland were expected. However, over the first three quarters of 2022, no major cyber incidents occurred. In this article, the Author will undertake an attempt to answer the question as to how Finland and Finnish society defend themselves against cyber threats and whether the lack of any recorded attacks from Russia is the result of Finland’s level of cyber security or the Kremlin’s lack of interest in such activities.
6
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Cyberbezpieczeństwo systemów teleinformatycznych w dobie powszechnej cyfryzacji

75%
Antczak J., Kos M.
Nowoczesne Systemy Zarządzania
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2022
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vol. 17
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issue 3
81-98
EN
The period of the 21st century is unprecedented in terms of developments in technology. Users of cyberspace must proactively use security preservation practices to be realistically effective and noticeable. The purpose of the article was to study the impact of rapidly advancing digitization on the cyber security of ICT systems and the awareness of their users in this regard. From the research, it was clear that there are several areas of cyber security in which steps should be taken to increase public awareness. The main area is awareness that any Internet user can be a potential target of a cyber attack. Another important area that was highlighted during the analysis of survey responses is the blatant password management policies practiced by Internet users. The following research methods and techniques were used in the article: survey method, induction method as a form of going from the particular to the general, deduction method as a form of generalization and inference, analysis of literature and statistical data. The topics discussed in the article indicate the need to conduct and develop research on how society responds to changes in cyberspace.
PL
Okres XXI wieku jest bezprecedensowy, jeżeli chodzi o rozwój w obszarze technologii. Użytkownicy cyberprzestrzeni muszą proaktywnie korzystać z praktyk związanych zachowaniem bezpieczeństwa, aby były one realnie skuteczne i odczuwalne. Celem artykułu było zbadanie wpływu dynamicznie postępującej cyfryzacji na cyberbezpieczeństwo systemów teleinformatycznych oraz świadomości ich użytkowników w tym zakresie. Przeprowadzone badania jednoznacznie wskazują, iż istnieje kilka obszarów cyberbezpieczeństwa, w których należałoby poczynić kroki mające na celu zwiększenie świadomości społeczeństwa. Główny obszar stanowi uświadomienie, że każdy użytkownik Internetu może być potencjalnym celem ataku cybernetycznego. Kolejnym istotnym obszarem, który został uwidoczniony podczas analizy odpowiedzi na pytania ankietowe, jest rażąca polityka zarządzania hasłami praktykowana przez użytkowników Internetu. W artykule wykorzystano następujące metody i techniki badawcze: metody ankietowe, metody indukcji jako formy przechodzenia od szczegółu do ogółu, metodę dedukcji jako formę uogólniającą i wnioskową, analizę literatury oraz danych statystycznych. Poruszana tematyka w opracowaniu wskazuje na konieczność prowadzenia oraz rozwoju badań nad sposobem, w jaki społeczeństwo reaguje na zmiany zachodzące w cyberprzestrzeni.
7
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Media Literacy in the Context of Russia's War

75%
Rzhevska D., Kuzmenko V.
Language. Culture. Politics. International Journal
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2023
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vol. 1
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issue 1
205-225
EN
The state is not able to control all the information flows and channels of obtaining information by ordinary citizens. This is especially felt in the conditions of war, as the enemy constantly changes the forms and methods of destructive influence, resorting to hybrid techniques. This is why media literacy needs to use new mechanisms for its improvement and dissemination. The ability to resist and oppose the information attacks of an enemy will depend on the consciousness and awareness of each individual and society as a whole. This article sheds light on this problem. It is also indicated that disinformation campaigns are becoming more and more widespread and pose a serious threat to critical infrastructure and democratic processes in the state. It is important to understand these tactics and methods are used by actors to spread misinformation and false narratives to manipulate audiences. By recognizing these strategies, individuals, organizations, and governments can take steps to mitigate the impact of disinformation campaigns. This is
8

Zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego działaniami w cyberprzestrzeni jako przesłanka wprowadzenia stanów nadzwyczajnych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem bezpieczeństwa finansowego

63%
Frańczuk M.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
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2014
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issue 2(926)
71-87
PL
W opracowaniu przedstawiono zarys problematyki związanej z możliwością wprowadzenia jednego z wymienionych w Konstytucji RP stanów nadzwyczajnych w sytuacji zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa obywateli i porządku publicznego działaniami w cyberprzestrzeni. Przytoczono definicje cyberprzestrzeni oraz zwrócono uwagę na zagrożenia panujące w niej we współczesnym świecie. W tym zakresie powołano się zarówno na regulacje krajowe, jak i międzynarodowe. W dalszej części opracowania odwołano się także do pojęcia bezpieczeństwa finansowego państwa i podjęto próbę jego zdefiniowania. Bezpieczeństwo finansowe nie jest bowiem uregulowane wprost ani w Konstytucji RP, ani w aktach prawnych niższych rangą. W omawianym kontekście interesująca jest przede wszystkim płaszczyzna zagrożenia atakami hakerskimi mogącymi powodować bezpośrednie zagrożenie dla systemu finansowego państwa, a w konsekwencji – zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa finansowego obywateli i porządku publicznego.
EN
This paper outlines issues related to the possibility of introducing one of the states of emergency specified by the Polish Constitution in response to cyber activity and cyber attacks that threaten public safety and security. To examine the issue, the definition of cyberspace is analysed. The author also highlights the danger of the cyberspace threat in today’s globalised world. In this context, both national and international regulations are discussed. The paper also focuses on the concept of financial security in the country. Because the term “financial security” is not defined explicitly in either the Constitution or subordinate legislation, an attempt is made to produce an appropriate definition. Cyber operations and cyber attacks that may cause a direct threat to a country’s financial system, ultimately posing a threat to the financial security of citizens, are of particular interest.
9
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Nation-State Cyber Operations Legal Considerations: An Estonian Case Study

63%
Małecka A.
Safety & Defense
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2021
|
vol. 3
EN
States use cyberspace as one of the platforms for pursuing national interests, also in the context of armed conflict. Due to their inherent purpose, certain principles of international law also apply to the activities of entities (state and non-state) in cyberspace. The main research problem was defined as the following question: under what conditions could the terms in international law be used to describe the events in Estonia in 2007 that imply the possibility of eventual responses or demands by victim parties consistent with international standards? In the article, the events in Estonia in 2007 were compared to existing methods of cyber warfare. The main research methods that were used to achieve the essential objective were: analysis of legal documents and critical analysis of the literature on the subject. The analysis is interdisciplinary in nature and will be particularly useful to researchers of international political and/or military relations and those interested in aspects of international security.
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