Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Refine search results

Journals help
Years help
Authors help

Results found: 42

first rewind previous Page / 3 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  damage
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 3 next fast forward last
EN
The article is devoted to the study of the legal nature of liability for damage caused by the source of enhanced danger. The conditions and grounds for liability for damage caused by a source of enhanced danger are considered. Determine the obligation to insure civil liability in obligations to compensate for damage caused by a source of enhanced danger. The scientific novelty is to analyze the national legislation on the legal regime of the source of high danger and to identify the elements of the danger of such sources.
EN
This paper displays the birth of the Russian intelligentsia and demonstrates the differences between educated people and members of the intelligentsia. It proves that each member of the intelligentsia is educated, while not every educated person is a member of the intelligentsia. Such a person needs to be fanatically devoted to the idea of the emancipation of the people, which is followed by atheists. The paper distinguishes the Russian intelligentsia and the Polish intelligentsia. It discovers the destructiveness of the intelligentsia based on the Gnostic-Manichaean foundation. It emphasizes the anti-worldness of the secularization of religious beliefs and ideas which are averse to the world as such. It proves that the Russian idea of the world transformation is motivated by destructive desires: hatred towards life, towards existence in bodily and physical mortal life. The author of the paper proves that the response to the destructive potential of the idea of the absolute world transformation triggered the beginnings of the Russian religious rebirth – the return to the metahistorical dimension of the Russian idea.
EN
Discontinuation of proceedings under Article 59a of the Criminal Code is a new institution in Polish criminal law. This article discusses selected issues relating to the premises for the application of Article 59a of the Criminal Code in practice. In view of the use by the legislator in Article 59a of the Criminal Code of concepts with vague meanings, their possible interpretations were proposed. It has been suggested that a rephrasing of the provision in question should be considered, in order to ensure the possibility of applying the said institution to a wider range of misdemeanours, as compensatory discontinuation is intended by the legislator to fulfil the redress function of proceedings and ensure the effectiveness and speed of criminal proceedings
EN
The article is devoted to the issue of the victim’s handing over a claim for compensation for damage caused by a crime to a third party by way of conclusion of a civil law contract. Reference has been made to a status of a buyer of a claim for damages, the possibility of its occurrence as a party to a criminal process, status of an aggrieved party, as well as the characteristic context of the criminal law obligation to repair a damage, with its main concepts: damage and the aggrieved party.
EN
The aim of this research paper is to realize an analysis of the tobacco market in Albania. We will be focused on some of the elements that have characterized this market, like the existence of monopoly situation. The study will help us reveal some of the problems that the monopoly as a competitive structure may have brought. We also want to treat some of the issues or problems that tobacco producers face. We want also to see how much they are supported from the government and also want to discover their opinion about different issues regarding the way in which this market functions. The results showed that there are several problems that tobacco producers in Albania face. These problems are related with the market competitive structure and also with the governmental intervention. Informality has been one of the elements that have been followed by some other problems for the producers; such as uncertainties for the producers. So the study revealed that not everything is going well for tobacco producers in Albania. One of the main elements that have done the producers not satis-fied as been the lack of the necessary support from the government, which should be more helpful toward them. tobacco, monopoly, producer, damage, financial profits Celem tego artykułu badawczego jest przeprowadzenie analizy rynku tytoniu w Albanii. Skoncentrujemy się na niektórych elementach charakteryzujących ten rynek, takich jak istnienie sytuacji monopolistycznej. Badanie po-może nam odkryć niektóre problemy, jakie mógł przynieść monopol jako struktura konkurencyjna. Chcemy również zająć się niektórymi problemami lub problemami, przed którymi stają producenci tytoniu. Chcemy także zobaczyć, jak bardzo są wspierani przez rząd, a także poznać ich opinie na temat różnych kwestii dotyczących sposobu funkcjonowania tego rynku. Wyniki pokazały, że istnieje kilka problemów, z którymi borykają się producenci tytoniu w Albanii. Problemy te są związane ze strukturą konkurencyjną rynku, a także z interwencją rządową. Nieformalność była jednym z elementów, po których nastąpiły inne problemy dla producentów; takie jak niepewność producentów. Badanie wykazało zatem, że nie wszystko idzie dobrze producentom tytoniu w Albanii. Jednym z głównych elementów, które sprawiły, że producenci nie byli zadowoleni, był brak niezbędnego wsparcia ze strony rządu, które powinno być dla nich bardziej pomocne. tytoń, monopol, producent, szkody, zyski finansowe
EN
Everybody who illegally harms another not only must recover the injured person, but also, may be committed a crime and be punished. According to this doctrine, every time that a participant in a sport activity touches a fellow player, or consciously runs the risk that an opponent may be touched during the game, an offence is committed and he or she is liable. This is clearly an unacceptable situation. If this were the usual way a participant in violence was dealt with by the courts, nobody would play sport, as the risk of conviction would be too great. Sport would be unable to continue in the form that we presently know it. On the other hand, sports often have inherent risks that cannot be eliminated without destroying the very essence of the activity. Consent and assumption of risk defenses in sport accident cases significantly affect resolving the conflict between performing sport as a useful and beneficial activity versus a dangerous practice, and prevent liability from being imposed for just participation in sport activity. Thus, discussion about these defenses can help athletes be more aware of their rights.
EN
There is a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against the cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk. A case study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during a year allows us to note tendencies present in the behaviour of criminals and helps to develop methods of counteracting similar crimes in the future. Based on the results of a number of such case studies it is then possible to assess the risk of crime against the national heritage in a much more complementary manner and minimise its occurrence.
EN
The paper describes practical problems relating to normalization of discrimination in labour law. It is about the role of compensation for discrimination, regardless of whether one takes into account either a compensatory or repressive role. The legal procedures with respect to employer's liability for discrimination are unclear, that is why there is a number of practical problems. The author has attempted to answer the question why, depending on the amount of compensation required, a damage have to or does not have to occur. The paper also refers to the issue of sharing the burden of proof in case of discrimination.
EN
The issue of pursuance of claims connected with damage inflicted by defective administrative decision was regulated by section 160 of the Administrative Procedure Code (APC) until 1 September 2004. The section was the basis for pursuance of claim in connection with ascertaining invalidity of administrative decision or a decision issued with breach of the law. However, since 1 September 2004, i.e. after the amendment of the Civil Procedure Code(CPC) came into force, the basis for liability for damage caused by final administrative decision issued before 1 September 2004 – even if its invalidity or issuing with breach of law were established after that date – constitutes section 160 of the APC - but only in the aspect of determining the wrongful act or premisses of responsibility (clauses 1–3) and also prescription of claim (clause 6). It is not applicable to the procedure (mode) of pursuance of claim (clause 4&5). In the present law, regardless of the date of issue of decision, the appropriate and only way of pursuance of claim is a lawsuit in court. This means that the administrative mode has been excluded, regardless of the basis of responsibility arising from section 160 of the APC or section 417(clause 2) of the CPC. The range of responsibility for defective decision issued before 1 Sept 2004 has also been differentiated, since the party claiming damage can demand compensation for sustained losses and lost benefits on the basis of section 160 of the APC – if the damage was caused between 17 Oct 1997 and 31 Aug 2004. If the damage was caused before 17 Oct 1997, the party can only demand compensation for sustained losses.
EN
Author considers if Article 4241 § 1 of Civil Proceedings Law is contrary to Basic Law, when it reduces possibility of placing plaint for identifying inconsistency with law of valid court decision in case when ,by its rendering, only one litigant suffered a damage. Law mentioned previously indicates that demanding of identifying inconsistency with law of valid court decision of second instance ending proceedings in process, is possible if by its rendering, litigant suffered a damage and a change or repeal of the judgement by tenable legal means wasn’t and is still not possible. Author shows that mentioned law doesn’t warrant placing a plaint to identify inconsistency with law of valid court decision, in case when by its rendering damage wasn’t done to litigant, but to assigned proxy representing litigant.
|
2022
|
vol. 55-56
|
issue 3-4
19-36
EN
Road safety barriers are a basic element of the road infrastructure aimed at improving the safety of road users. Design parameters and indications for assembly are strictly regulated by the GDDKiA (General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways) guidelines in accordance with the European standards. In Poland, the most commonly used barriers are thin-walled metal sheet barriers, rope barriers, and concrete ones. The types differ in terms of technical parameters and level of security they provide. One of the purposes of installing road safety barriers is to protect road users from hitting an obstacle in the vicinity of the road, and to protect people around the accident from the effects of an uncontrolled vehicle leaving the road. The effects of a collision caused by hitting a protective road barrier depend mainly on the type of the barrier and the vehicle. The authors made a detailed and interdisciplinary analysis of data on accidents resulting from hitting a road safety barrier, comparing them with information available in the literature, combining the technical aspects of the use of barriers with a medical description of the description of typical injuries.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł porusza wybrane kwestie związane z problematyką odpowiedzialności cywilnoprawnej notariusza w świetle ustawy z dnia 14 lutego 1991 r. – Prawo o notariacie. Przedstawiono tu część zagadnień związanych z odpowiedzialnością deliktową notariusza. Rozważania prezentowane w artykule dotyczą także statusu prawnego współczesnego notariatu oraz powinności nałożonych na notariusza, a związanych z jego obowiązkami zawodowymi. Całość artykułu wzbogacona została o literaturę przedmiotu oraz współczesne orzecznictwo.
EN
This article deals with selected issues related to the issues of civil liability of a notary public in the light of the Act of February 14, 1991 – Law on Notaries. The article presents selected aspects of a notary’s liability in tort. The considerations presented in the article also concern the legal status of modern notaries and the obligations imposed on notaries and related to their professional duties. The entire article was enriched with the literature on the subject and contemporary jurisprudence.
EN
This article concerns on presenting the issue of the admissibility of obtaining reimbursement of food expenses incurred by victims during their convalescence as part of their claim for compensation. The purpose of the research was to answer the question whether, in the light of the achievements of the court’s jurisprudence to date, the compensation due to persons who have suffered damage to their health may include their food expenses during the period of their recovery. The research is based on a dogmatic method, an examination of the current legal status and an analysis of selected court rulings made in compensation cases, in which the injured parties covered with compensation claims the expenses incurred for food costs. The research methods indicated are supplemented by a review of statements made by representatives of the legal science on the subject. The jurisprudence practice of the judiciary in the matter of covering the compensation granted to persons who have suffered damage to their health for the cost of meals during their convalescence is uneven and no universally applicable model of resolving such claims has been developed. The assessment of the jurisprudence in cases of this type leads to the conclusion that in court practice, the possibility of including food expenses in the awarded compensation benefits for the injured party depends on the specific circumstances of a given case, as well as on the parties to the proceedings demonstrating appropriate evidence initiative.
PL
Przedmiotem badań stanowiących podstawę niniejszego artykułu jest problematyka dopuszczalności uzyskania przez osoby poszkodowane zwrotu poniesionych wydatków na żywność w okresie rekonwalescencji w ramach przysługującego im roszczenia odszkodowawczego. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy w świetle dotychczasowego dorobku orzecznictwa sądów odszkodowanie należne osobom, które poniosły uszczerbek na zdrowiu, może obejmować poczynione przez te osoby wydatki na wyżywienie w okresie dochodzenia do zdrowia. Badania opierają się na metodzie dogmatycznej, badaniu aktualnego stanu prawnego oraz na analizie wybranych orzeczeń sądowych zapadłych w sprawach odszkodowawczych, w których poszkodowani obejmowali roszczeniami odszkodowawczymi wydatki poniesione tytułem kosztów wyżywienia. Uzupełnienie wskazanych metod badawczych stanowi przegląd wypowiedzi przedstawicieli nauki prawa w przedmiotowej kwestii. Praktyka orzecznicza judykatury w materii obejmowania odszkodowaniem przyznawanym osobom, które poniosły uszczerbek na zdrowiu poniesionych przez nie kosztów wyżywienia w okresie rekonwalescencji jest niejednolita i nie został wypracowany dominujący model rozstrzygania o roszczeniach tego rodzaju. Ocena orzecznictwa w tego typu sprawach prowadzi do wniosku, że w praktyce sądowej możliwość zaliczenia wydatków na żywność do zasądzonych na rzecz poszkodowanego świadczeń odszkodowawczych uzależniona jest od konkretnych okoliczności danego przypadku, a także od wykazania odpowiedniej inicjatywy dowodowej przez strony procesu.
EN
The approach of environmental competitiveness evaluation of certain territory, which is based on the waste management as an example, is considered in the context of the international experience of the development and the improving of local environmental policies. The authors emphasize that the creating of special mechanisms of environmental policy in conditions of deepening decentralization is expedient. Such mechanisms should include: the creation of local programs of sustainable development and environmental policy to solve urgent local problems, the growth of ecological competitiveness of territories, the provision of advisory and educational services for strengthening of personnel potential in the environmental protection and the territorial development spheres. The ways of implementation of the positive experience of the European Union for Ukraine are established. Its connections to applications of environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment in the creation processes of local policies, projects and programs are demonstrated. In addition, the need to introduce of indicators of the financial efficiency instruments in the framework of environmental protection activity and rationalization of nature using is substantiated. The particular indicators are proposed to use: the indicator of industrial revitalization founding by the enterprise’s sales volume, the indicator of environmental sanctions share’s by the sales volume, the indicator of environmental expenses of production by the sales volume.
PL
Kwestia związana z możliwością dochodzenia odszkodowania wciąż budzi wiele wątpliwości, szczególnie w zakresie dochodzenia roszczeń z tytułu naprawy uszkodzonego pojazdu oraz najmu pojazdu zastępczego. Możliwość dochodzenia roszczeń w związku z naprawą uszkodzonego pojazdu została poruszona w najnowszym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, który jednoznacznie wskazał na możliwość dochodzenia przez osoby poszkodowane roszczeń w wysokości kosztów hipotetycznych, a nie zaś jedynie kosztów realnie poniesionych. W artykule przedstawiono najnowsze orzecznictwo Sądu Najwyższego, szczególnie zwrócono uwagę na postanowienie Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 20 lutego 2019 r., III CZP 91/18, w którym określono zakres normalnych granic odpowiedzialności za szkodę w przypadku dochodzenia roszczeń odszkodowawczych w związku ze szkodą wyrządzoną w pojeździe. Kolejną kwestią poddaną analizie jest możliwość dochodzenia roszczeń odszkodowawczych tytułem najmu pojazdu zastępczego w świetle najnowszego orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego, regulującego zakres normalnych granic odpowiedzialności za szkodę w zakresie czasu trwania uzasadnionego najmu pojazdu zastępczego. W tym zakresie przedstawiona została uchwała Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 15 lutego 2019 r., III CZP 84/18, w której uznano, iż w przypadku przedłużającej się naprawy zakres odpowiedzialności również spoczywa na ubezpieczycielu w przypadku dochodzenia roszczeń tytułem najmu pojazdu zastępczego, chyba że działania związane z przedłużającą się naprawą są wynikiem działania poszkodowanego lub osoby trzeciej. Na koniec w niniejszej pracy przedstawiono postulaty de lege ferenda w odniesieniu do projektu ustawy obejmującego możliwość dochodzenia roszczeń odszkodowawczych, który porusza wiele istotnych regulacji w zakresie prawa ubezpieczeń.
EN
The issue of the possibility of claiming compensation still raises a number of questions, particularly in the area of claims for the repair of a damaged vehicle and a hire of a replacement means of transportation. The possibility of pursuing claims in connection with the repair of a damaged vehicle has been addressed in the recent Supreme Court judgements which clearly indicated the possibility for the injured parties to pursue claims in the amount of hypothetical costs and not only the costs actually incurred. The above mentioned article presents the most recent jurisprudence of the Supreme Court, in particular the decision of the Supreme Court of 20 February 2019, III CZP 91/18, which defines the scope of normal limits of liability for damage in the case of claims for compensation in relation to damage caused to a vehicle. Another issue raised in this paper is the possibility of claiming damages for the rental of a replacement vehicle in the light of the most recent Supreme Court judgements regulating the scope of the normal limits of liability for damage in terms of the duration of justified rental of a replacement vehicle. In this respect, the resolution of the Supreme Court of 15 February 2019, III CZP 84/18 was presented, which stated that in the case of prolonged repair the scope of liability also rests with the insurer in the case of pursuing claims under the rental of a replacement vehicle, unless the actions related to the prolonged repair are the result of action of the injured party or a third party. Finally, this paper presents de lege ferenda proposals in the bill covering the possibility of claiming damages, which addresses a number of important regulations in the field of insurance law.
Zeszyty Prawnicze
|
2017
|
vol. 17
|
issue 4
197-215
EN
W prawie rzymskim miejsca publiczne miały zapewnioną szeroką ochronę. Zapewniali ją edylowie kurulni i plebejscy, cenzorzy oraz pretorzy. Ci ostatni chronili je za pomocą ogłaszanych przez siebie interdyktów. Na ich tle wyróżnia się interdykt ne quid in loco publico fat zabraniający dokonywania bądź wprowadzania w miejsca publiczne czegokolwiek, co mogło spowodować tam szkodę. Wyjątkowość ne quid in loco publico fat polegała na tym, że znajdował on zastosowanie zarówno wtedy, gdy owa szkoda naruszała interes publiczny (utilitas publica), jak i wtedy, gdy mogła spowodować utratę korzyści przez osobę prywatną, a więc, jeśli naruszała utilitas privata. Szkodę (damnum) zdefniowano bowiem jako utratę korzyści, którą jednostka czerpała z miejsca publicznego, jakakolwiek by ona była.
PL
Roman law accorded a broad scope of protection for public places. Te magistrates responsible for securing it were the curule and plebeian aediles, the censors, and the praetors. Praetors conducted this duty by promulgating interdicts. Ne quid in loco publico fat, which prohibited any activity or installation in a public place which could cause damage, stands out among the other praetorian interdicts. What made it special was that it could be applied both when the potential damage concerned the public interest (utilitas publica), and/or the interest of a private individual (utilitas privata). The damage (damnum) was defned as the loss of a beneft of whatsoever kind the private individual drew from his enjoyment of the public place in question.
PL
Własność pracodawcy jest dobrem chronionym przez Konstytucję. Podlega ona także ochronie w sporze zbiorowym. Prawo własności nie jest jednak chronione w sposób bezwzględny. Ograniczenie tego prawa uwarunkowane jest spełnieniem ściśle określonych przesłanek. W sporze zbiorowym bezwzględna ochrona własności pracodawcy obejmuje sytuację, gdy dojdzie do nielegalnej akcji strajkowej. W przypadku strajku legalnego ochrona własności pracodawcy jest ograniczona, gdyż w jej wyniku może powstać po stronie pracodawcy szkoda. Szkoda ta musi mieć jednak ograniczony charakter, to znaczy skala jej winna pozostawać w adekwatnej proporcji do stawianych żądań. Naruszenie adekwatności stawianych żądań w stosunku do wysokości wyrządzonej szkody może skutkować odpowiedzialnością cywilną organizatorów strajku. W trakcie strajku legalnego ochrona własności oznacza także, że pracodawca nie może zostać przez strajkujących ograniczony w pełnieniu obowiązków i wykonywaniu uprawnień w stosunku do pracowników nie biorących udziału w tym proteście.
EN
Employer’s ownership is protected by the Constitution and is subject to protection during a collective dispute. The ownership, however, is not protected absolutely. The limitation of the ownership is contingent upon the precise prerequisites to be satisfied. The absolute protection of employer’s ownership in the collective dispute refers to a situation where an illegal strike takes place. In case of a legal strike the protection of employer’s ownership is limited since, as a result, the employer may su`er damage which must be limited in the sense that its amount should be adequately proportional to the demands made. The breach of the adequacy of the demands made in relation to the amount of damage injured may result in civil liability of the strike organisers. In the course of strike the ownership protection also means that the employer may not be limited by the strikers in performing its obligations and exercising its rights in relation to the employees not taking part in the protest.
20
Content available remote

Problematika využití teorie ztráty šancí

63%
EN
The concept of loss of a chance is mentioned in the cases of unclear causation where the traditional approach „All or Nothing“ provides unsatisfactory results. In this article we discuss whether the loss of a chance as such can be a harm giving rise to a liability and under which circumstances the loss of a chance presents recoverable damage. Further we analyse the problems of the loss of a chance doctrine in connection with relevant provisions of the new Civil Code.
CS
Teorie ztráty šancí (příležitosti) byla diskutována v mnoha zemích v situacích nejasné příčinné souvislosti, kdy stávající systém v oblasti prokazování kauzálního nexu, založený na principu „vše nebo nic“ nevede k uspokojivým výsledkům. Samotná teorie ztráty šancí však přináší řadu dalších problémů v oblastech kvalifikace a kvantifikace újmy i v oblasti protiprávnosti. Tyto problémy jsou pak v článku podrobněji analyzovány a je poukázáno na jejich úskalí v souvislosti s úpravou odpovědnosti za újmu v OZ.
first rewind previous Page / 3 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.