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EN
The goal of the article is to assess the exposure of gold mine stock prices to changes of the gold price and the development of stock market represented by S&P 500 index between 1997 and 2016, using as measures the gold Beta and the market Beta respectively. To implement this goal, stationarity of time-series was examined by the means of augmented Dickey–Fuller test, an exponential model was constructed, cointegration test was carried out since basic time-series were non-stationary and descriptive analysis was also used. Studies have shown that in the whole period analyzed and in sub-periods (bull and bear market) the long-term relationship between considered time-series did not appear. Cointegration was recorded only in the case of two companies while taking into account the whole period analyzed and in one case for bull market period (α = 0,1). The relationship between changes in mine stock prices and market fluctuation (S&P500 index) was for these companies atypical and the deciding factor in evolution of their prices was the stock market. For the third company mine stock prices were more sensitive to changes in prices on the gold market than on the stock market. In the case of analyzed companies the relationship between gold mine stock prices and on the stock market is the long-term one. Apart from mentioned above cases cointegration did not take place. No long-run relationship was recorded and the results revealed the existence of spurious correlation. Results are crucial to investors choosing between physical gold regarded as safer in the long run, and mining stocks which prices are dependent on changes in prices on the gold and on the stock market.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie nieoczekiwanej odporności gospodarki polskiej na skutki globalnego kryzysu finansowego, mimo jej silnej integracji z gospodarkami innych krajów. Stawiamy tezę, że jedną z ważnych przyczyn tej odporności była niska zależność polskich firm od kredytu (niskie wykorzystywanie dźwigni finansowej). Dla wykazania tej tezy posługujemy się zarówno danymi makroekonomicznymi (stan i zmiany udziału kredytu i zobowiązań w bilansach firm o różnej wielkości), jak i danymi pochodzącymi z badań ankietowych przeprowadzanych corocznie na reprezentatywnej próbie firm przez GUS i NBP. Z badania wynika, że duża część firm w ogóle nie posługuje się kredytem. Nie są to jednak firmy o złej kondycji, którym odmówiono kredytu. Biorąc pod uwagę również dobrą kondycję finansową przedsiębiorstw w Polsce w ostatnich kilku latach należy zatem wnioskować, że mały zakres posługiwania się dźwignią finansową był świadomym wyborem przedsiębiorstw o lepszej kondycji finansowej które, zgodnie z teorią „pecking order”, posługiwały się w pierwszej kolejności środkami własnymi. Taka struktura finansowania powodowała ich relatywną odporność na okresowe zacieśnienie polityki kredytowej przez banki i, w konsekwencji, słabszą reakcję na warunki kryzysu finansowego.
EN
The article explores the extraordinary resilience of the Polish economy to the implications of the global financial crisis despite Poland’s strong integration with other economies. The authors hypothesize that one of the key reasons for this resilience is a low reliance on credit among Polish firms and their low use of financial leverage. To validate their hypothesis, the authors use both macroeconomic data (reflecting the role of credit in company balance sheets) and data from surveys carried out annually on a representative sample of companies by Poland’s Central Statistical Office (GUS) and the country’s central bank, the National Bank of Poland (NBP). The research shows that many firms decide against using credit at all if possible. Interestingly, the authors say, not only companies with a poor financial standing and those whose loan applications have been turned down follow this policy. Generally, Polish companies have been doing relatively well financially in recent years, the authors note, so their limited use of leverage is the result of a conscious choice rather than necessity, especially in the case of companies in relatively good shape. This is in line with the “pecking order” theory under which companies tend to obtain financing from sources that are readily available and then steadily move on to sources that may be more difficult to utilize. This means that a company is likely to make use of its internal resources first. Such a model of financing results in the relative resistance of Polish firms to any periodic tightening in bank lending policies and, consequently, in their greater resilience to the financial crisis, Boguszewski and Lissowska say.
EN
The goal of the article is to assess the exposure of gold mine stock prices to changes of its price between 1997 and 2016, using the gold price leverage as a measure expressed with the gold Beta. To implement this goal, an exponential model was constructed, and descriptive analysis was also used. Studies have shown that in the whole period analyzed the gold price leverage effect did not occur except in 3 companies. However, after the analyzed period was divided into subperiods (bull and bear gold market), the leverage effect was reported except for 5 companies during the bull market period. Therefore, the length of the analyzed period significantly impacts the obtained results. They are crucial to investors choosing between physical gold regarded as safer in the long run, and mining stocks, in which case they expect not only the leverage effect but also other benefits.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ocena ekspozycji kursów akcji kopalni złota na zmiany jego ceny w latach 1997–2016 przy zastosowaniu jako miary dźwigni ceny złota, wyrażonej betą złota. Dla realizacji tego celu zbudowano model potęgowy, posłużono się także analizą opisową. Badania wykazały, że w całym analizowanym okresie, oprócz 3 spółek, nie wystąpił efekt dźwigni ceny złota. Natomiast po podzieleniu analizowanego okresu na subokresy (hossy i bessy na rynku złota), z wyjątkiem 5 spółek w okresie hossy, stwierdzono efekt dźwigni. Długość okresu analizy ma zatem duży wpływ na otrzymane wyniki. Są one istotne dla inwestorów dokonujących wyboru między fizycznymi produktami złota, uważanymi za bezpieczniejsze w dłuższym okresie, a akcjami kopalni, w przypadku których oczekują oni nie tylko efektu dźwigni, ale i innych korzyści.
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