The aim of this article is to analyse appropriateness and adequacy of use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in several research papers dealing with effectiveness of economy of universities. The Data Envelopment Analysis is an interesting method used for evaluation of technical efficiency of production units. Comparison is the basic method of this article. At the beginning, basic methodological questions of measurement and evaluation of efficiency are analysed, including definitions of terms efficiency and effectiveness, ways of measurement and formulation of appropriate indicators. Based on the given perquisites for measurement and evaluation of efficiency five articles on evaluation of efficiency of universities using DEA method, published in Canada, Australia, Great Britain, Germany and Spain in 1998 - 2008, will be assessed. DEA is able to use more parameters of input and output to evaluate which of units under examination is the most effective, and to compare other units with it. For this, it is necessary to have a homogenous group of units. The result of assessment shows that all the examined studies focused rather on way of calculation then the point and reason of measurement. The articles contain a discussion concerning choice of appropriate indicators but do not at all deal with the issue of its construction using interventional logic; the articles do not contain any comparison of objectives of the particular universities. Evaluation of efficiency of universities is a social construct and it will always be a subjective matter related to objectives of a particular stakeholder. This fact explains how to approach the evaluation of efficiency: it is necessary to set an objective function that means to set the objectives of a given stakeholder and his preferred results and outputs. All the studies lack this basic logic.
Celem badania było porównanie i ocena efektywności technicznej dwóch grup klubów piłkarskich o odmiennej formie prawnej w Polsce, które w sezonach 2013/2014 i 2014/2015 rozgrywały mecze w I lidze piłki nożnej. Do pierwszej grupy zaliczono kluby funkcjonujące jako stowarzyszenia, do drugiej spółki akcyjne. Do określenia efektywności technicznej dwóch grup klubów zastosowano dwa modele metody DEA, tj. CCR oraz BCC, gdzie celem jest minimalizacja nakładów, przy zachowaniu niezmienionych efektów. Modele te pozwalają wskazać możliwość redukcji ponoszonych nakładów bez zmiany poziomu osiąganych efektów. Na podstawie badania stwierdzono, że kluby w formie stowarzyszeń charakteryzują się wyższą efektywnością techniczną. Wyniki wskazują także na istotny wpływ kosztów wynagrodzeń na efektywność ekonomiczną klubów.
EN
The aim of the paper was to assess and compare technical efficiency of two groups of football clubs in Poland with different legal form, which belonged to the first football league in the seasons 2013/14 and 2014/15. The first group was composed of the football clubs functioning as societies, while the second one included clubs acting as joint-stock companies. In order to assess technical efficiency of clubs in both groups, two DEA models have been used: CCR and BCC, assuming cost minimization for given effects. The results suggest that the clubs organized as societies attain a higher technical efficiency compared with the clubs acting as companies. The results also indicate a significant impact of remuneration costs on economic efficiency of football clubs.
RU
Целью исследования было сравнение и оценка технической эффективности двух групп польских футбольных клубов, имеющих разную юридическую форму, которые в сезонах 2013/2014 и 2014/2015 проводили встречи в первой футбольной лиге. К первой группе были причислены клубы, функционирующие в рамках ассоциаций, а ко второй клубы – акционерные общества. Для определения технической эффективности двух групп клубов были применены две модели метода DEA, т.е. CCR и BCC, где целью является минимизация затрат при сохранении тех же эффектов. Эти модели позволяют выявить возможность экономии затрат без изменения уровня достигаемых эффектов. На основа- нии исследования было отмечено, что клубы в форме ассоциаций характеризуются более высокой технической эффективностью. Результаты указывают также на существенное влияние зарплатных издержек на экономическую эффективность клубов.
The author proposes a method for measuring technological competition among businesses and a method to determine the structure of technological competitiveness. To this end the author uses the CCR super-efficiency model applied in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The proposed procedure is used in the study of technological competition among Poland’s 25 largest banks. Guzik uses a set of 2006 data published by Polish banking trade magazine Miesięcznik Finansowy Bank in June 2007. The results obtained by the author show that foreign and private banks generally display the greatest potential for technological competition, Guzik says, while some of the banks that were spun off from the National Bank of Poland (NBP) at the start of the country’s transition to a market economy are the least capable of being competitive technologically. The same is true of banks controlled by state-owned enterprises and organizations, Guzik concludes.
In the face of the growing demand for health services, which can be observed in Poland (as well as in many other countries), it is extremely important to make effective allocation decisions in relation to financial resources (at the disposal of health sector decision-makers). The pace of demographic, technological and market changes forces an increase in financial expenditures on health, while at the same time the resources allocated to these objectives are still lacking. The present paper assesses the technical efficiency of 24 independent public health care centers (IPHCCs) in 2010–2014 with the use of the data envelopment analysis method and evaluates changes in the examined efficiency categories using the Malmquist Index. The research has shown that independent public health care institutions in Poland are facing the problem of debt and inefficiency. It has also been established that the level and method of financing health services in Poland contribute to a large extent to the technical inefficiency of IPHCCs, and that the increase in IPHCCs’ revenues leads to an increase in their technical efficiency. The conclusions of this paper provide, on one hand, the basis for in-depth research into the efficiency of public health entities and, on the other, guidance that can be used in the practical management of public health entities and in the shaping of national health care policy.
PL
W obliczu rosnącego popytu na usługi zdrowotne, które obserwujemy w Polsce (podobnie jak w wielu innych krajach), niezwykle istotne jest podejmowanie efektywnych decyzji alokacyjnych w stosunku do środków finansowych będących w dyspozycji decydentów sektora zdrowotnego. Tempo zmian demograficznych, technologicznych i rynkowych wymusza wzrost nakładów finansowych na ochronę zdrowia, jednocześnie środków przeznaczanych na te cele wciąż brakuje. W niniejszym opracowaniu dokonano oceny efektywności technicznej 24 samodzielnych publicznych zakładów opieki zdrowotnej w latach 2010–2014 przy wykorzystaniu metody analizy obwiedni danych oraz dokonano pomiaru zmian badanych kategorii efektywności za pomocą Indeksu Malmquista. W toku przeprowadzonych badań ustalono, że samodzielne publiczne zakłady opieki zdrowotnej w Polsce borykają się z problemem zadłużenia oraz brakiem efektywności. Ustalono także, że poziom oraz sposób finansowania usług zdrowotnych w Polsce w dużym stopniu przyczynia się do braku efektywności technicznej SPZOZ, oraz że wzrost przychodów SPZOZ prowadzi do wzrostu ich efektywności technicznej. Wnioski wynikające z niniejszego opracowania — z jednej strony stanowią podstawę do pogłębiania badań dotyczących efektywności publicznych podmiotów leczniczych, a z drugiej strony — dostarczają wskazówek, które mogą zostać wykorzystane w praktyce zarządzania publicznymi podmiotami leczniczymi oraz w kształtowaniu polityki zdrowotnej kraju.
Research background: An efficient and effectively functioning transport of a city is of great importance both for people who reside within it, as well as companies doing business there. It is an integral part of modern economy and society in the dimension of production and consumption. However, apart from having a positive impact, transport also carries many social costs including congestion, traffic accidents and a negative influence on the natural environment. Consequently, urban transport is an increasingly important area of city management. Purpose of the article: The aim of this study is to assess the technological effectiveness of transport in selected Polish cities. The author created a ranking of cities and identified ways of improve efficiency. Methods: The test procedure used the non-parametric method of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The data for analysis was drawn from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office defining expenses in the transport section as well as data on the condition and use of transport infrastructure. Calculations were made using Frontier Analyst Application software dedicated to the DEA method. Performance results were determined using the BCC model. The analysis was con-ducted for 18 cities with district status from 150 to 500 thousands inhabitants. Findings & Value added: The main result is the author's ranking of transport effectiveness in Polish cities. The analysis showed that urban transport is characterized by a rather low technological effectiveness. Full technological efficiency has been shown by five cities: Białystok, Sosonowiec, Bielsko-Biała, Olsztyn and Rzeszów. An average of the urban transport efficiency reached 51.1%. The lowest effectiveness was only 2.77%. This means that a substantial number of cities do not use optimal inputs. The DEA method enriches the methodology used by scientists to study transport effectiveness.
Classical methods of data envelopment analysis operate by measuring the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) compared to similar units, without taking their internal structure into account. However, some DMUs consist of two stages, with the first stage producing an intermediate product, which is then consumed in the second stage to produce the final output. The efficiency of this type of DMU is often measured using two-stage network data envelopment analysis. In real world, most data are vague. Therefore, the inputs and outputs of systems with vagueness data create uncertainty challenges for DMUs. As a result, when uncertainty appears, intuitionistic fuzzy sets can show more information than classical fuzzy sets. This paper presents a model of two-stage Network Data Envelopment Analysis based on intuitionistic fuzzy data, which measures the efficiency of the first and second stages of each DMU, and the overall efficiency measures based on the stage efficiencies
Although Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) assumes that inputs and outputs take non-negative real values, in some realworld cases, data are integer-valued. In some situations, rounding a fractional value to the closest integer can lead to a misleading evaluation of efficiency and in some cases may lead to an infeasible projection point. To date, various radial and non-radial models have been presented. This paper proposes a slacks-based non-linear model that guarantees an integer-valued reference point for all integer targets. Also, the reference point of each target is feasible under the proposed model. The lack of a need to round answers to the closest whole value is an advantage of this method. In addition, the results of this model are compared with other models. An example is used to clarify the suggested method.
The presence of input congestion is one of the key issues that result in lower efficiency and performance in decision-making units (DMUs). So, determination of congestion is of prime importance, and removing it improves the performance of DMUs. One of the most appropriate methods for detecting congestion is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Since the output of inefficient units can be increased by keeping the input constant through projecting on the weak efficiency frontier, it is unnecessary to determine the congested inefficient DMUs. Therefore, in this case, we solely determine congested vertex units. Towards this aim, only one LP model in DEA is proposed and the status of congestion (strong congestion and weak congestion) obtained. In our method, a vertex unit under evaluation is eliminated from the production technology, and then, if there exists an activity that belongs to the production technology with lower inputs and higher outputs compared with the omitted unit, we say vertex unit evidences congestion. One of the features of our model is that by solving only one LP model and with easier and fewer calculations compared to other methods, congested units can be identified. Data set obtained from Japanese chain stores for a period of 27 years is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model and the results are compared with some previous methods.
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric method for evaluating the relative efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) described by multiple inputs and multiple outputs. Since DEA was introduced in the 1970s, it has been widely applied to measure the efficiency of a wide variety of production and operation systems, including two-stage production systems with a series or parallel structure. The outputs from the first stage to the next stage are called intermediate factors (or measures). In some real applications, an intermediate material or some part of it can become the final output or input to the second stage of production. Previously existing models cannot be employed directly to measure the efficiency of such systems. The authors introduce a dynamic DEA model that identifies the structure of flexible intermediate factors to maximise the measure of overall system efficiency.
The paper is devoted to the problem of IT project success definition and measurement seen against the background of IT human resources management organisation. A review of the state of art of the problem shows that the assessment of IT project success is highly equivocal and subjective. Various methods may produce conflicting results. The paper proposes basically one novelty: an original approach to IT project success evaluation based on Data Development Analysis (DEA). DEA has been developed and used for years, but for other purposes. The new method, contrasted with two other which are based on other philosophies, is applied to a sample of Polish IT projects. This application shows that the new method in some cases completely changes the optics and emphasizes such aspects of IT projects which are neglected by other methods. It also shows that a combination of the proposed method with other IT project measurement methods may substantially increase the fairness of IT project team members and managers’ appraisal, and hence the motivation of human resources in IT projects.
Telecommunication companies have an important role in technology development, so evaluating the performance of these companies has been an interest of managers. This article uses a hybrid method using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the best-worst method (BWM) to measure the performance of communication companies. The hybrid DEA-BWM method is used for the weight determination and performance assessment of 17 telecommunication contractor firms in the Khorsan Razavi province of Iran. We considered four inputs: gross losses, sales cost, legal reserve, and fixed assets. On the other side, three outputs including operation income, operation profit, and retained earnings are considered as outputs. Considering the input-output parameters and using the hybrid method by seven selected criteria, we rank all contractor firms. We found that the BPM firm has the best performance while and GKS firm is found as the firm with the weakest performance. Compared with the classical DEA methods, we found more reliable results with higher discrimination power, using the hybrid DEA-BWM.
In real applications of data envelopment analysis (DEA), there are cases in which undesirable outputs are produced along with desirable outputs in such a way that the total sum of the produced undesirable outputs over the production units must be fixed and constant. In this case, a trade-off between the decision-making units (DMUs) is needed to balance the production of undesirable outputs. In a rational sight, this trade-off is done in such a way that all DMUs improve their relative performances. In this paper, a single DEA-based model is proposed to model fixed and variable-sum undesirable outputs in production processes. A common equilibrium efficient frontier is constructed and after reallocating the input/output factors, all decision-making units (DMUs) prevail as efficient. A real case of 32 paper mills in China is given. The results of the analysis demonstrated that some economically developed paper mills have better performance than less developed paper mills; in particular, all efficient paper mills are the developed ones
Ze względu na to, że znacząca część budżetów samorządowych przeznaczona jest na eduka-cję, bardzo istotne jest kontrolowanie tych wydatków od strony efektywności ekonomicznej. Ana-lizy te nie powinny być jednak skierowane tylko na efektywność ekonomiczną, tę bowiem można wyrazić w formie mierników. Prowadząc analizy efektywności nakładów w edukacji nie można pomijać również bardzo trudno mierzalnej efektywności społecznej działań edukacyjnych. W wyniku prowadzonych analiz wykazano brak zróżnicowania efektywności nakładów na edukację w regionach, co nie koresponduje z podkreślanym w literaturze zróżnicowaniem osią-gnięć edukacyjnych. Może to wskazywać na inne niż nakłady czynniki będące powodem różnic. Czyn-niki te mogą się mieścić w sferze motywacji do nauki oraz w pewnych sferach składających się na efektywność społeczną. Nadmienić też należy, że badany obszar województw nie odzwierciedla rze-czywistych regionów, w których obserwowane jest zróżnicowanie edukacyjne. Warto również zwrócić uwagę na znaczny poziom agregacji analizowanych danych (poziom województwa). W artykule zaprezentowano metodę Data Envelopment Analysis w kontekście zastosowania jej do pomiaru efektywności nakładów na szkolnictwo ponadgimnazjalne. Jak wynika z przedsta-wionego materiału, metoda DEA może być rekomendowana jako wsparcie w procesie analiz efektywności nakładów na edukację. Trzeba podkreślić, że z pewnością należy starannie dobrać do analiz zarówno czynniki wyjściowe, jak również efekt po stronie wyjścia, który jest skutkiem działań edukacyjnych. Swobodny dobór czynników poddawanych analizie należy traktować jako niewątpliwą zaletą tej metody.
EN
Due to the fact that a significant portion of government budgets is spent on education, it is very important to control spending on education in terms of economic efficiency. Such analyses should not, however, focus only on economic efficiency as this can be expressed in the form of measures. Analyses of the effectiveness of investment in education cannot ignore the social effi-ciency of educational activities, which are very difficult to measure. The analyses conducted so far have showed no differences in the efficiency of investment in education between studied regions. The lack of differences in resources for education between the regions does not correspond with differences in educational attainment pointed out in the litera-ture, which may indicate that factors other than expenditures give rise to the differences. These factors may be in the area of motivation for learning and other factors that make up the social efficiency. It should be noted that the study area of provinces does not reflect the actual regions, where educational differences are observed. Attention must also be paid to the significant level of aggregation of analysed data (the provincial level). The paper presents the method of Data Envelopment Analysis in the context of its application in measuring the effectiveness of expenditures spent on secondary education. As can be concluded from the material, the DEA method can be recommended as a support in the analysis of the effi-ciency of investment in education. It should be emphasized that both input factors as well as an effect on the output side, which is a result of education, must surely be carefully selected for the sake of the analysis. The fact that factors to be analysed can be freely selected should be treated as a big advantage of this method.
W artykule przedstawiono analizę i ilościową ocenę funkcjonowania 18 polskich uczelni technicznych uwzględniającą dwa podstawowe problemy: rezygnację ze studiów w trakcie pierwszego roku oraz wskaźniki ukończenia studiów w nominalnym czasie. Do oceny efektywności procesu dyplomowania wykorzystano prostą metodę wskaźnikową oraz nieparametryczną metodę Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Ocenę przeprowadzono dla studiów pierwszego stopnia prowadzonych w formie stacjonarnej i niestacjonarnej. Na podstawie prostych wskaźników dokonano wstępnej oceny zjawiska. W modelu DEA uwzględniono po stronie nakładów liczbę studentów rozpoczynających studia w 2011 roku, liczbę nauczycieli akademickich oraz całkowitą liczbę studentów pierwszego stopnia. Po stronie rezultatów uwzględniono liczbę absolwentów z roku 2015 oraz liczbę osób, które zrezygnowały po pierwszym roku studiów. Model ten pozwolił na stworzenie rankingu oraz obliczenie pożądanych wartości zmiennych uwzględnionych w analizie, dla uczelni nieefektywnych. W interpretacji wyników uwzględniono wcześniej zdefiniowane wskaźniki.
In conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA ) models, the relative efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) is evaluated while all measures with certain input and/or output status are considered as continuous data without upper and/or lower bounds. However, there are occasions in realworld applications that the efficiency of firms must be assessed while bounded elements, discrete values, and flexible measures are present. For this purpose, the current study proposes DEA-based approaches to estimate the relative efficiency of DMUs where bounded factors, integer values, and flexible measures exist. To illustrate it, radial models based on two aspects, individual and aggregate, are introduced to measure the performance of entities and to handle the status of the flexible measure such that there are bounded components and discrete data. Applications of approaches proposed in the areas of quality management, highway maintenance patrols, and university performance measurement are given to clarify the issue and to show their practicability. It was found that the introduced procedure can determine practical projection points for bounded measures and integer values (from the individual DMU viewpoint) and can classify flexible measures along with evaluation ofDMUs relative efficiency.
Artykuł koncentruje się na osiąganiu ponadprzeciętnej efektywności organizacji na podstawie pozytywnej nauki o organizacji (positive organizational scholarship – POS). Prezentuje teoretyczne podstawy POS, następnie przechodzi do tematu powiązanego z pierwszym – organizacji wysokiej efektywności (high performance organization – HPO). Przedstawione są kluczowe modele cech takich organizacji, podjęta jest również próba zintegrowania pozytywnej nauki o organizacji z cechami organizacji wysokiej efektywności. Na podstawie tak opracowanego zestawu charakterystyk przeprowadzono badania empiryczne, z wykorzystaniem analizy obwodowej danych (data envelopment analysis – DEA). W badaniach, dzięki zastosowanej metodzie, zidentyfikowane zostały firmy o najwyższej efektywności, a następnie podjęta została próba identyfikacji stosowanych przez nie metod zarządzania, prowadzących do wysokiej efektywności. Artykuł zakończony jest przedstawieniem ograniczeń przeprowadzonych badań, a także możliwych kierunków badań w przyszłości.
EN
The paper focuses on achieving high performance of organization based on positive organizational scholarship (POS). It presents theoretical background of POS, and then it turns to the phenomenon linked to it – high performance organization (HPO). Key models of characteristics of such organizations are described and attempt is made to integrate positive organizational scholarship with characteristics of high performing organizations. Based on the results of such crosssection the empirical research has been carried out using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Thanks to employed method the top performing enterprises have been identified and attempt has been made to spot methods of management utilized by them to achieve high performance. The paper is concluded with limitations of the study and future research directions.
Pojęcie kapitału intelektualnego, oprócz oczywistej konotacji z przedsiębiorstwami, jest coraz częściej rozpatrywane na poziomie regionów. W pracy zostaje zaproponowana metodologia, która może posłużyć do dokonania oceny porównawczej wybranych komponentów kapitału intelektualnego regionów. Do tej oceny wykorzystana została metoda granicznej analizy danych w odniesieniu do regionalnych zasobów niematerialnych. Metodologię zastosowano do oceny porównawczej poszczególnych województw w Polsce. W ramach przeprowadzonego badania uwzględniono wskaźniki, obrazujące komponenty składowe poszczególnych kategorii kapitału intelektualnego. W procesie doboru zmiennych do modelu posłużono się przede wszystkim systemami klasyfikacji kapitału intelektualnego prezentowanymi przez autorów rozpatrujących powyższą koncepcję z perspektywy krajów i regionów. Przeprowadzona analiza ma na celu zobrazowanie możliwości wykorzystywania metody granicznej analizy danych do oceny efektywności wykorzystywania zasobów intelektualnych w regionach.
EN
The concept of intellectual capital becomes more widely used and spreads out not only on different kind of enterprises and organizations but also on countries and regions. Still, the need of instruments and tools for its evaluation, especially in regional scale, is not satisfied. Authors use Data Envelopment Analysis for the purpose of evaluating intellectual capital in regions. The choice of variables was determined by commmonly accepted classification systems of intellectual capital suitable for regions. These variables are limited to those which are measured in physical units. Incorporating such variables into DEA models is quite straightforward, but the composition of the models is more complex issue. Therefore decomposition models are implemented in order to evaluate efficiency of only given components of intellectual capital and not intellectual capital as a whole. The analysis aims at presenting efficiency of chosen components of intellectual capital used in regions. To verify the models data on Polish regions in introduced. Concerning the DEA methodology used for evaluation it is important to point out that it still needs development but at the same time is very promising to be used to measure efficiency of regional intellectual capital.
This paper empirically researches the productivity changes of Polish banking industry during period of 1998-2008, by applying a non-parametric Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) method. This methodology is well establishing approach in exploring performance measures, productivity growth, technological change and technical efficiency. In specifying the variables input-output, an asset/profit approach has been is chosen, which simplify the potential correlation between financial results of the bank with the investment level in IT. Results indicate that during the study period, over eleven years Polish banking industry experienced steady technological progress. All 17 biggest banks chosen for the study, which represent 85% of the asset base, have maintained overall productivity gain. Within this group analysis shows no significant difference linked to the scale/size of the banks. Local inefficiency observed does not seem to have any systematic pattern.
The special issue of Business Systems Research (SI of BSR) is co-published by the Slovenian Society INFORMATIKA – Section for Operational Research (SSI – SOR) and contains developments and new techniques in operations research (OR) models and their practical uses in various fields of business and economics. Seven papers that investigate developments and new techniques in operations research (OR) models and their practical uses in various fields of business and economics have been selected for this SI of BSR.
The study offers data on the technical efficiency (TE) and productivity growth of Polish crop farms. The data was obtained using Stochastic Frontier Models (SFM) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The application of these alternative approaches makes it possible to provide new information about production processes and indicates the consequences of using each method in efficiency and productivity analysis. The average TE scores obtained from SFM and DEA are 0.63 and 0.52 respectively. An analysis of exogenous factors affecting efficiency revealed that the size of agricultural area utilised has the strongest impact on efficiency in the DEA, while subsidies for less favoured areas have the strongest impact on efficiency in the SFM. In both methods, production elasticity with respect to materials was the highest, followed by elasticity with respect to labour. Moreover, both approaches indicate a productivity decline in the analysed period, though the causes of the decrease are different. The results obtained from SFM indicate that the TFP decline is attributed mainly to a decrease in technical efficiency not compensated by strong technical progress and small but positive scale growth. The opposite result was obtained using DEA, which indicates that the TFP decline was mainly caused by technical regression accompanied by small but positive scale growth.
PL
W niniejszym opracowaniu zaprezentowano analizę porównawczą wyników dotyczących efektywności technicznej oraz produktywności polskich gospodarstw rolnych, uzyskanych w oparciu o stochastyczne modele graniczne (SFM) oraz nieparametryczną metodę DEA. Zastosowanie alternatywnych podejść dostarcza nowych informacji na temat procesu produkcyjnego oraz wskazuje na konsekwencje stosowania konkretnych metod w analizach produktywności i efektywności. Średnia ocena unormowanego miernika efektywności (TE) po obiektach i czasie wynosi 0,63 w podejściu SFM, a w ramach DEA jedynie 0,52. Analiza determinant efektywności wskazuje, że wg DEA najsilniej na zróżnicowanie efektywności wpływa powierzchnia użytków rolnych, a wg SFM – niekorzystne warunki gospodarowania. Z kolei przy badaniu procesu produkcji gospodarstw okazuje się, że najsilniejszy wpływ na produkcję upraw polowych mają materiały, a następnie zaangażowanie czynnika pracy (wskazują na to oba wykorzystane podejścia). W odniesieniu do zmian produktywności obie metody wskazują na jej spadek w badanym okresie, jednak z różnych przyczyn. Wyniki uzyskane w ramach SFM wskazują na silny spadek efektywności technicznej nie zrekompensowany postępem technicznym. Natomiast w ramach DEA spadek produktywności wynika przede wszystkim ze regresu technicznego, przy jednoczesnym wzroście efektywności technicznej.
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